The main topic of the master's thesis is protection of bodily integrity, which started to play an important role since the beginning of this millennium in the continental Europe in support of patient's individual rights. The thesis particularly undergoes research by which means is patient's bodily integrity guaranteed on the constitutional level. For that purpose, the thesis analyses informed consent in its various forms, namely in comparisons to foreign literature and judgements in USA and United Kingdom. Simultaneously the court decision became the centre of attention, because of its guarantee to protect bodily integrity to minors and incompatible people. These conclusions the thesis then follows up and applies on cases, in which is bodily integrity of patient is most vulnerable. The conclusion of this thesis is that the protection of bodily integrity is guaranteed on the constitutional level by art. 7 par. 1 Charter of fundamental rights and freedoms and art. 8 European Convention on human rights. Simultaneously the thesis comes to the conclusion that in some cases the protection of bodily integrity in not fully guaranteed. That's the case of sterilization of transsexual patients who are forced to undergo this surgery by statutory regulation. The thesis in the case of compulsory vaccination...

The Finnish legislation on legal gender recognition includes a prerequisite of being infertile. This practice not only differs from the legislation of the other Nordic countries but has also been found to be a violation of articles from human rights conventions. The practice has been found to be incompatible with the picture of Finland as a progressive Nordic country and it indeed creates an inconsistency between the regime of Nordic countries. The aim of the thesis is to analyze this problem from a governmental perspective and to find factors that could explain the difference between these countries. Theories of governmentality and governing gender will be applied in the analysis with the help of discourse analysis. From the perspective of the regime of Nordic countries, it is possible that the legislation in Finland would be developed into the same direction in the following years.

The purpose of this study was to investigate about preschool teacher’s descriptions and working methods regarding the bodily integrity of children. The choice of method became qualitative and five interviews with preschool teachers. The result of this study shows that the child’s bodily integrity is a human right and at the same time important to their self-esteem. When there are routines and a conscious way of working in the preschool, it is possible to prevent children from being offended, both by adults and by other children. In order to teach children about their and others' boundaries, preschool teachers need to be close and provide tools for the children so that they have the possibility to show or say no in their own way. As a preschool teacher, always reflecting on their profession, how to meet, talk and look at the child, it can help to ensure that children's rights are met, and the child is given a sense of value. / Syftet med denna studie var att studera förskollärares beskrivningar och arbetssätt kring barns kroppsliga integritet. Valet av metod blev kvalitativ och fem intervjuer med förskollärare ligger till grund för resultatet. I resultatet framkom det att arbetet med barns kroppsliga integritet är en rättighet för barn och samtidigt viktigt för deras självkänsla. När det finns rutiner och ett medvetet arbetssätt i verksamheten går det att undvika att barn blir kränkta, både av vuxna och av andra barn. För att lära barn om sin och andras gräns gäller det som förskollärare att finnas nära och ge verktyg till barnen så att de har möjligheten att på sitt sätt visa eller säga nej. Genom att som förskollärare alltid reflektera över sin profession, hur man bemöter, talar och ser på barnet kan det bidra till att barns rättigheter blir tillgodosedda och barnet får en känsla av värde.

The aim of this study is to examine preschool teachers’ ideas of children’s right to bodily integrity and the preschools’ work on this. Furthermore, by using theories of power and resistance, the study aims to discuss how these ideas can affect children’s ability to discover and express their own integrity boundaries, to have them respected and to discover and respect the boundaries of others. The empirical material is based on interviews with six preschool teachers. The results show that the teachers’ ideas can lead to both limiting and productive exercise of power, which can affect the children's opportunities to express their own, and to discover the integrity boundaries of others. In order to protect the bodily integrity of the children, rules are formulated that can limit the children's ability to discover their own and others' boundaries and also can lead to control of the children. Rather than using rules, the teachers guide children's actions according to prevailing behavioural norms through what is interpreted as hidden, or friendly exercise of power. The teachers describe how they support and interpret children's actions and, provided that the teachers interpret the children correctly, this can create opportunities for the children to both express their boundaries and to discover those of others in order to respect them. The teachers show awareness of children’s different ways of expressing resistance and intend to help children to pay attention to subtle kinds of these actions. In that way, even children who express their integrity boundaries in a more implicit way can be respected by the others. However, the analysis shows that certain forms of acts of resistance increase opportunities for respect. These acts of resistance are explicit and consist of a clearly expressed "Stop!” or by using the ”Stop hand”. The empirical material also shows that the teachers work towards a culture of consent in the preschool by using themselves as role models and by encouraging children to ask each other for permission when, for example, they want to give someone a hug.

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This study is based on the statistical finding that every tenth women in Sweden refrains to go outside alone in their own residential area when it is dark because they are afraid (BRÅ 2015:88) and strives to discuss this problem further. The purpose of this study is to argue that there is a need to address women’s fear of sexual violence as a human rights concern in Sweden. Women’s ability to enjoy their human rights is restricted by their fear and the normalization of women’s fear contributes to this problem. Furthermore, Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach and her theoretical understanding of emotions enable an understanding of how the concept of bodily integrity is affected by women’s fear. Women’s fear of sexual violence can be understood as a problem of social inequality that is affected by the underlying structures of gender inequality. Therefore, it is essential to identify the nature of the attitudes that tend to undermine women and result in violence against women. The fear of sexual violence is dependent on the occurrence of violence against women, which is a human rights violation. However, the fear of sexual violence is not a human rights violation yet it should be understood as a human rights concern.

