The study examines the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms in Zimbabwe. The main objective of the study was to investigate the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms. The study reveals high levels of child exploitation and abuse. A qualitative design was chosen and purposive sampling was used. Interviews were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 40 children between 7 and 16 years. Interviews were also conducted with the Coalition Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe (CACLAZ). CACLAZ is an NGO that specializes in the elimination of child labour in Zimbabwe through the provision of education. The study reveals different forms of child labour. These include children working in communal and commercial farms, children working in domestic set up and child prostitution. The study exposes some of the causes and effects of child labour. Poverty, increased cost of education, and cultural practices were some of the causes of child labour. The study also reveals gaps that exist in the LRA. In view of the findings, the study makes recommendation on how to curb child labour and protect the rights of children as enshrined in various international instruments such as the CRC and ILO Conventions.

This thesis examines how the agency of working children relates to the nature of their work and the harm caused by it. Theorists and practitioners specialised in children’s work have argued that its harms should be understood from the perspectives of working children and that efforts to improve their situation should involve them and meet the interests they express. Their approach is premised on children’s capacity for autonomous and rational decision making. The thesis develops an alternative approach, by examining harm in children’s work and children’s responses to it with an understanding of agency as being conditioned by material and social contexts. Its theoretical purpose is to use Bourdieu’s theory to examine children’s work. Its methodological contribution is that it studies children’s work as a practice, rather than children’s individual experiences and perspectives on their work. This involved investigation of patterns characterising forms of children’s work, and exploration of why these patterns exist and how they might be changing which focuses on how children are involved and affected. The thesis is based on empirical study of children’s work in cement block construction in peri-urban localities, as apprentices in Calavi, Benin, and as unskilled workers in northern Bengaluru, in the state of Karnataka, India. Construction is recognised as a worst form of children’s work by the ILO, but the work studied was locally condoned. In Calavi, apprenticeship was considered as professional training, and in Bengaluru, children’s construction work contributed to family livelihoods. These are the kind of work situations that social scientists who stress children’s agency have suggested are likely to be beneficial. Main sources of data were observations of construction work and interviews with workers, mostly children, as well as their direct employers. Interviewed children did not see their work as seriously harmful, although it was found to risk impairing their physical integrity and to confirm their inequality. In Calavi, children were much more oppressed in their work than children in Bengaluru, but in both sites children acted with reasons and interests. They did not however act to change harmful work conditions. Analysis shows how their age, gender and class positions might have shaped their perspectives in ways which explain why they largely accepted them. The children’s shared hope that their own children would not work as they had indicated their involvement in social change which might be undermining their work practices. The findings confirm the importance of examining children’s perspectives in attempt to understand the causes and consequences of their work. Yet they suggest that children may not always be able to identify harm, and thus the relevance of pursued efforts to develop ways of studying harm in children’s work which do not assume their capacity for autonomous and rational decision making or rely primarily on their perspectives.

Over the years, a net increase in enrolment rates in primary schools has been observed worldwide. Nevertheless, in West Africa, girls still lag behind in terms of basic education. Although many other African societies face educational challenges in terms of realising girls’ right to education, educational challenges are far greater for women and girls in West Africa. This region is considered to have the highest illiteracy level in the world, and the level of illiteracy is even higher for females. As a result, a gap persists between the number of boys and girls in primary schools. The reasons why this gap persist is because cultural limitations and poverty still undermine the realisation of girls’ right to basic education in this part of the world. Girls’ right to primary education is undermined through patriarchy; negative cultural perceptions associated with girls’ education, child labour or child marriages, to mention but a few. Not only are educational disparities visible in terms of gender, but educational disparities are also visible between urban and rural areas. By taking into account such differences, and in order to best achieve universal basic education in West Africa, the use of multiple strategies is advised. It requires primarily the enforcement of legal measures in order to improve girls’ enrolment and retention rates. Simultaneously, it requires economic solutions which can help the poor to send girls to school, with in addition strategies which focus on the role that institutions can play; whether these institutions are governments, traditional or religious institutions. Evidently, with these strategies, the role played by other actors such as citizens and non-governmental organisations, in ensuring girls’ right to basic education cannot be underestimated. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Many international conventions concern child labour and child work and this practice tend to often be viewed as a violation of child rights. However, the discourse has changed and a tension among universalistic and relativistic scholars risen. The former tends to condemn child work under the age of 14 and the latter claims that culture needs to be taken into account arguing that child work, is not necessarily a violation of rights.  This study analyses narratives from former child workers in Cochabamba, Bolivia. It aims to increase the understanding of experiences from child workers and how it relates to Child Rights from a universalistic and relativistic perspective and to identify reasons for child work.  The findings demonstrate that the experiences vary a lot and that there is a complexity in the practice of child work. The respondents have experienced violation of rights at their work, but on the other hand, has the income enabled them to fulfil other rights. The relativistic and universalistic perspective both serve to gain a deeper understanding of child work and its complex relationship of Child Rights. This argue for that one should strive to use both perspectives rather than embrace one and condemn the other. Economic need was identified as the main reason to why children were working.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / After a war of nearly two decades in the Acholi sub-region of northern Uganda many families and communities were physically, socially, economically and psychologically devastated. A myriad of other concomitant effects of the war such as distorted gender relations in households and undue exposure of vulnerable children to the menace of hazardous child labour manifest in the communities today. A plethora of non-government organisations has worked in the Acholi subregion trying to transform the communities after the war, but these challenges remain thus compromising social justice and the well-being of children.

Children engage in paid and unpaid work that is damaging to them daily all around the world. They are categorized as child laborers, however when they are either too young to work or are engaged in dangerous activities that may jeopardize their physical, mental, social or educational development (Unicef 2021). The topic of Child labour relates to the broader area of peace and development due to child labour being a development issue. The theoretical frameworks selected for this thesis are Amartya Sen’s ‘capabilities’ theory. The aim with this field study is to recognize the strategies of NGO’s combat against child labour and their challenges as well as their improvements. To gain an understanding of child labour in relation to hazardous environments and their impacts on a local level in Mwanza, with the help of key informant interviews and stakeholders. Indirect data was chosen rather than direct data, because it would be unethical to interview children. The fact that children suffer makes child labor a touchy subject. It is impossible for me to discuss every aspect of child labor because the subject is so vast and sensitive. I therefore only have knowledge that is applicable to my research. I have come to the conclusion that the factor of child labour is mainly poverty. The strategies of the NGOs to prevent child labour differs from one another, but many of them use awareness as a strategy. Their challenges are lack of resources and the community’s perception.

Diese Dissertation ist eine Sammlung von Artikeln, die sich auf Kinderarbeit beziehen. In mehreren Ländern wurde eine Analyse durchgeführt, welche die Leistungsfähigkeit von arbeitsintensiven Exportgeschäften beurteilte. Das Ergebnis enthüllte, dass Kinderarbeit arbeitsintensive Exporttätigkeiten negativ beeinflusste gemessen am Bruttosozialprodukt. Die Faktoren zur Kinderarbeit wurden genauer untersucht, indem Datenmaterial von nationalen Stichprobenerhebungen Indiens benützt wurden. Man fand heraus, dass familiäre Eigenschaften, insbesondere der Bildungsgrad, ein bedeutsames Verhältnis zu den täglichen Tätigkeiten eines Kindes aufweist. Mit der gleichen Datengrundlage wurden die finanziellen Auswirkungen von Ausbildung im „informellen und formellen“ Arbeitsmarkt für die Städte und die ländlichen Regionen Indiens untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die finanziellen Auswirkungen im „informellen Arbeitsmarkt“ sowie in ländlichen Regionen und im primären Wirtschaftssektor geringer ausfielen. Eine Kostennutzenanalyse wurde durchgeführt, um den tatsächlichen Nutzen von Ausbildungskosten für alle Kinder ohne jegliche Schulausbildung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Durchführung solcher Projekte für die indische Regierung sogar von großem Nutzen wäre. / This Dissertation is a collection of articles all related to child labour. A multi country analysis estimating performance of labour intensive exports was performed and the results revealed that child labour negatively influenced the labour intensive exports share to GDP. Using National Sample Survey data from India, determinants of child labour were studied. It was found that family characteristics, especially literacy levels had a significant relationship with the daily activity status of the child. With the same data set, returns to education in the informal and formal labour markets were studied for rural and urban India. Results showed that returns were lower in the informal market, rural regions and in the primary sector. A Cost Benefit Analysis was performed to examine the net benefits of educating all out of school children and the results showed that such a project would be within the reach of Indian Government.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helga Maria Miranda Antoniassi.pdf: 646643 bytes, checksum: 7e38c7a446ebd3a28e135c5a07934d93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-06 / In this dissertation, an analysis is made on evolution of gradual achievement of rights of children and adolescents, especially with regard to child labour, that unfortunately still exists in Brazilian society. The exploitation of child labour is not a problem particular to Brazil, since it also affects the international community, but with differences in intensity and severity. This work is supported by national and international laws, as well as by works of reliable and outstanding authors, and by articles from law reviews that have enabled us to deepen controversial issues relating to the exploitation of children labour. Combating child labour is not easy. For this purpose it is necessary a combination of efforts of the state, family, community and society in general, the only way for the effective promotion of the rights of children and adolescents, assuring them a full and healthy development in such a way that in the future they may join the labour market, day by day more competitive. Child labour is the tragic result of social, economic and cultural problems of a country, and to combat them, it is necessary to break the vicious circle of poverty, and child labour , always present in all its modalities. Despite the difficulties, the truth is that initiatives aimed at the elimination of child labour, as well as the strong mechanisms for its the prevention and eradication, such as the Councils Guardianship, Advice of Rights and forums have achieved positive results, as we will see in this work / Nesta dissertação, faz-se a análise da evolução da gradual conquista dos direitos da criança e do adolescente, especialmente no que diz respeito ao trabalho infantil, que, lamentavelmente, ainda persiste na sociedade brasileira. A exploração da mão-de-obra infantil não é um problema específico do Brasil, uma vez que atinge também a comunidade internacional, mas com diferenças de intensidade e gravidade. O presente trabalho apóia-se em legislações nacionais e internacionais, bem como em obras de conceituados autores, além de artigos de revistas que nos permitiram aprofundar questões referentes a exploração da mão-de-obra infantil. Combater o trabalho infantil não é tarefa fácil. Para tanto, é mister a conjugação de esforços do Estado, da família, da comunidade e da sociedade em geral, único caminho para a efetiva promoção dos direitos da criança e do adolescente, assegurando-lhes um desenvolvimento completo e saudável, a fim de que no futuro possam ingressar no mercado de trabalho, a cada dia mais competitivo. O trabalho infantil é o dramático resultado dos problemas sociais, econômicos e culturais do país, e para combatê-lo, faz-se necessário quebrar o circulo vicioso da pobreza - trabalho infantil, sempre presente em todas as suas modalidades. Não obstante as dificuldades enfrentadas, a verdade é que as iniciativas voltadas para a eliminação do trabalho infantil, bem como os fortes mecanismos de prevenção e erradicação, como os Conselhos Tutelares, Conselhos dos Direitos e Fóruns têm alcançado resultados positivos, conforme se verá no presente trabalho

This study aims to analyze the socio-economic characteristics, living and working conditions, educational profiles and the future expectations of the child workers, who have been living in tents for many years and working as agricultural workers at Karag&ouml / &ccedil / er and Kapik&ouml / y areas of Tuzla Municipality (KarataS District) of Adana Province since the early 90s after having been forced to vacate their villages in Sirnak. Thesis tries to expose the poverty, deprivation and social exclusion experienced by families and children presently living in tents in Karag&ouml / &ccedil / er and Kapik&ouml / y. It is also aimed at exposing the ways in which these people are deprived of their social and political rights as citizens. The main research question of the study is the motives behind the child labour observed in Karag&ouml / &ccedil / er and Kapik&ouml / y. The study has found that the phenomenon of child labour in this area is the direct consequence of poverty, deprivation, social exclusion and denial of citizenship rights that these families had to face as a result of forced migration early in the 90s. Therefore, the study underlines, in conceptual terms, how their unfavourable circumstances lead to deep child poverty and consequently child labour and thesis also tries to bring attention to the children&amp / #8217 / s situation by referring to their families&amp / #8217 / poverty, deprivation, social exclusion and lack of citizenship rights. In this respect, the theory section of the thesis focuses on the relation of child labour and child poverty within the conceptualization of new poverty, internal displacement (forced migration), social exclusion and citizenship rights. One of the main argument of this thesis is that children from Sirnak who work in fields in Tuzla constitutes a different category of child labour. Even though they are paid child workers working in the agricultural sector and they live like migrant seasonal agricultural workers, they are not, since they are settled in the region for a long time. Another important argument of the study is that families of these children after the evacuation of their village did not migrate to urban areas like most of the internally displaced people did but moved to rural areas. In this sense, they are also in disadvantaged condition compared to other internally displaced people since they can not benefit from many social services, which is easy to reach in urban settings. Therefore, this study makes clear that the children and their families examined in this study are the part of the worst form of poverty in Turkey.

We examine the gender gap in school attendance of children aged 7-14 in India using National Family Health Survey Three (NFHS-3). We demonstrate that the choice of the sample examined has important implications for policy. A household decision model is used to motivate whether a child attends school and/or works. A bivariate probit model and Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition are applied to see how changing sample groups and adding regressors impact results, and the implications this has upon gender gap and effectiveness of centralized policy as opposed to decentralized policy. Results show the gender gap is sensitive to the sub samples chosen (e.g. a particular state, a specific location (urban or rural), and gender) and to the choice of regressors, and that centralized policy may be less effective than decentralized policy. Parental education, wealth, location and gender are found to be the most volatile and influential variables in the household decision process. / Graduate