Denna uppsats är en systematisk litteraturstudie, vilken behandlar ämnet barnarbete utifrån ett globalt perspektiv. Hur ser barnarbetet ut i dess mest omfattande platser – i Afrika, Asien och Latinamerika? Hur ser det sociala arbetet ut där? Samt hur kan vi förstå sambandet mellan barnarbete och brister inom socialt arbete som en orsak till problemets kvarlevande? Studien syftar till att sammanställa det aktuella kunskapsläget om arbetande barn i de områden som ratificerat barnkonventionen, men där barnarbete trots det anses vara som mest skadligt och därav talas det ofta om den värsta typen av barnarbete i denna studie. Studien visar även en problematik gällande dessa områdens utveckling av socialpolitik samt det sociala arbetet och resultatet analyseras utifrån den marxistiska samhällsteorin. Resultatet och analysen visar att barnarbetet många gånger skiljer sig åt från land till land och från område till område, men också vilka likheter som råder oberoende plats. Exempelvis belys barnarbetarnas hälsotillstånd som någonting likartat världen över och därmed barnarbetets konsekvenser. Även om barnarbete är ett komplext problem där ett flertal olika faktorer spelar roll och bör förstås utifrån sin kontext visar slutligen analysen, med hjälp av den marxistiska samhällsteorin, att vi kan förstå de aktuella områdenas brist av socialt arbete, socialpolitik och sociala insatser som en del i varför barnarbete fortfarande finns kvar.

<p>This thesis aim to describe and analyze different organisations’ work with reducing child labour. In order to understand the complex matter of child labour, a case study concerning children’s situation within the mining industry in Peru has been made. The first part of the thesis has been designed to be an introduction to the matter, with a description of the mining industry in Peru and the situation of child labour. The two following parts are more analytic in character. The second and third part discusses how the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be used as an instrument of reducing child labour. Further, top down and bottom up-theories will be discussed as different approaches and working methods for organisations.</p><p>In addition to find the answers to our questions, interviews have been conducted with employees of the organisations (ILO, UNICEF and Save the Children), articles and literature have been analyzed and finally Internet have contributed with information about child labour, Peru, the organisations, theories and the MDGs.</p><p>This study claims that child labour is a complex matter and one possible solution to reduce it can be through promoting education. This can only be viable if organisations work together with governments, using a combination of top down and bottom up approaches.</p>

Background: Child labour is a very common global problem. There are an estimated over 250 million in the world, and about 7.5 million child labourers in Ethiopia. Most of the studies available to date focus on the social, political, and economical issues, but very little on mental health or psychosocial problems of child labourers. There is no study describing the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders among this group of children. Aims: 1. to assess the level of awareness and attitude of an urban community on child labour. 2. to describe the patterns of child labour and the experiences of child labourers in the informal sector with emphasis to child domestic labour. 3. to determine the risk factors contributing to child abuse and psychiatric disorders in child labourers. Method: An initial qualitative survey, using key informants in a Rapid Assessment Procedure, was conducted in a central urban area of Addis Ababa, to determine the knowledge, attitude, and intervention priorities of the people on child labour. A cross-sectional quantitative study informed by this initial survey was conducted in a sampled population of 5-15 year old child labourers and non-economically active controls. Information about possible risk factors, socio-demography and child abuse were gathered using a questionnaire different from that used for mental health assessment. An Amharic translation of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) was used to collect data for symptoms of mental disorders and diagnosis was made according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edition (DSM-III-R) criteria. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: Domestic labour, working in the streets, and in private enterprises were the three main types of child labour identified. These types of child labour were identified by 82% (n=158) key informants, who thought child labour was a social problem, mainly resulting from poverty, and associated with abuse. In the quantitative study (5-15 year old sample) 528 child labourers and 472 non-labourers were included in the study. Of the child labourers, 34% were engaged in domestic labour, 57% working in the streets, and 9% in private enterprises. Over half of the child labourers worked for more than 9 hours daily. The prevalence of child abuse was 43.9% and 17.2% among child labourers and controls, respectively (OR=3.7, 95% CI: 2.74, 5.09; p&lt;0.001). Emotional abuse was the commonly encountered abuse compared to other types (OR=3.06, 95% CI: 2.23-4.20; p&lt; 0.001). Child domestics and street labourers were the most vulnerable group. The prevalence of any DSM-III-R psychiatric disorder was 20.1% and 12.5% among child labourers and controls, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.34-2.67, p&lt;0.01). Controlling for all socio-demographic factors, child labour status was the only significant factor in determining DSM-III-R diagnosis. Discussion: In a comparable group of child labourers and controls, child labourers were found to be a high-risk group for different types of abuse and psychiatric disorders. Although parental unemployment and low maternal education were associated with child labour, the only factor that was associated with psychiatric morbidity was being a child labourer. It seems that poverty is not the only reason for child labour; hence its mere alleviation alone is unlikely to dramatically improve the risk for child labour and mental health of the children. There are many motivating reasons to be a child labourer, and likewise various positive and negative maintaining factors. Therefore, not all child labourers are prepared to stop their paid job altogether in order to become a full time student. Recommendation: Education of all children and parents is a keystone to prevent child labour and the associated consequences. In enforcing legislations on child labour, the government, non-governmental organisation (NGO), and the public should view child labour as a menace in children’s development, with risk of psychiatric disorders. Policy design should accommodate the interests of children. It is recommended to do a cohort and a larger size study, in order to further examine the association of various risk factors, and psychiatric disorders in a comparative and similar vulnerable group of children.

