abstract: In the last three years, a transition from Catholicism to other religious affiliations has been observed of Hispanic Americans. According to a study by the Pew Research Center in 2013, there are now 24% Hispanics who are now ex-Catholics. This dissertation examines the religious trending away of Chicanas and Chicanos from Catholicism in particular. It contributes to the field of Chicano cultural studies by exploring religious expressions and spiritualities that are an alternative to traditional Catholicism from 1960 to 2014. Chapters One and Two are a foundation to this investigation, as they provide a brief historical contextualization of religiosity in Chicano culture, as well as explain the theoretical framework utilized throughout the dissertation. Chapter Three examines the activism of Reies López Tijerina, a Pentecostal preacher, and Ignacio García, a devout Mormon, in the 1960s and 1970s. Their autobiographies are studied, particularly focusing on how their religion became an integral part to in their awareness as they became involved in the Chicano Movement. Chapter Four explores the representation and relationships between spiritual figures of the Chicana mother in the following works: the artworks Housewife Battles Self (1994) by Max-Carlos Martínez, Tonantzin, the Aztec Earth Goddess (2001) by Dolores Guerrero, and the novels So Far from God (1993) by Ana Castillo and Esperanza’s Box of Saints (1999) by María Amparo Escandón. Finally, Chapter Five presents religious expression and spirituality in the borderlands experience. In this chapter several popular saints are studied, including the Texas curandero, don Pedrito Jaramillo, and the images of Jesús Malverde and la Santa Muerte. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-10-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 takeuti_mrs_me_ilha.pdf: 1785772 bytes, checksum: 40aee906baf147862ac1f7e479a97ff5 (MD5) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo o monitoramento e avaliação da eficiência da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) na cidade de Santa Fé do Sul - SP, e a comparação dos resultados auferidos com ETEs da região. A Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Santa Fé do Sul investigada era composta de uma lagoa anaeróbia seguida por uma lagoa facultativa com 3 (três) divisores de fluxo (chicanas) paralelos, formando 4 (quatro) canais paralelos dentro da mesma, seguida por uma lagoa de maturação com apenas 1 (um) divisor de fluxo (chicanas) formando 2 (dois) canais paralelos, formando chicanas do tipo vai e vem. O monitoramento foi realizado no período de novembro de 2000 a junho de 2003. Os ensaios de investigação dos parâmetros de controle foram realizados em duas etapas, sendo a primeira etapa com quatro pontos de coletas realizadas quinzenalmente, no período de novembro de 2000 a junho de 2002, e a segunda etapa, com oito pontos de coletas com freqüência semanal, no período de março a junho de 2003. Os parâmetros investigados no monitoramento foram: DBO (mg/L), DQO (mg/L), OD, Temperatura (°C), pH, Sólidos Totais (mg/L), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (mg/L), Coliformes Totais (NMP/100mL) e Coliformes Fecais (NMP/100mL) das amostras coletadas em pontos de interesse ao longo das lagoas da ETE conforme etapas de investigação. Os parâmetros investigados e analisados na ETE durante o período de monitoramento foram animadores, apresentando valores de eficiência de remoção dos mesmos melhores em comparação as das ETEs da região. / This work had as objective the accompaniment and evaluation of the efficiency of the Sewage Treatment Station of Santa Fé do Sul city, São Paulo state, Brazil, and the comparison of the obteined results with others stations of the same region. The station are composed with stabilization ponds. The first pond is anaerobic, followed by one facultative pond, with three parallel flow divisors (baffle), forming four parallel channels. This pond is followed by a maturation pond, with only one flow divisor (Baffle), forming two parallel channels. The accompaniment was accomplished in the period of november from 2000 to june of 2003. The chemical and bacteriological tests of investigation were accomplished in two stages. In the the first stage, the samples are collected in four different points every fifteen days, in the period of november of 2000 to june of 2002. In the second stage, the samples are collected in eigth different points every seven days, in the period of march to june of 2003. The parameters investigated in the acconpaniment were: Biochmical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Temperature (T), pH, Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Coliforms, and Faecal Coliforms. The samples was collected in strategical points in the ponds, according to investigation stages. The investigated and analyzed parameters in station during the acconpaniment period were exciting, presenting better values of efficiency of removal of polluents in comparison with others stations of the region.

This dissertation is a comparative study of the formal institutionalization of Chicana/o Studies programs in four-year colleges and universities between 1970 and the present, and of how variations in institutionalization create different community engagement dynamics for Latina/o populations both on- and off-campus. This research examines the impact of program and university-level characteristics on the formal institutionalization of these programs and the embedding of community engagement within program mission statements. Moreover, the dissertation examines tensions, balancing acts, and trade-offs between achieving program stability and satisfying legitimizing demands of academic labor. Program-level characteristics include formal classification as either a Chicana/o Studies program or cognate (e.g., Mexican American Studies, Hispanic Studies, Latin American Studies, etc.) or a more generalist ethnic studies program (e.g., ethnic studies, cultural studies, American Studies, etc.). University-level characteristics include locus of control (i.e., public or private universities), institutional wealth, total student body and minority enrollments, histories of campus protest, and regional diffusion. The findings indicate complex and distinguishable relationships among program classification, formal program institutionalization, and community engagement prospects; and that predictors for institutionalization partially predict efforts to work with minority populations off-campus. Complicating these relationships suggests a need to consider variations in program-level institutionalization and dedicate future work to this level.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the causes that result in Hispanic youth dropping out of high school prematurely. Procedures. A questionnaire was mailed to 150 California high school principals. In addition, 32 Hispanic students who dropped out during the 1984-85 school year were interviewed. Findings. High school principals identified low achievement, employment, lack of parental support and truancy as the major causes for Hispanic students dropping out of school. Students on the other hand, identified only truancy as the most influential cause for leaving high school during the 1984-85 school year. Significant differences among principals' perceptions of causes were noted by principals in an urban setting. They placed more importance on employment, peer pressure, poor reading skills, poor math skills and truancy than did principals in a suburban and rural setting. Additionally, principals with increasing Hispanic student enrollment differed from principals with declining Hispanic student enrollment by placing more importance on employment, low teacher expectation, poor reading skills and truancy. Identified causes relating to school completion or non-completion provide implications for programs which address the needs of potential dropouts. These programs should furnish intensive academic remediation, small class size with varied course offerings, and academic incentives. Additionally, flexible scheduled school-based programs which promote student ties to potential employers and provide Hispanic students equal opportunity are suggested. Finally, truancy should be addressed prior to students reaching high school. School districts concerned with the dropout problem should develop better methods in the identification of dropouts and study current employment programs and the extent to which they meet Hispanic student needs. Recommendations. (1) Replication of this study should be made to determine the differences between factors that cause male and female students to drop out of school. (2) A study focusing on specific truancy factors, including causes, local practices, and truancy intervention programs is highly recommended. (3) A study related to the effectiveness of utilizing truance coordinators is highly recommended. (4) A study focusing on the correlation between English proficiency and student dropout rates is highly recommended.

The number of Chicanx and Latinx students in U.S. public school settings increased significantly at the close of the last century and continues to increase well into the 21st century. The numbers of Chicanx and Latinx, and more specifically Chicana and Latina, high school principals, however, have remained disproportionately low. Studies that focus on leadership identities of Chicana/Latina school leaders are few. Testimonios in this study shine a light on voices of six Chicana/Latina high school principals; these leaders described their background and schooling, their career journeys, and their leadership paths. This study is informed by two theoretical frameworks: Chicana feminist epistemology (Delgado Bernal, 1998) and applied critical leadership (Cordova, 2018), which insist Chicana/Latina voices are centered and valued. In-depth, semistructured interviews encouraging reflection became the basis for six testimonios that focused on telling participants’ leadership story as authentically as possible using long, unedited quotes to preserve their unique voices. Cordova’s (2018) Mestiza Consciousness Framework provided structure to analyze and uncover themes of duality participants experienced: family as strength/challenge, leading as an insider/outsider, and trauma/resilience. Applied critical leadership principles were used to uncover common transformational leadership traits: leading with a social justice lens, high levels of reflection and self-awareness, and a focus on team-oriented servant leadership.

The purpose of this introductory chapter is to make clear the intent of the entire study. First of all, no attempt is made at claiming any distinction for originality, as the information contained herein is gathered from books, magazines, newspapers, conversations with experienced business men and labor men, and some from personal observation. The present unemployment situation causes many people to question our government's policy of leaving our "gates" open to Mexican immigration. Many are the figures that we hear quoted in an effort to bolster personal views on this problem. Dr. Manual Gamio urges a limitation placed on Mexican immigration. Dr. Paul Taylor sees no reason for such a step. Both of these men have studied the problem thoroughly, yet they arrive at opposite conclusions. The former is a Mexican and feels that his suggestions would benefit both countries and their peoples. Individual and cursory investigations seem to be in accord with his advice. Dr. Taylor advises us that time will correct the present condition and apparently we need not attempt to alleviate the problem. Aside from the employment issue, it is argued that the Mexican presents a socio-racial economic problem. The question involved herein is one of adaptation. Naturally he is not accustomed to our mode of living and upon entering this country he % faces a world entirely unknown to his past experiences. He soon finds himself at the mercy of those people more advanced than himself; often he falls into the hands of unscrupulous contractors. Aside flora my personal opinion, I must offer the suggestion that "'big business" seems to favor unrestricted Mexican immigration. Even farmers in this valley advocate restriction. Therefore, this study will involve an unbiased treatment of the subject (to the best of my knowledge) and the conclusions offered shall be based on the facts contained herein.

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By employing pláticas y encuentros, this qualitative study examined the testimonios of Chicana/Latina youth and their experiences with navigating the sexual politics on the high school campus. Six young Chicana/Latinas, all of whom graduated from the same high school in South East Los Angeles, participated in the study. The study used two frameworks: Chicana/Latina feminist theory and critical pedagogy to analyze the young women’s testimonios. Findings speak of their daily struggle with adults policing, objectifying, and containing their bodies; as well as the benefit of a third space, counterspaces, for self-actualization. This study contributes to this field by identifying how Chicana/Latina youth experience schooling and what they believe must happen in order to ensure that the school community and larger society is more responsive to their experiences with navigating sexual politics in and outside of the educational context.

This study is dedicated to examine the concept of borders, geographical and otherwise, as instruments that are socially produced. It utilizes Gloria Anzaldua's theoretical framework of Borderlands theory as a set of processes that seek to attain the de-colonization of the inner self. The historical and spatial dynamics of the geographical border between Mexico and United States, largely shaped by the U.S. expansionist agenda, resulted in the Mexican lost of more than half of its territory and the subsequent stigmatization of Mexican-Americans/Chicanos as "foreign others," since they did not share with predominant Anglo-Saxons the same values, culture, religion, traditions and skin color. I argue that the later exploitation, exclusion, marginalization, and racism against Mexican-Americans/Chicanos informed Anzaldua's development of her Borderlands theory that seeks to attain liberation for any colonized identity. However, it is also my argument that the borderlands theory fails to account for meaningful political freedom since the processes that compose the theory are principally worked at the inner level, restricting the possibilities for a direct confrontation in the public sphere. / Master of Arts