This essay is a qualitative study on the tv series Chernobyl and examines how Soviet is portrayed through the character of Boris Shcherbina and the environment in which the series takes place. For many, the series is a first acquaintance with the nuclear accident and Soviet in the 80’s. Due to the fact that Soviet was a relatively closed society, series like this can have a wider effect than usual, since there haven't been many other sources of information available. The study examines material regarding a historical event that had a global influence. The historical context of the cold war and previous stereotypical portrayals of Soviet makes for an interesting backdrop as the study examines what is being communicated about Soviet through the visuals. By conducting a semiotic analysis on selected scenes and thereafter using Robert Entman’s framing theory to analyze the empirical material this study has found that the series portrays Soviet negatively. Soviet is framed as a controlling and somewhat claustrophobic state, where persecution and inspection seem common. It is further portrayed as a state one does not question or go against, and the citizens seem to lack independence in relation to the state. The communist society is depicted as very hierarchical, with highly regarded leaders, such as Shcherbina, and with citizens living in simplicity and facing oppression. The environments in the series are often grey, dark and gloomy, which contributes to the portrayal of Soviet as a somber state.

This diploma theses titled Story building in serial format focusing on the Chernobyl miniseries analyses the serial Chernobyl coproduced by American HBO and British Sky aired in 2019. Chernobyl miniseries gained public recognition and still ranks as one of the highest-rated TV shows in history according to movie databases in the Czech Republic and abroad. It also received wide media coverage from different newspapers and movie servers. The miniseries has five episodes it describes primarily the human aspect of a horrifying disaster in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986. The main aim of this theses is content and dramaturgy analysis, description, and development of individual characters and themes. This diploma thesis also focuses on the story building of a serial in terms of theoretical concepts and aspects typical for making serials and series. Moreover, the thesis mentions particular Czech and international reviews of Chernobyl.

Technological advancement and the quest for power have gradually contaminated our environment, as industrialization, agriculture, and nuclear activities progressed. In the year 1986, a terrible nuclear incident occurred in Ukraine, in which the nuclear reactor exploded. The explosion resulted in the release of radionuclides with a massive concentration of 137Cs and 131I. Among these,137Cs was the most persistent one having a half-life of 30.2 years. The137Cs spread to Sweden due to advection, dispersion,and diffusion by wind, fallout over by precipitation via adsorption, and absorption in northern parts of Sweden experiencing a heterogeneous distribution. This fallout affected both the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This research aims to investigate where the 137Cs went and how its concentration changed with time in Swedish mushrooms, lakes, and in the Gulf of Bothnia. Also, to search for the environment that holds137Cs for a longer period and why it is so. More than 30 years have passed since the incident, and it isexpected that 137Cs would have decayed to values of its half-life. Swedish food authority recommends that up to 10,000 Bq/kg of 137Cs in mushrooms is safe for human consumption. The advocated limitsfor fish and seawater are 1500 Bq/kg and 40 Bq/kg, respectively.The method embraced to answer the research questions is based on data from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, the Radiant Earth project between Uppsala University and SLU, and also the data published in the literature. Decay models were generated for 137Cs.These models help in explaining the processes of accumulation and extraction of 137Cs. A closer look is also given to processes that have animpact on factors such as weathering, erosion, wind, washout, and bioturbation, and the rate of intake in environments. The aquatic environment, because Gävleborg was most affected during the incident, the highest value in the fish measured in the year 1988 was 23,508 Bq/kg. However, after 31 years (2016), the value was 4.5 Bq/kg. The values for Jämtland, Västerbotten, and Västernorrland were also almost equivalent to those for Gävleborg, estimated in the year 2016 to be around 4.5 Bq/kg. Observations of water data in Gävleborg show a wide range between 2-996 Bq/kg. In the Gulf of Bothnia, the highest 137Cs value recorded for sediment data in the year 2003 was 310 Bq/kg, and the lowest value of 181 Bq/kg was observed in the year 2015. In terrestrial environments, the maximum value recorded for Craterellus tubaeformis mushrooms was 522,000 Bq/kg in the year 1987. On the other hand, the lowest value recorded for Chanterelle mushrooms was 101.5 Bq/kg in the year 2017. Observations from a sample collected in Uppsala in the year 2017 indicates a value of 15 Bq/kg. Several mushroom species (Chanterelle, Craterellus tubaeformis) had distinct concentrations within the same geographical area and time, i.e., the Västernorrland in the year 2017.Due to weathering and erosion, when 137Cs reaches a water body (sea, ocean, estuary, river, lake or wetland), it dissolves in the water increasing its concentration. As a result, it increases the overall concentration of 137Cs in the fish. The results show that most of the 137Cs is locked in the sediments, with time buried under new sediment. However, due to resuspension and bioturbation, the contaminants may end up in the aquatic environment again. Models for lakes show irregular behaviour since their sizes are not as large as seas and small intakes depict high concentrations. Based on the mushroom results, 137Cs concentrations have been greatly reduced compared with Chernobyl levels. Different mushroom species exhibit different levels of 137Cs in the same area. Most radionuclides are found in the top layer of organic soil, making this layer crucial for taking up 137Cscontamination. Over time, these radionuclides, including 137Cs, are buried beneath the soil layers and cease to contribute to the system.