On the basis of descriptive and prescriptive ethics and by means of literature study and exegesis of the Scriptures, this study poses an answer to the question: "How should factors that define labour compensation in South Africa since 1994 be judged according to theological ethics?" Since the subsistence farming of the seventeenth century in South Africa labour compensation has changed to a mainly capitalistic system with money as the most important compensation to labourers for services rendered. Since the seventeenth century a period of unfolding and development of careers has taken place mainly as a result of the influence of colonists from Europe. Gradual development taking place in the economic field has made subsequent factors in lieu of labour compensation more relevant for labourers. Various factors with regard to compensation of labour after 1994 - when the first fully-fledged democratic voting took place in South Africa - defines that it must be seen against the developmental background before 1994. In this study thirteen factors that have an influence on compensation since 1994, will be identified. Some factors tend to lean towards underpayment and others to overpayment. Interior factors relating to insufficient payment are unemployment, child labour, HIV/Aids and gambling. Foreign factors relative to insufficient payment are illegal immigration and cheap imports. Relevant to this, there are also factors resulting in higher remuneration of labourers. Labour laws with regard to affirmative action and minimum wages have a positive influence on payment for labourers. Illegal conduct of labourers gives rise to theft, robbery and corruption. Positive reactions are also in place with regard to remuneration of labourers. In view of this, over-pay, strikes and emigration play an important role. The factors that influence payment since 1994 are being judged according to the Scriptures, pertaining labour and remuneration. God created mankind serving as inhabitants and workers of the earth. He also decreed that mankind will live from the fruit of his labour. This decree forms the basis by which labourers receive remuneration for their efforts. Through fellowship man shows that he is sewing God and fellow-country men and does not labour only for his own advantage. The fall of man has far-reaching influences on mankind, his labours, place of labour and the consequent remuneration be receives for services rendered. One cannot fatalistically accept the influence of the fall of mankind. The recreation of mankind, started by Jesus Christ also affects the area of labour. This study demonstrates how remuneration for labour does not comply to Bible principles. Guidance will be given to how, especially believers, be they employers or employees, portray God's image through their conduct. Believers should execute their labours in such a way, that they are worthy of decent remuneration. Christian employers ought to be reasonable when paying employees, create and protect job opportunities and where possible, employ more labourers. Maximum opportunity should be granted by the ruling authority in order that as many people possible have the opportunity to labour without being exploited. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This investigation examined the relations between children’s self-esteem and parent/child interaction. It also searched for a link between self-esteem and numbers of siblings, gender and working after school. 47 students from public schools in Guatemala City, Guatemala (age 10-14 years old) participated in this study (14 girls and 33 boys). Participants completed measures of Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and a questionnaire regarding Parent - Child Interactions. The study showed that there was a positive correlation in boys’ population between level of self-esteem and parent - child interaction, but a negative correlation for girls. A positive correlation in girls’ population was shown between self-esteem and number of siblings, a negative correlation was shown between self-esteem and working after school. However in boys’ population there was a positive correlation between self-esteem and working after school, and a negative correlation for siblings. There is also a skewed distribution in boys’ and girls’ answers, and no generalizations can be made because of too few respondents, therefore further studies in this area should be done

