Contesting international strategies for combatting child labour that derive from modern, Western conceptions of childhood, several developing country organizations have embraced the principle of child protagonism by declaring that working children can become the leading agents in struggles to advance their interests when they are mentored in forming their own independent organizations. This thesis first explores how an African NGO, informed by its urban animation experiences, developed its own specific discourse of child protagonism and employed it as the basis for establishing an African working children’s organization designed to provide compensatory literacy and skills training and to empower members to improve their own and other children’s working conditions. The thesis considers this foundational child protagonism discourse in light of data collected in Senegal by means of participant observation and interviews in grassroots groups and associations of working children, as well as in the offices of both the local NGO and its international NGO donor. Fieldwork revealed limitations of the specific child protagonism practice pursued over the past two decades. Specifically, redirecting resources from direct pedagogical accompaniment of grassroots working child groups towards bureaucratic capacity building for the “autonomization” of higher hierarchical levels of the organization, as well as towards international meetings, has resulted in the organization’s diminished impact for vulnerable groups in Dakar, particularly migrant girl domestic workers. Deepening implication with international donors has forced shifts in the priorities of the local NGO and the working children’s organization it facilitates, yet the two have been largely successful in buffering donor probes precisely into the ground level effectiveness of their child protagonism strategy. No previous independent research has sought to confront the discourse of child protagonism with a comprehensive examination of a working children’s organization’s practice, from its most local processes to its international dimensions and donor relations.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T17:59:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T18:00:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T18:38:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T18:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / In this paper we study the e ects of conditional cash transfers in school enrolment and tackling child labour. We develop a dynamic heterogeneous agent general equilibrium model, where households face a set of tradeo s while allocating their children's time in leisure activities, schooling and working. We calibrate the model using data from the Brazilian survey PNAD in order to quantify the e ects of a conditional transfer. We then evaluate the results of a policy experiment that implements a conditional cash transfer scheme similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Familia. Our results suggest that the program, in the long term, is able to substantially increase school registration and reduce child labour and poverty. In addition, we nd out that a progressive conditional cash transfer results in even more bene ts. / Neste trabalho, estudamos os impactos de transfer^encias condicionais de renda sobre o trabalho e a educa c~ao infantis. Para tanto, desenvolvemos modelo din^amico de equil brio geral com agentes heterog^eneos, onde as fam lias enfrentam tradeo s com rela c~ao a aloca c~ao de tempo das crian cas em atividades de lazer, em escolaridade e em trabalhar. O modelo e calibrado usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domic lios, de modo que podemos quanti car os efeitos de uma pol tica de transfer^encia de renda. Finalmente, avaliamos o impacto de um pol tica semelhante ao atual Bolsa Fam lia. Nossos resultados sugerem que o programa, no longo prazo, e capaz de induzir um aumento substancial na escolaridade, al em de ser efetivo na redu c~ao do trabalho infantil e da pobreza. Al em disso, mostramos que um programa progressivo de transfer^encia condicional de renda resulta em benef cios ainda maiores.

The dissertation traces events that contributed towards a climate where the status of children changed from property to that of person status with the concomitant recognition of children's rights. Social conditions in England, America and France from late preindustrial times to the early twentieth century were investigated. The United Nations' role in establishing children rights documentation and an evaluation of these d~μrpents in terms of the educational implications thereof were described and discussed. The African perspective towards international children's rights documents events was outlined while the attempts of Africa to address the unique needs of the African child were detailed. In the light of the changing social orientation in the Republic of South Africa, children's rights advocacy in South Africa was reviewed. Criteria for evaluati-ng documents addressing the needs of children were proposed and based on the findings of the study, recommendations regarding the direction of children's rights advocacy were advanced. / M. Ed. (History of Education)

O objetivo dessa tese é verificar se existe impacto do trabalho infantil na saúde da criança. O entendimento dessa relação é importante, pois pode fornecer maiores subsídios para o combate ao trabalho infantil e permitir o direcionamento de políticas para restabelecer a saúde da criança em casos onde a erradicação não foi efetivada. Para a análise foram utilizadas as PNADs de 1998 e 2003, que trazem suplemento especial sobre saúde, e empregada a técnica econométrica de pseudo-painel. Os resultados obtidos foram consistentes com aqueles alcançados na literatura. Para a análise do trabalho infantil sobre a saúde foram utilizados quatro modelos, representado diferentes variáveis relacionadas ao trabalho. O primeiro utilizou a variável que indica se a criança trabalha ou não. Observa-se que o fato de a criança exercer qualquer atividade laboral impacta negativamente sua saúde. O segundo modelo analisou as horas trabalhadas pelas crianças. Os resultados mostram que quanto maior o número de horas trabalhadas, pior é o status de saúde da criança. O terceiro modelo analisou o trabalho perigoso e mostrou que esse tem impacto negativo sobre a saúde da criança, sendo esse impacto maior do que aquele obtido no primeiro modelo para os indivíduos que trabalham. O último modelo analisa os diferentes setores de atividades, mostrando que crianças que exercem suas atividades no setor de comércio e de serviço possuem maior chance de possuir pior status de saúde. No entanto, as atividades agrícolas não tiveram impactos sobre a saúde indicando que as famílias de zonas rurais têm maior capacidade de restabelecer a saúde da criança. Isso provavelmente ocorre pelo fato de as atividades rurais serem exercidas próximo aos pais. Por outro lado, as pessoas que residam no meio rural podem possuir maior capacidade de suportar ou considerar normais certas doenças. Com relação a trabalho infantil e saúde, a redução das horas trabalhadas e eliminação do trabalho perigoso possuem efeitos consideráveis sobre a saúde da criança, sendo essas duas possibilidades de atuação governamental. Além disso, a atuação do governo do governo deve ser setorial, ou seja, políticas para aliviar os impactos do trabalho infantil na saúde no meio rural devem ser distintas das ações empregadas no meio urbano. Em paralelo, melhoria no acesso ao sistema de saúde, garantia de acesso a medicamentos e promoção da educação materna em saúde devem ser incentivadas, pois são aparentemente eficazes para aumentar o estoque de saúde da criança. / The aim of this dissertation is to identify the causal relation between child labour and health. Understanding this relation can bring more resources to fight against child labour as well as to allow the responsible to readjust policies in order to recover children’s health stock where eradication of child labour was not abolished yet. The analysis utilized the PNAD, a Brazilian household survey, from 1998 and 2003. The econometric modeling was based on the pseudo-panel approach. The results of the research were reliable to those in national and international literature of child labour and health. Four models were used to access the impact of child labour on health. Each model represents a different way to analyze labour. The first model made use of the variable that indicates whether the child work or not. It was observed that any kind of labour has a negative impact on their health. The second model analysed the children working hours. The results show that the more they work, the less healthy they become. The third model takes into account the type of work a child does – hazardous or not. The impact of hazardous work on the child’s health is more negative than the impact obtained on the first model. The last model analyzed child labour in different work fields and it showed that children who work in commerce and in the service sector presented a worst health status. However, the same is not true for the ones who work in agriculture. This shows that families from rural areas have a bigger ability to recover their children’s health stock, probably due to the work environment where children, in general, work near to the parents. On the other hand, those people who live in rural areas could support or consider normal some kinds of disease. The government intervention in rural areas has to be different from the one implemented on the urban area to mitigate the impact of child labour on health. Other policies to increase children’s health stock should run in parallel with those of child labour and poor health alleviation, such as improvement of the access to the health system, drugs policies, maternal health education program etc.

The topic of this thesis is "Protection of child labour - children's performance in artistic, cultural, sports or advertising activities". The first part of this thesis presents the historical excursion to the evolution of the legislation of the child labour in the Czech countries. The first rules on the protection of children at work were adopted already at the end of the 18th century, hovewer the greatest development came during the 19th century and in the days of the "First Republic". Since 1966, the regulation of the child labour was set in the Labour Code no. 65/1965 Coll., where endured (even after the adoption of the new Labour Code no. 262/2006 Coll.), until the adoption of the Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll. The second part is focused on the international aspect of the protection of the child labour. At the global level, the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies and Programmes, such as the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) take the important part. Thanks to these institutions several key documents, such as The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, ILO Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment and Work, 1973, and ILO Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999, have been adopted. Beside the...

'The Fabric of Life: Linen and Life Cycle in England, 1678-1810' is structured around the human life cycle to draw out the social and cultural importance of linen for all ranks of society. Human and object life cycles are juxtaposed in the thesis to analyse co-dependent activities and processes rather than focusing on one facet of daily life. For thousands of years flax was a staple fibre, used for textile production in many parts of the globe. Cotton only overtook linen as the most popular textile in England at home and on the body during the nineteenth century. This thesis examines the preceding century to reveal why linen remained a daily necessity in England between 1678 and 1810, a period which encompassed a series of significant changes in the production, trade and use of linen. Linen was ubiquitous as underwear, sheets, table linens and for logistical purposes therefore it provides a unique insight into the early-modern world; a means of understanding the multifaceted experiences of daily life, of integrating understandings of the body, domestic, social, cultural and commercial activities. This thesis is social history through the lens of linen, reading a society through its interactions with a textile.