Detta är en multimetodologisk studie kring filmljudets funktion i miniserien Chernobyl(2019). Genom en kvalitativ metod genomförs en intervju med två av ljudmakarna frånproduktionsteamet och undersöker varför man väljer att använda sig av autentiskaljudkällor framför digitala, samt hur man ljudlägger fenomen som vi inte vet hur delåter, så som radioaktivitet. Med hjälp av kvantitativa metoder, så som lyssningstesteroch egen ljudläggning av sekvenser från serien, undersöks filmmusikens funktion samtom avsaknaden av musik påverkar betraktarens upplevelse. Teorin kretsar kringfilmljudets funktion, dess traditionella ljudberättande och samverkan mellanljudläggning och musik. Studiens resultat ger en djupare förståelse för filmljudetspåverkan hos åskådaren, balansgången mellan fiktion och verklighet samt densubjektiva upplevelsen kring vad som kännetecknas som autentiskt.

Detta är ett projekt som gick ut på att skapa ett konceptuellt musikalbum om olyckan på kärnkraftverket Tjernobyl 1986. Jag visar genom min konstnärliga process hur jag valt att förhålla mig musikaliskt till utvalda nyckelscener relaterade till olyckan. Resultatet redovisas både i form av ett musikalbum samt en skriftlig genomgång av den konstnärliga processens viktigaste delar och dramaturgiska balansgång. I projektet föreslås strategin att arbeta efter inre bilder, inre narrativ och inre film när musik ska produceras baserad på en historisk händelse. Jag för en diskussion kring berättandets vågspel i slutet av texten där begreppen pekoral och poetisk betraktelse diskuteras. Projektet presenterar även etisk problematisering kring att skapa musik baserad på händelser som påverkat och påverkar människor i det verkliga livet i en högaktuell del av världen år 2023. Detta arbete har varit helt introspektivt till sin natur och därför föreslås att det i framtida studier riktas fokus på mottagare och hur de tolkar och upplever musik skapad på liknande sätt som i detta projekt. / The aim of this project was to create a conceptual music album based on the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. I demonstrate through my artistic process how I chose to musically relate to the selected key scenes. The results of this project are disclosed both in the form of a music album and in a more detailed written presentation of the key components throughout the artistic process and dramaturgical balancing. The findings suggest a strategy that involves working with inner images, inner narratives and inner film when producing music based on a historical event. I discuss the narrative balancing act where the pecoral meets the poetic observation. The project also presents ethical problematization regarding music created based on historical events that has an effect even to this day in a highly focused part of the world in the year of 2023. The nature of this project has been completely introspective. I therefore suggest future studies that focus on the recipient and how they interpret, and experience music created similarly to this project. / <p>Till uppsatsen hör musikinspelningar i mp3-format som jag själv producerat från början till slut.</p>

No description available.

Den 26:e april 1986 i Prypjat, Ukraina, fallerade ett säkerhetstest i kärnkraftverket Tjernobyl som resulterade i en explosion. Denna förödande olycka förstörde en hel stad och hundratusentals människor behövde lämna sina hem. Delar av Europa påverkades av spridningen av strålningen och Forsmarks kärnkraftverk i Sverige upptäckte höga halter av strålningen vilket resulterade i att olyckan uppmärksammades innan den Sovjetrepublikanska staten erkände allvaret med situationen. Dramadokumentärer, dokudrama, utvecklades på 1930-talet och har kommit att bli populärt inom televisionen. Exempel på detta är dramaserier som The Act, The Crown och Chernobyl. Denna uppsats omfattar en analys av miniserien Chernobyl som hade premiär den 6:e maj 2019 som är skapad av Craig Mazin. Serien är baserad på Tjernobylolyckan och det omfattande arbetet med att minska spridningen av den livsfarliga strålningen. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur Chernobyl har förhållit sig till fakta och fiktion, seriens genre och narrativ. Serien har visat flera kännetecken på att vissa händelser har delvis eller har helt blivit fiktionaliserade. Detta har mött en del kritik men trots att serien har visat på att den delvis är en förenkling av Tjernobylolyckan har Craig Mazin skapat en serie som sanningsenligt ligger nära den verkliga händelsen. Resultatet visar även på att Chernobyl, utifrån denna uppsats, kategoriseras som ett historiskt drama och ett dokudrama, samt skildrar flera karaktärer vars roller är nödvändiga för seriens narrativ och uppbyggnad.