On the basis of descriptive and prescriptive ethics and by means of literature study and exegesis of the Scriptures, this study poses an answer to the question: "How should factors that define labour compensation in South Africa since 1994 be judged according to theological ethics?" Since the subsistence farming of the seventeenth century in South Africa labour compensation has changed to a mainly capitalistic system with money as the most important compensation to labourers for services rendered. Since the seventeenth century a period of unfolding and development of careers has taken place mainly as a result of the influence of colonists from Europe. Gradual development taking place in the economic field has made subsequent factors in lieu of labour compensation more relevant for labourers. Various factors with regard to compensation of labour after 1994 - when the first fully-fledged democratic voting took place in South Africa - defines that it must be seen against the developmental background before 1994. In this study thirteen factors that have an influence on compensation since 1994, will be identified. Some factors tend to lean towards underpayment and others to overpayment. Interior factors relating to insufficient payment are unemployment, child labour, HIV/Aids and gambling. Foreign factors relative to insufficient payment are illegal immigration and cheap imports. Relevant to this, there are also factors resulting in higher remuneration of labourers. Labour laws with regard to affirmative action and minimum wages have a positive influence on payment for labourers. Illegal conduct of labourers gives rise to theft, robbery and corruption. Positive reactions are also in place with regard to remuneration of labourers. In view of this, over-pay, strikes and emigration play an important role. The factors that influence payment since 1994 are being judged according to the Scriptures, pertaining labour and remuneration. God created mankind serving as inhabitants and workers of the earth. He also decreed that mankind will live from the fruit of his labour. This decree forms the basis by which labourers receive remuneration for their efforts. Through fellowship man shows that he is sewing God and fellow-country men and does not labour only for his own advantage. The fall of man has far-reaching influences on mankind, his labours, place of labour and the consequent remuneration be receives for services rendered. One cannot fatalistically accept the influence of the fall of mankind. The recreation of mankind, started by Jesus Christ also affects the area of labour. This study demonstrates how remuneration for labour does not comply to Bible principles. Guidance will be given to how, especially believers, be they employers or employees, portray God's image through their conduct. Believers should execute their labours in such a way, that they are worthy of decent remuneration. Christian employers ought to be reasonable when paying employees, create and protect job opportunities and where possible, employ more labourers. Maximum opportunity should be granted by the ruling authority in order that as many people possible have the opportunity to labour without being exploited. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Household survey data collected primarily from rural Bangladesh (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005-2006) is utilized in this paper to identify the important individual, household and district-level factors that influence the decision making process that parents undertake to determine their children’s (between the age of 7 and 14 inclusive) absence rate from school and work intensity. Bivariate Tobit model is used to jointly estimate the absence rate and hours worked equations. The results of the analysis conducted in this paper suggest that an increase in perceived returns on human capital from attending school – as measured by the wage differential between low-skilled and higher-skilled occupations in a given market – negatively impact absence rate in rural Bangladesh. Moreover, results suggest that the education level of the parents has an impact on a child’s absence rate and the number of hours worked in a week. It is found that the higher the education level of the father, the lower the absence rate and the number of hours worked of a child, while higher levels of the mother’s education level is shown to negatively impact the absence rate. It is also found that being the first born child in a household is associated with both higher absence rate from school and greater amount of hours worked per week. With respect to gender, being a girl is found to be associated with a greater number of hours worked. Lastly, household wealth is found to have a U-shaped relationship with both absence rates and number of hours worked; it is negatively associated with both of the dependent variables at lower levels, but has a positive impact on both absence rate and number of hours worked at higher levels. In general, the results detailed in this paper highlight the importance of policies such as the provision of cash stipends to the poorest households, improving the quality of schooling facilities and directed educational schemes meant to eradicate the persistent gender inequality that is hindering truly universal primary education in rural Bangladesh. / Graduate / 0501 / najsaqib@hotmail.com

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casemirofilho_m_me_fran.pdf: 1976308 bytes, checksum: 0ed439ec46f7a762b0f7258c5843642e (MD5) / Este trabalho propõe-se a fazer uma reflexão sobre o tema trabalho infantil, notadamente quanto aos entendimentos do que seja. O que é trabalho infantil? É com a preocupação de identificar as respostas existentes a este questionamento, que a pesquisa se ergue, abrindo um grande campo para reflexões e conclusões. No processo de identificação dos entendimentos sobre o que seja trabalho infantil, o trabalho busca fazer um primeiro capítulo algumas considerações sobre sua caracterização, fazendo sua apresentação e abordando alguns aspectos centrais que estão presentes quando o tema é trabalho de crianças e adolescentes. Num segundo capítulo o trabalho traz dados sobre o Instituto Pró- Criança e o seu Programa de Prevenção e Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil – Selo Pró- Criança, organização não governamental que o autor é superintendente, e na qual iniciou sua inserção profissional no trato com a questão trabalho infantil. Num terceiro capítulo o trabalho faz menção aos aspectos metodológicos da pesquisa realizada, como também dá notícia dos dados levantados, ou seja, dos entendimentos identificados sobre o que seja trabalho infantil, analisando-os cada um. Finalmente, se tem as conclusões da pesquisa realizada, e as referências bibliográficas. / Sumary: This work is proposed to do a reflection on the Child labor’s theme, especially as for the understanding of what it is. What is the child labor? It is with the preoccupation of identifying the existent answers to this questioning, which the inquiry raises, opening a great field for reflections and conclusions. In the process of identification of the understanding on which it is a child labor, the work search to do some considerations on the first chapter about its characterization, doing its presentation and boarding some central aspects that are present when the subject is a work of children and adolescents. In a second chapter the work brings data about the Institute Pro-child and its Program of Prevention and Elimination of the Child Labor – The Pro-child seal, organization not government that the author is the executive chief, and on which he has initiated his professional insertion into the treatment with Child labor’s question. In a third chapter the work mentions the methodological aspects of the fulfilled inquiry, as it also gives information of the lifted data, in other words, of the identified understanding on what it is a child labor, when each one is analyzing them. Finally, there have been the conclusions of the fulfilled inquiry, and the bibliographical references.