À la suite du dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle, l’examen médical est l’une des étapes importantes qui sont recommandées pour les enfants victimes, mais seulement certains d’entre eux le complètent. L’objectif de la présente étude est de vérifier si les enfants qui font l’examen anogénital à la suite du dévoilement d’agression sexuelle sont différents de ceux qui n’en font pas ainsi que de documenter les variables, notamment les caractéristiques de l’enfant, de la famille, de l’agresseur et de l’agression, qui pourraient prédire le fait de compléter cet examen. L’échantillon est composé de 211 enfants âgés de 6 à 13 ans recevant des services au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. Une régression logistique binaire révèle que l’absence d’emploi de la mère (RC = 6,15), être victime d’une agression sexuelle très sévère (RC = 6,02), être victime d’un agresseur adulte (RC = 3,43) et provenir d’une famille monoparentale (RC = 2,89) contribuent à prédire si l’examen anogénital est réalisé ou pas à la suite du dévoilement. Les résultats confirment que les enfants complètent l’examen surtout afin de trouver des éléments de preuves et que parmi ceux qui pourraient en bénéficier pour leur bien-être, plusieurs ne sont pas rencontrés. / Following the disclosure of sexual assault, the medical examination is one of the most important steps recommended for child victims, but only some of them undergo the examination. The objective of this study was to determine whether children who undergo an anogenital examination following a disclosure of sexual assault are different than those who do not, as well as to document the variables, particularly, the characteristics of the child, the family, the aggressor and the assault, that could predict whether or not an anogenital examination is conducted. The study group was composed of 211 children within between the ages of 6 to 13 years old receiving services at the Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. A binary logistic regression reveals that when the mother is unemployed (RC = 6.15), being a victim of a very violent sexual assault (RC = 6.02), being a victim of an adult aggressor (RC = 3.43) and coming from a single-parent family (RC = 2.89) contribute to predicting if the anogenital exam is given or not following the disclosure. Results confirm that the primary goal of the anogenital examination is to find elements of proof and that many children who could benefit from this test for their wellbeing are not being examined.

À la suite du dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle, l’examen médical est l’une des étapes importantes qui sont recommandées pour les enfants victimes, mais seulement certains d’entre eux le complètent. L’objectif de la présente étude est de vérifier si les enfants qui font l’examen anogénital à la suite du dévoilement d’agression sexuelle sont différents de ceux qui n’en font pas ainsi que de documenter les variables, notamment les caractéristiques de l’enfant, de la famille, de l’agresseur et de l’agression, qui pourraient prédire le fait de compléter cet examen. L’échantillon est composé de 211 enfants âgés de 6 à 13 ans recevant des services au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. Une régression logistique binaire révèle que l’absence d’emploi de la mère (RC = 6,15), être victime d’une agression sexuelle très sévère (RC = 6,02), être victime d’un agresseur adulte (RC = 3,43) et provenir d’une famille monoparentale (RC = 2,89) contribuent à prédire si l’examen anogénital est réalisé ou pas à la suite du dévoilement. Les résultats confirment que les enfants complètent l’examen surtout afin de trouver des éléments de preuves et que parmi ceux qui pourraient en bénéficier pour leur bien-être, plusieurs ne sont pas rencontrés. / Following the disclosure of sexual assault, the medical examination is one of the most important steps recommended for child victims, but only some of them undergo the examination. The objective of this study was to determine whether children who undergo an anogenital examination following a disclosure of sexual assault are different than those who do not, as well as to document the variables, particularly, the characteristics of the child, the family, the aggressor and the assault, that could predict whether or not an anogenital examination is conducted. The study group was composed of 211 children within between the ages of 6 to 13 years old receiving services at the Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent. A binary logistic regression reveals that when the mother is unemployed (RC = 6.15), being a victim of a very violent sexual assault (RC = 6.02), being a victim of an adult aggressor (RC = 3.43) and coming from a single-parent family (RC = 2.89) contribute to predicting if the anogenital exam is given or not following the disclosure. Results confirm that the primary goal of the anogenital examination is to find elements of proof and that many children who could benefit from this test for their wellbeing are not being examined.

(in English): The thesis deals with the problem of induced abortions. It focuses on, and offers an analysis of, common ways in which abortion has recently been defended in the Czech Republic. In an examination of usual lines of defence of abortion, a description of ongoing philosophical debate about morality of abortion is employed. Arguments founded on bodily integrity and drawn from general feministic positions are attacked with the aim to show that all these ways of defending abortion elude the crucial problems such as the moral status of a fetus, father rights, the nature of discourses which underlie women's choices to abort, and the consequences of the common contemporary view of abortions for women's lives. The tension between basic sexual needs and responsibility for a human life that begins is set forth as the pivotal problem. Concerning the theoretical question of the moral status of a fetus, the thesis endorses a skeptical stance. As a consequence, unassailable solution to the question of permissibility of abortions is rejected as an impossible task. Such a negative result invites a question of how, if at all,the contemporary discourse might be substantiated in which abortions are treated quite straightforwardly as permissible acts. The acquaintance with philosophical problems concerning...

Informed consent presents interesting legal and ethical challenges that have been widely discussed both in Czech and foreign literature. Significant portion of the literature is concerned with a relationship between doctors and their patients and with the historical development of this relationship or with the principle of autonomy as one of the fundamental principles in the area of healthcare provision. Issues related to informed consent of minors or persons with limited legal capacity are often given only small amount of scholarly attention. It is for this reason that this diploma thesis deals solely with the issues related to the health care provided to minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The aim of this thesis is to create an integrated overview of the law regulating informed consent of these persons, to introduce the most important changes that have been made in recent years by the Act on Health Services and Conditions of Their Provision and by the Civil Code, and finally to add some of my reflections on selected issues which I find particularly problematic. The sixth chapter of the thesis focuses on a comparison between the Czech law and the English common law regulating informed consent of minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The issues of informed consent is an...