Mes travaux de recherche ont eu pour but d’analyser la diversité des microorganismes des trois domaines du vivant présents dans des biofilms phototrophes exposés à l’air, se développant sur des substrats minéraux divers, afin d’essayer, d’une part, de répondre à des questions de diversité et de biogéographie et, d’autre part, d’étudier le processus de colonisation par le biais d’expériences d’exposition contrôlées.J’ai ainsi caractérisé, essentiellement par des approches moléculaires basées sur l'analyse des banques des gènes d'ARNr de la petite sous-unité (SSU rDNAs) et sur des analyses d'empreintes communautaires, la diversité microbienne (procaryote et eucaryote) formant des biofilms matures (exposés depuis plusieurs années) dans plusieurs sites géographiques en Irlande du Nord, en France et en Ukraine, dans la région de Chernobyl. Dans ces biofilms soumis à forte pression sélective, nous avons mis en évidence beaucoup de microorganismes hétérotrophes et phototrophes, mais avec une diversité relativement restreinte en comparaison à d’autres milieux comme les sols ou les systèmes aquatiques. Les archées étaient absentes. Les conditions environnementales auxquelles ce type de biofilm est constamment exposé comme l’irradiation, la dessiccation et la limitation des nutriments sélectionnent des microorganismes qui développent des stratégies pour s’adapter comme, entre autres, la production de pigments. Ce sont des microorganismes fréquemment retrouvés dans des milieux désertiques extrêmes et résistants aussi aux radiations ionisantes qui ont ainsi été identifiés, notamment des Deinococcales et des Actinobacteria, ou encore des champignons ascomycètes (Ascomycota). Parmi les organismes phototrophes, nous avons dénombré des Cyanobacteria, des algues vertes (Chlorophyta) et des Streptophyta. Nous avons mis en évidence que les facteurs environnementaux influencent la composition des biofilms. Toutefois, tandis que la composition de la communauté bactérienne est fortement dépendante de la nature du substrat ou elle se développe, la composition des communautés microbiennes eucaryotes dépend de la distance géographique. Nous avons également mené des expériences de colonisation en exposant un même substrat minéral dans trois sites géographiques en Irlande du Nord et en France. L'analyse de la diversité microbienne lors du processus de colonisation a révélé des changements importants dans la composition des communautés, que ce soit pour les procaryotes ou pour les eucaryotes avec, cependant, des comportements différents de ces deux groupes de microorganismes. Dans le cas des bactéries, on observe une transition des Gammaproteobacteria, qui dominent les temps 0-6 mois et qui correspondent vraisemblablement aux cellules inactives en dispersion, vers des Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria et Actinobacteria dans des phases successives de formation du biofilm. Par contre, dès leur détection sur le substrat minéral, les eucaryotes sont massivement dominés par des champignons ascomycètes et basidiomycètes, des algues vertes ainsi que d'autres composantes minoritaires comme des ciliés, étant détectées dans des stades plus tardifs. Nos résultats montrent que les organismes hétérotrophes sont pionniers dans la formation de ces biofilms, ce qui permet d'émettre l'hypothèse qu'ils facilitent l'installation des cyanobactéries et surtout des algues vertes. Ils montrent aussi que le processus d'assemblage des communautés bactériennes dépend du temps de colonisation, alors que le site géographique détermine celui des microorganismes eucaryotes. Ces différences majeures de comportement pourraient être expliquées par des modes de vie différents entre les organismes de ces deux grands groupes. / The major objective of my PhD work was the analysis of the diversity of microorganisms from the three domains of life associated with phototrophic biofilms developing on different mineral substrates exposed outdoors. These studies aimed at answering questions about microbial diversity and biogeography and also at studying the colonization process through controlled exposure experiments. I have thus characterized, essentially by molecular methods based on small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene libraries and fingerprinting analyses the diversity of prokaryote and eukaryote microorganisms forming mature biofilms (exposed for several years) in various geographic sites in Northern Ireland, France and Ukraine, in the Chernobyl area. In these biofilms, subjected to strong selective pressure, we found many heterotrophic and phototrophic microorganisms, but their diversity was limited when compared to that of other environments such as soils or aquatic systems. Archaea were absent from all biofilms. The environmental conditions to which these biofilms are constantly exposed, such as irradiation, desiccation and nutrient limitation select for organisms that develop particular adaptive strategies including, among others, pigment production. The microorganisms identified in these biofilms are also frequently found in extreme, desert environments and are known for their resistance also to ionizing radiation, such as Deinococcales and Actinobacteria or ascomycete fungi (Ascomycota). Among phototrophic lineages, we identified Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta (green algae) and sometimes Streptophyta. We showed that environmental parameters influenced biofilm microbial communities. However, whereas the bacterial community composition depends on the nature of the substrate, the microbial eukaryotic community composition depends on the geographic distance. We also carried out colonization experiences exposing outdoors the same mineral substrate in three different sites in Northern Ireland and France. The analysis of microbial diversity along the colonization process revealed important changes in community composition both for prokaryotes and eukaryotes, although the behavior of the two groups was different. In the case of bacteria, we observed a transition from Gammaproteobacteria, which dominated the initial 0-6 months and which likely corresponded to inactive dispersive cells, towards Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria in successive steps of biofilm formation. By contrast, since their detection on mineral substrates, eukaryotes were massively dominated by ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi, green algae and other minor components such as ciliates were detected in later stages of biofilm formation. Our results show that heterotrophic organisms are pioneers in the formation of these biofilms, leading to the hypothesis that they facilitate the settlement of Cyanobacteria and, especially, of green algae. They also show that the process of bacteria community assembly depends on colonization time whereas the geographic site determines that of eukaryotic microorganisms. These major differences might be explained by different lifestyles between organisms of the two groups