Este estudo objetivou identificar as repercussões do trabalho na vida de adolescentes de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais, segundo a ótica dos próprios trabalhadores. Trata-se de uma investigação quanti-qualitativa, com o uso de estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo para o tratamento dos dados. Participaram da pesquisa 66 adolescentes e os resultados revelaram uma composição com uma média de cinco pessoas por família, renda de um a três salários-mínimos, sendo que 27 (40,91%) realizavam o trabalho nas ruas e 39 (59,09%) em setores administrativos de diversas instituições. Quanto ao tempo de trabalho, 24 (36,36%) trabalhavam de sete a 12 meses; nove (13,64%) adolescentes referiram ter sofrido Acidente de Trabalho e quatro (6,06%) já adoeceram por causa do trabalho. As categorias abstraídas dos depoimentos para a identificação do significado do trabalho para os adolescentes foram: independência financeira; ajuda familiar; valoração pessoal e valoração profissional. As repercussões positivas apontam o desenvolvimento de habilidades de relacionamento interpessoal e de comunicação; desenvolvimento pessoal, intelectual e físico; independência e liberdade; ocupação do tempo e a melhoria na condição de vida. As repercussões negativas incluíram: cansaço e preocupação; falta de tempo para lazer, estudos, convívio familiar e com amigos e riscos do trabalho. Quanto à opinião da família acerca da condição ocupacional do adolescente emergiram três categorias temáticas: apoio, aspecto financeiro e oportunidade. Concluiu-se que o adolescente tem uma visão positiva do trabalho e reconhece os malefícios e benefícios do trabalho em sua vida / This study aimed to identify the repercussions of work in adolescents life in a city in the interior of Minas Gerais (Brazil), according to workers perspective. It is a quantitative and qualitative study, using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Subjects were 66 adolescents and results showed a family composition with an average of five people and family income from one to three minimum wages; 27 (40.91%) of them have field works and 39 (59,09%) work in administrative sectors of different institutions. Regarding time of work, 24 (36,36%) had worked from 7 to 12 months. Nine (13,64%) adolescents mentioned having Occupational Accidents and four (6,06%) have already been taken ill because of work. Financial independence, family help and personal and professional valuation were the categories attributed to the meaning of work. The positive repercussions were development of social and communicative abilities, personal, physical and intellectual development, independence and liberty, to occupy the spare time and improvement in living conditions. The negative repercussions included: tiredness, preoccupation, loss of time spent with family and friends, occupational risks and lack of time for study and leisure. Three thematic categories emerged from the opinion of the families about the occupational condition: support, financial aspect and opportunity. It is concluded that the adolescent has a positive view of work, attributing different meanings to it, family also have this viewpoint, even recognizing the interferences of work in adolescents life

Child labour and HIV are challenges in the lives of children. The collapse of the Burundi’s economy, due to the protracted armed conflict and the economic embargo imposed on Burundi by its neighbours, has increased unemployment and poverty. These conditions of poverty often result in the neglect of children’s education. Thus, children are encouraged by their parents to leave school or are even sometimes prevented by their parents from going to school. Instead, they are encouraged or forced to search for employment at a terribly young age. Other children engulfed in material and at times moral deprivation within their home lives, sacrifice school and start working or else embrace a life on the streets. Separation from parents and loss of family members are also significant causes of child labour. The current economic crisis has spared neither the cities nor the countryside. Children set out to work on their own to survive and / or to help their parents. For this reason, children start working at a young age in diverse economic sectors. Some are employed as domestic helpers, while others, after receiving a small sum of money from their parents or someone else, start a small trade. Yet others regularly travel to the Bujumbura central market in search of work. This dissertation, therefore, examines the causes and types of child labour in Burundi as well as the impact of child labour on HIV and AIDS in Burundi. Burundi has ratified and domesticated several international and regional human rights instruments that guarantee expressly or by implication the rights of the child. Burundi’s human rights obligations to protect children child labour are examined, as well as its policies and legislation regarding child labour. The study recommends legislative reforms which include the drafting of a comprehensive law addressing the issue of child labour. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted