The aim of this study was to investigate potential factors of why children and youths generally start bullying, but also the long and short-term effects bullying has on its victims. In order to answer the research questions, the method used was a systematic literature review which includes collecting data by using databases such as Libsearch and Swepub. We obtained seven studies including doctoral dissertations and scientific articles, some of which include collected data results from several longitudinal, quantitative, qualitative and meta-analytic studies. The theoretical framework used in this study include social cognitive theory by social psychologist Albert Bandura. This theory was relevant in order to analyze how bullying behavior can be designed based on the social environment together with cognitive abilities. The results indicate that bullying is a complex phenomenon explained differently within the research field and our main finding shows that the victims define bullying differently from the definition used by researchers within the field. Several different factors emerged as to why some children and youths are prone to bullying. This study identifies that some of these factors are due to moral disengagement which refers to distancing from moral actions and lack of moral emotions such empathy, sympathy and guilt. Furthermore, domestic violence and social environment such as aggressive peers are also explanatory factors to why children develop and normalize a bullying behavior. Finally, this study has shown that bullying affects the victims at both early and adult age. Bully victims are often being affected in an early age developing mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and increased risk for behavioral problems associated with substance use. These problems often continue into adulthood where beside mental and physical health issues the victims also struggle with trust and relationship issues.

This study scrutinises, from a critical perspective, how Swedish mainstream news media depict children and youths categorised as unaccompanied after the identified discursive shift in the late autumn of 2015, where a more hostile and negative reporting on refugees became even more prominent. In addition, it explores what different power structures that are made visible in the news reporting. This is made possible by scrutinising 40 articles from the major national newspapers in Sweden that have daily releases, the so called mainstream media. The critical discourse analysis is used as a method and theory in order to find a focus that is critical and questioning towards existing power structures. Additionally, it contains a focus on how borders and differences are created between certain groups of people by using theoretical perspectives on otherness and postcolonial theory. The study shows an ambivalent media picture and clearly makes unequal and hierarchical power structures visible through the use of different assumptions, accepted truths and journalistic techniques.

<p>Violence against children and particularly the “Bobby Case” in spring 2006 initiated an unprecedented debate in the Swedish media about child maltreatment and child murder. There are however some children whose death causes never will be solved, and some of these cases are erroneously classified as something else.</p><p>The present survey is commissioned by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency and the Swedish Centre for Lessons Learned from Incidents & Accidents, and will serve as the basis for a children safety council which will be established 2006.</p><p>In this survey the answer to the question how deaths among children and youth under the age of 18 years caused by accidents, suicides and violence are investigated when the background and the intention is uncertain is elaborated. A statistical report of how many deaths are classified as uncertain intent is given in the survey. The statistics shows that 26 children and youths under the age of 18 have died from uncertain intent between the years 1997-2003.</p><p>There are many purposes to a death investigation, for example to determine the cause and manner of death. With help from the Statue Book of Sweden knowledge has been obtained about which authorities that are handling death investigations when the cause and manner of death is uncertain. The authorities involved are the physicians, the police force and the National Board of Forensic Medicine. The physician determines whether deaths shall be reported to the police or not i.e. when the cause of death or the manner of death is uncertain. The police then make death investigations to determine whether there is a crime or not. The National Board of Forensic Medicine is contacted to perform autopsies.</p><p>Interviews were performed with police and forensic medicine staff to find out which methods they were using to investigate deaths. The methods used are autopsies and crime investigations. There are no differences when it comes to the age of the deceased, neither of the classification nor the investigation. The police use the classification “uncertain manner of death” when the main cause of death can’t be determined. The forensic medicine physician uses the classification uncertain when the body is so decomposed that there is no possible way to determine cause or manner of death.</p><p>A conclusion in this report is that lack of communication exists between the different government authorities and that this may be a reason to why deaths sometimes are classified incorrectly. Some investigations are also performed by policemen without proper education and this is a possible reason to why some classifications are changed during the process of investigation.</p> / <p>Den senaste tiden har våld mot barn och då framförallt omständigheterna kring tioårige Bobbys död våren 2006 gett upphov till en intensiv debatt i svenska media om barnmisshandel och barnamord. Ett i detta sammanhang mindre uppmärksammat problem är att det med stor sannolikhet finns barnamord som aldrig blir uppklarade eller som klassificeras som något helt annat.</p><p>Föreliggande arbete är ett uppdrag från Räddningsverket och NCO och undersökningen kommer att ligga som underlag i en nulägesredovisning till Barnsäkerhetsrådet som kommer att bildas under 2006. I uppsatsen beskrivs hur dödsfall utreds där barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit på grund av olyckor, suicid och våld där bakgrund och avsikten är oklar.</p><p>Det finns en mängd syften med att göra en dödsfallsutredning, bland annat att fastställa dödsorsak och dödssätt. Med hjälp av bland annat lagtexter fås svar på vilka som utför dödsfallsutredningar där bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. En statistisk genomgång visade att 26 barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit med oklar skadehändelse (avsikt) mellan åren 1997-2003.</p><p>Tillkallad läkare beslutar om att dödsfallet ska anmälas till polis. Detta görs bland annat när dödsfallets bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. Polisen gör då en dödsfallsutredning för att fastställa om något brott har begåtts. De tar då hjälp av Rättsmedicinalverket för att göra en rättsmedicinsk undersökning.</p><p>För att få reda på vilka metoder som användes för att utreda oklara dödsfall genomfördes intervjuer med rättsmedicinare och polis. Man gör inte någon skillnad på utredning beroende på ålder på den avlidne, varken utredningsmässigt eller klassifikationsmässigt. Polisen använder klassificeringen oklar när dödsfallen beror på kombinationer av olika faktorer och huvuddödsorsaken inte går att fastställa. Rättsmedicinarna använder klassificeringen oklar när den avlidne är så likomvandlad att varken dödssätt eller dödsorsak går att fastställa.</p><p>I undersökningen framkommer det att det finns en brist i kommunikationen mellan de olika myndigheterna och att detta kan vara en anledning till att det sker felklassificeringar. Det framkommer även att det ibland inte är utbildade poliser som påbörjar en utredning. Detta kan vara en bidragande orsak till att det är en så stor del av alla utredningar som ändrar klassificering under utredningens gång.</p>