The diploma thesis deals with the awareness of population of the Vysočina Region of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The aim of this thesis is to find out the level of knowledge of the population about this accident and then to compare the knowledge of the population aged 18-44 and over 45 years. Two hypotheses were set in the thesis, H1: More than 2/3 of all respondents in the Vysočina Region will have more than 60 % of correct answers in a questionnaire concerning the knowledge of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and H2: Respondents over 45 will have significantly higher knowledge of the Chernobyl nuclear accident than inhabitants under 45 years of age. In order to achieve the defined objectives and to verify the hypotheses, a questionnaire was prepared, a questionnaire survey was carried out and then the results were evaluated using the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions. The research group consisted of 100 inhabitants aged 18-44 and 100 inhabitants aged over 45. The results of the questionnaire survey show that the overall success-rate of the answered questions was 66 %. Residents aged 18-44 responded correctly in a total of 61 % and residents over 45 in 71 %. The stated aims of the thesis were achieved and both hypotheses were confirmed. The benefit of the thesis is mainly the acquired picture of the state of awareness of the population of the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the Vysočina Region. The obtained results of the diploma thesis can be used, for example, by crisis management authorities related to the issue of nuclear energy or protection against ionizing radiation, both in connection with preparation for these situations and with a focus on preventive educational activities.

Since the beginning of the nuclear era, starting during the 1940s, large amount of radioactivity has been released into the environment. This thesis deals with the temporal and spatial distribution of the anthropogenic radioisotope 129I (T1/2= 15.7 Myr) in northern Europe. A routine sample preparation procedure for extraction of iodine from milligram amounts of solid materials has been developed and aimed for measuring the 129I concentration by the ultra-sensitive accelerator mass spectrometry method. The technique was further used for the analysis of 129I in sediments collected from two lakes in Sweden and one lake in Finland as well as sediments from two sites in the Baltic Sea. In addition, 129I concentrations in aerosol samples from northern and southern Sweden covering the period 1983 to 2000 have been measured. The results reveal a gradual increase in the anthropogenic 129I fluxes since the 1950s that are linked to emissions from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (France). A sharp increase coinciding with the Chernobyl accident is identified from the Swedish lakes located in areas characterised by relatively high Chernobyl fallout. Numerical modeling of the 129I deposition predicts that &gt;50% of the flux to the lake sediments is related to the liquid emissions from the reprocessing facilities. The modeling also reasonably simulates the contribution of the Chernobyl event to the total 129I flux. The novel time series from northern Europe on 129I in aerosols show about one order of magnitude higher concentration in northern compared to southern Sweden. Estimate of 129I dry fallout based on the aerosol data suggests &lt;25% contribution to the total fallout. The distribution of 129I in the sediment archives demonstrates the potential of the isotope as a new time marker for chronological and environmental investigations.