The purpose of this study is to deepen the knowledge of investigative work with children exposed to sexual abuse through an examination of social workers experiences of interorganizational cooperation within Swedish Barnahus. The data in this study was obtained from seven interviews with people who works within Barnahus with cases where children has been exposed to sexual abuse. The findings of this study shows that professionals experiences of cooperating within Barnahus is positive and looked upon as helpful, but also that it needs improvements in various areas. Access to competent staff is invaluable, but the cooperating actors in Barnahus need to learn more about each other’s professions.

Este estudo objetivou compreender as características da violência sexual contra a criança e suas formas de enfrentamento na atenção básica. O cenário de estudo foi a Rede de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente em Situação de Risco para a Violência, situada no município de Curitiba-PR. Os dados da fonte primária foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com 7 profissionais que compunham a coordenação municipal e regional da Rede; e a fonte secundária foi constituída pela base de dados da Rede do ano de 2009. Foi utilizado o software Epi Info versão 6.04d para análise da fonte secundária e da estatística descritiva para apresentação dos resultados. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, e analisadas segundo a metodologia de análise conteúdo, da hermenêutica dialética como método para interpretação dos discursos, e também das categorias de geração e de gênero. Os resultados revelaram que a violência ocorre no ambiente doméstico em 69,3% dos casos e ganha visibilidade principalmente através da notificação feita por Hospitais e Unidades Básicas de Saúde (50%). O sexo feminino foi acometido por 69,5% da violência, e o masculino por 30,5%. Em 94,2% dos casos, o agressor da violência sexual contra crianças é do sexo masculino. Concluiu-se que a violência sexual contra a criança, em sua maioria meninas, é perpetrada no ambiente doméstico em que há uma subalternidade de gênero e geração. Os resultados revelaram também que os profissionais da Rede têm clareza do fluxo de encaminhamento em situações de violência. O monitoramento das notificações é feito principalmente pela coordenação local, mas há uma intervenção da coordenação regional nos casos sem evolução a contento. Apesar da Rede Local ter autonomia para contatar outros serviços da Rede, a articulação é uma responsabilidade das coordenações regional e municipal. A rotatividade de profissionais e a alta vulnerabilidade das famílias foram apontadas como dificuldades no enfrentamento da violência sexual. Concluiu-se que ter um fluxo e serviços organizados para atender crianças em situação de violência sexual, bem como uma articulação entre os equipamentos, um monitoramento periódico, capacitações permanentes e registro adequado das notificações são essenciais para um trabalho bem sucedido como o da Rede de Proteção. A violência não ocorre exclusivamente nas classes mais vulneráveis, mas sim é visibilizada pela notificação compulsória. Dessa forma, faz-se necessária uma política nacional que visibilize o fenômeno da violência para o conjunto da sociedade, problematize a desigualdade geradora de violência entre os diferentes grupos sociais, e, por fim, capacite os profissionais que atendem as famílias. Por fim, concluiu-se que a Rede de Proteção, apesar de mostrar contradições, tem grande potencial instrumental de enfrentamento da violência. / This study aimed to understand the characteristics of sexual violence against children and their ways of coping the issue in primary care. The scenario of the study was the Network for the Protection of Children and Adolescents at Risk for Violence, located in Curitiba-PR. The primary source of data were collected through interviews with seven professionals who made up the municipal and regional coordination of the Network, and the secondary source was constituted by the Network\'s database from the year 2009. We used the Epi Info software - version 6.04d for the analyses of the secondary source and descriptive statistics for the presentation of results. The interviews were taped and transcribed entirely, and analyzed using the methodology of content analysis, hermeneutic dialectics as a method for interpretation of speeches, and also the categories of generation and gender. The results revealed that violence occurs in the home in 69.3% of cases, and gained visibility primarily through notification by hospitals and Basic Health Units (50%). Females were affected by 69.5% of the violence and males by 30.5%. In 94.2% of cases, the perpetrator of sexual violence against children is male. It was concluded that sexual violence against children, mostly girls, is perpetrated in the domestic environment in which there is a subordination of gender and generation. The results also revealed that professionals of the network have the clarity of the routines of handling situations of violence. The monitoring of notifications is done mainly by the local coordination, but the regional coordination intervenes in cases without satisfactorily progress. Although the Network is free to contact other services of the Network, the coordination is a responsibility of the regional and local coordinations. The staff turnover and the high vulnerability of the families were identified as difficulties in coping with sexual violence. It was concluded that having an organized flow and services to meet children in situations of sexual violence as well as a link between the equipment, periodic monitoring, ongoing training and adequate register of notifications, are essential for a successful work as in the case of the Protection Network. The violence does not occur exclusively on the most vulnerable classes, but is visualized by compulsory notification. Thus, it was concluded that the need for a national policy that visualize the phenomenon of violence to society as a whole, which remarks the inequality that generates violence between different social groups, and ultimately enable professionals who attend the families. Finally, it was concluded that the Protection Network, despite its contradictions, has great potential as an instrument for coping with violence.