Magister Legum - LLM / In this paper I delve into the connection between trade policy and labour rights as probably one of the most controversial issues, which the international trading system is faced with today. Labour laws differ from country to country and of course it is a cause for concern where some countries have higher standards than others, it becomes problematic for these countries with high standards to compete with countries with lower standards. Even though there is a definite link between trade and labour, my argument is that incorporating labour standards into the international trading system is not the best way forward to deal with the problem of abuse of labour standards. I further investigate the two organizations at the forefront of this debate, being the WTO and the ILO. In an attempt to ascertain which of the two is the best forum to deal with the issue I further look at the relationship between these two organizations. Compliance with international labour standards is a growing concern as worldwide standards are deteriorating and nothing is being done to alleviate the problem. Accordingly, I explore the causes for the abuse of labour standards and seek to find the better alternative, by looking at the respective positions of the parties who are for and against the linkage of trade with labour standards. Here the views and concerns of the developed world are weighed up against those of the developing world and looking at possible alternatives concludes the paper. / South Africa

Contesting international strategies for combatting child labour that derive from modern, Western conceptions of childhood, several developing country organizations have embraced the principle of child protagonism by declaring that working children can become the leading agents in struggles to advance their interests when they are mentored in forming their own independent organizations. This thesis first explores how an African NGO, informed by its urban animation experiences, developed its own specific discourse of child protagonism and employed it as the basis for establishing an African working children’s organization designed to provide compensatory literacy and skills training and to empower members to improve their own and other children’s working conditions. The thesis considers this foundational child protagonism discourse in light of data collected in Senegal by means of participant observation and interviews in grassroots groups and associations of working children, as well as in the offices of both the local NGO and its international NGO donor. Fieldwork revealed limitations of the specific child protagonism practice pursued over the past two decades. Specifically, redirecting resources from direct pedagogical accompaniment of grassroots working child groups towards bureaucratic capacity building for the “autonomization” of higher hierarchical levels of the organization, as well as towards international meetings, has resulted in the organization’s diminished impact for vulnerable groups in Dakar, particularly migrant girl domestic workers. Deepening implication with international donors has forced shifts in the priorities of the local NGO and the working children’s organization it facilitates, yet the two have been largely successful in buffering donor probes precisely into the ground level effectiveness of their child protagonism strategy. No previous independent research has sought to confront the discourse of child protagonism with a comprehensive examination of a working children’s organization’s practice, from its most local processes to its international dimensions and donor relations.

Denna studie beskriver utmaningar för socialt arbete mot barnarbete inom ASM-gruvarbete i Afrika. Detta är gjort genom en strukturerad litteraturöversikt där nio av 192 artiklar valdes ut, vilka tillsammans redovisar en översikt av existerande data. Uppsatsen är ämnad att tematiskt analysera omständigheter kring barnarbete i gruvor i Afrika, och hur förhållandet gällande socialt arbete mellan västerländska och afrikanska länder kan förstås avseende barn som arbetar med mineralbrytning i Afrika. Förhållandet mellan Afrika och västvärlden konkretiseras genom Demokratiska republiken Kongo (DRK) och koboltkedjan. Utgångspunkten för studien är barnkonventionen. Analysen diskuterar vad som behöver tas i beaktning för att uppnå hållbara förändringar. Studiens slutsats är att perspektiv på barnets bästa och barnarbete skiljer sig beroende på social kontext, vilket leder till utmaningar för socialt arbete mot barnarbete. Samarbetet mellan västvärlden och Afrika behöver stärkas än mer för att uppnå hållbar utveckling. / This study depicts challenges in social work against child labour in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa. It is made through a structured review where nine of 192 articles were selected, which together provides an overview of existing data. The paper is aimed to thematically analyze circumstances of child labour in mines in Africa, and how the relationship of social work between Western and African countries can be understood regarding children mining in Africa. The relationship between Africa and the Western world is concretized through the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC) and the cobalt chain. The approach in this article is based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The analysis discusses what should be considered to achieve sustainable changes. It concludes perspectives on best interest of the child and child labour differs depending on the social context, leading to challenges for social work against child labour. Greater cooperation between the western world and Africa is needed for sustainable development.

La presente tesi raggruppa tre contributi che analizzano la partecipazione dei minori ad attività lavorative e scolastiche in Marocco, le variabili correlate con il benessere individuale e le differenze nei livelli salariali in Albania. I tre saggi tentano di fornire analisi empiriche basate sulla letteratura più recente e di contribuire allo sviluppo della metodologia quantitativa più comunemente utilizzata. / The present thesis is a collection of three contributions which investigate children’s schooling and labour participation in Morocco, the correlates of subjective well being and the differences in wage levels in Albania. The papers try to carry out empirical analyses of these issues based on the most recent developments in the relevant literature and to contribute to the empirical methodology commonly used.