Bakgrund: Barn som far illa är ett omfattande samhällsproblem. Mörkertalet är stort och undersökningar visar på en underrapportering. Specialistsjuksköterskan besitter en central roll i att identifiera dessa barn. Det är därför av stor vikt att undersöka bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar upprättandet av en orosanmälan i specialistsjuksköterskans dagliga arbete inom BHV.   Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka specialistsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att upprätta en orosanmälan inom BHV. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats. Totalt 10 specialistsjuksköterskor från sju Barnhälsovårdscentraler i Götaland inkluderades. Deras erfarenheter inom BHV varierade mellan 1 och 31 yrkesverksamma år. Datainsamlingen utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer via Zoom och analyserades genom manifest innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: Studien resulterade i fyra kategorier: Barnets bästa i första hand, vilken betonade vikten av att vara barnets röst. Vikten av ett familjeperspektiv, där betydelsen av att involvera hela familjen belystes. Vikten av ett kollegialt stöd, där kollegornas betydelse i samband med upprättad orosanmälan beskrevs och Betydelsen av ett samarbete med Socialtjänsten, vilken belyste vikten av ett välfungerande tvärprofessionellt samarbete. Slutsats: Barnperspektivet, samarbetet med hela familjen samt ett kollegialt stöd är av stor betydelse för upprättandet av en orosanmälan. Ett välfungerande samarbete med Socialtjänsten upplevdes centralt för det fortsatta arbetet samt för att upptäcka fler utsatta barn. / Background: Child maltreatment are a major social problem. The hidden statistics are large and surveys proven underreporting. The specialist nurse plays a central role in identifying these children. It is therefore of great importance to investigate underlying factors that influence the establishment of a report of concern in the specialist nurse's daily work within Child Health Care.  Aim: The purpose was to investigate specialist nurses' experiences of setting up a report of concern within Child Health Services.  Method: The study was made using a qualitative method and an inductive approach. A total of 10 specialist nurses from seven Child Health Centers in Götaland were included. Their experiences varied between 1 and 31 professional years within Child Health Care. The data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews via Zoom and analyzed with a manifest content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman.  Result: The study resulted in four categories: The best interests of the child first, which emphasized the importance of being the child's voice. The importance of a family perspective, where the importance of involving the whole family was highlighted. The importance of collegial support, where the importance of colleagues in connection with a complaint report was described and The importance of a collaboration with Social Services, which highlighted the importance of a well-functioning interprofessional collaboration.  Conclusion: The child's perspective, cooperation with the whole family and collegial support are of great importance for the establishment of a report of concern. A well-functioning collaboration with Social Services was felt to be central to the continued work and to discovering more vulnerable children.

The dissertation traces events that contributed towards a climate where the status of children changed from property to that of person status with the concomitant recognition of children's rights. Social conditions in England, America and France from late preindustrial times to the early twentieth century were investigated. The United Nations' role in establishing children rights documentation and an evaluation of these d~μrpents in terms of the educational implications thereof were described and discussed. The African perspective towards international children's rights documents events was outlined while the attempts of Africa to address the unique needs of the African child were detailed. In the light of the changing social orientation in the Republic of South Africa, children's rights advocacy in South Africa was reviewed. Criteria for evaluati-ng documents addressing the needs of children were proposed and based on the findings of the study, recommendations regarding the direction of children's rights advocacy were advanced. / M. Ed. (History of Education)

À la suite du dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle, l’examen médical est l’une des étapes importantes qui sont recommandées pour les enfants victimes, mais seulement certains d’entre eux le complètent. L’objectif de la présente étude est de vérifier si les enfants qui font l’examen anogénital à la suite du dévoilement d’agression sexuelle sont différents de ceux qui n’en font pas ainsi que de documenter les variables, notamment les caractéristiques de l’enfant, de la famille, de l’agresseur et de l’agression, qui pourraient prédire le fait de compléter cet examen. L’échantillon est composé de 211 enfants âgés de 6 à 13 ans recevant des services au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. Une régression logistique binaire révèle que l’absence d’emploi de la mère (RC = 6,15), être victime d’une agression sexuelle très sévère (RC = 6,02), être victime d’un agresseur adulte (RC = 3,43) et provenir d’une famille monoparentale (RC = 2,89) contribuent à prédire si l’examen anogénital est réalisé ou pas à la suite du dévoilement. Les résultats confirment que les enfants complètent l’examen surtout afin de trouver des éléments de preuves et que parmi ceux qui pourraient en bénéficier pour leur bien-être, plusieurs ne sont pas rencontrés. / Following the disclosure of sexual assault, the medical examination is one of the most important steps recommended for child victims, but only some of them undergo the examination. The objective of this study was to determine whether children who undergo an anogenital examination following a disclosure of sexual assault are different than those who do not, as well as to document the variables, particularly, the characteristics of the child, the family, the aggressor and the assault, that could predict whether or not an anogenital examination is conducted. The study group was composed of 211 children within between the ages of 6 to 13 years old receiving services at the Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. A binary logistic regression reveals that when the mother is unemployed (RC = 6.15), being a victim of a very violent sexual assault (RC = 6.02), being a victim of an adult aggressor (RC = 3.43) and coming from a single-parent family (RC = 2.89) contribute to predicting if the anogenital exam is given or not following the disclosure. Results confirm that the primary goal of the anogenital examination is to find elements of proof and that many children who could benefit from this test for their wellbeing are not being examined.

The 2011 Indian Census indicates that children under the age of 18 constitute more than 400 million, and most of them are Children at Risk (CAR). This study suggests that the care and protection of children at risk is not a twentieth- or twenty-first-century secular enterprise but has precedents in Protestant missions in India from the late eighteenth century. In the first section, the study focuses on evaluating contemporary Protestant mission contexts in India and a brief historical survey of Protestant missions to CAR in India through case studies. The evaluation concentrates on the implications of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) for the predominant Protestant models of mission in contemporary India - which may be summarised as child evangelism, child compassion and child advocacy. The thesis argues that child care and protection is increasingly becoming secularised and professionalised. Moreover, with the emergence of new laws and with increasing, vigilance from international and national agencies, and from Hindu fundamentalists, Christian mission to CAR is itself at risk. Under these circumstances, the study also investigates whether there is a transition from ideas of 'saving' CAR to ideas of protecting the human rights of CAR. In the second section, this hypothesis is further substantiated by case studies of select Protestant churches and Christian NGOs engaging with CAR in the cities of Bangalore and Chennai. Using empirical data, it then claims that the predominant Protestant approaches of evangelism, compassion, and advocacy are still underdeveloped and inadequate primarily because the majority of caregivers working with children still perceive CAR as objects of their mission - an assumption that may be contrary to UNCRC (Articles 14 and 30). Further, it argues that the churches and agencies most active among CAR are from a 'conservative' background, who are often exclusively 'spiritual' and otherworldly in their concerns. The final and most constructive section, based on the evaluations of the empirical data, seeks to recommend a preliminary theology of mission in and through the idea of 'childness' based on Matthew 18: 2-5, an idea developed by Adrian Thatcher in the context of a theology of child participation. Based on these foundations, it suggests that UNCRC can be integrated as a set of principles for contemporary Christian missions with CAR in South India through a missiological process called 'dialogue,' emerging from a pluralistic Indian context. It further proposes that adults and children are to be perceived not as either independent (liberational) or dependent (paternalistic) agencies, but as interdependent agencies working together in God's mission. This thesis finally proposes basic principles for Christian mission to/for/with CAR - a multi-dimensional approach integrating CAR as subjects of God's mission and not just as objects.

À la suite du dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle, l’examen médical est l’une des étapes importantes qui sont recommandées pour les enfants victimes, mais seulement certains d’entre eux le complètent. L’objectif de la présente étude est de vérifier si les enfants qui font l’examen anogénital à la suite du dévoilement d’agression sexuelle sont différents de ceux qui n’en font pas ainsi que de documenter les variables, notamment les caractéristiques de l’enfant, de la famille, de l’agresseur et de l’agression, qui pourraient prédire le fait de compléter cet examen. L’échantillon est composé de 211 enfants âgés de 6 à 13 ans recevant des services au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. Une régression logistique binaire révèle que l’absence d’emploi de la mère (RC = 6,15), être victime d’une agression sexuelle très sévère (RC = 6,02), être victime d’un agresseur adulte (RC = 3,43) et provenir d’une famille monoparentale (RC = 2,89) contribuent à prédire si l’examen anogénital est réalisé ou pas à la suite du dévoilement. Les résultats confirment que les enfants complètent l’examen surtout afin de trouver des éléments de preuves et que parmi ceux qui pourraient en bénéficier pour leur bien-être, plusieurs ne sont pas rencontrés. / Following the disclosure of sexual assault, the medical examination is one of the most important steps recommended for child victims, but only some of them undergo the examination. The objective of this study was to determine whether children who undergo an anogenital examination following a disclosure of sexual assault are different than those who do not, as well as to document the variables, particularly, the characteristics of the child, the family, the aggressor and the assault, that could predict whether or not an anogenital examination is conducted. The study group was composed of 211 children within between the ages of 6 to 13 years old receiving services at the Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. A binary logistic regression reveals that when the mother is unemployed (RC = 6.15), being a victim of a very violent sexual assault (RC = 6.02), being a victim of an adult aggressor (RC = 3.43) and coming from a single-parent family (RC = 2.89) contribute to predicting if the anogenital exam is given or not following the disclosure. Results confirm that the primary goal of the anogenital examination is to find elements of proof and that many children who could benefit from this test for their wellbeing are not being examined.

The dissertation traces events that contributed towards a climate where the status of children changed from property to that of person status with the concomitant recognition of children's rights. Social conditions in England, America and France from late preindustrial times to the early twentieth century were investigated. The United Nations' role in establishing children rights documentation and an evaluation of these d~μrpents in terms of the educational implications thereof were described and discussed. The African perspective towards international children's rights documents events was outlined while the attempts of Africa to address the unique needs of the African child were detailed. In the light of the changing social orientation in the Republic of South Africa, children's rights advocacy in South Africa was reviewed. Criteria for evaluati-ng documents addressing the needs of children were proposed and based on the findings of the study, recommendations regarding the direction of children's rights advocacy were advanced. / M. Ed. (History of Education)

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