Violence against children and particularly the “Bobby Case” in spring 2006 initiated an unprecedented debate in the Swedish media about child maltreatment and child murder. There are however some children whose death causes never will be solved, and some of these cases are erroneously classified as something else. The present survey is commissioned by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency and the Swedish Centre for Lessons Learned from Incidents &amp; Accidents, and will serve as the basis for a children safety council which will be established 2006. In this survey the answer to the question how deaths among children and youth under the age of 18 years caused by accidents, suicides and violence are investigated when the background and the intention is uncertain is elaborated. A statistical report of how many deaths are classified as uncertain intent is given in the survey. The statistics shows that 26 children and youths under the age of 18 have died from uncertain intent between the years 1997-2003. There are many purposes to a death investigation, for example to determine the cause and manner of death. With help from the Statue Book of Sweden knowledge has been obtained about which authorities that are handling death investigations when the cause and manner of death is uncertain. The authorities involved are the physicians, the police force and the National Board of Forensic Medicine. The physician determines whether deaths shall be reported to the police or not i.e. when the cause of death or the manner of death is uncertain. The police then make death investigations to determine whether there is a crime or not. The National Board of Forensic Medicine is contacted to perform autopsies. Interviews were performed with police and forensic medicine staff to find out which methods they were using to investigate deaths. The methods used are autopsies and crime investigations. There are no differences when it comes to the age of the deceased, neither of the classification nor the investigation. The police use the classification “uncertain manner of death” when the main cause of death can’t be determined. The forensic medicine physician uses the classification uncertain when the body is so decomposed that there is no possible way to determine cause or manner of death. A conclusion in this report is that lack of communication exists between the different government authorities and that this may be a reason to why deaths sometimes are classified incorrectly. Some investigations are also performed by policemen without proper education and this is a possible reason to why some classifications are changed during the process of investigation. / Den senaste tiden har våld mot barn och då framförallt omständigheterna kring tioårige Bobbys död våren 2006 gett upphov till en intensiv debatt i svenska media om barnmisshandel och barnamord. Ett i detta sammanhang mindre uppmärksammat problem är att det med stor sannolikhet finns barnamord som aldrig blir uppklarade eller som klassificeras som något helt annat. Föreliggande arbete är ett uppdrag från Räddningsverket och NCO och undersökningen kommer att ligga som underlag i en nulägesredovisning till Barnsäkerhetsrådet som kommer att bildas under 2006. I uppsatsen beskrivs hur dödsfall utreds där barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit på grund av olyckor, suicid och våld där bakgrund och avsikten är oklar. Det finns en mängd syften med att göra en dödsfallsutredning, bland annat att fastställa dödsorsak och dödssätt. Med hjälp av bland annat lagtexter fås svar på vilka som utför dödsfallsutredningar där bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. En statistisk genomgång visade att 26 barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit med oklar skadehändelse (avsikt) mellan åren 1997-2003. Tillkallad läkare beslutar om att dödsfallet ska anmälas till polis. Detta görs bland annat när dödsfallets bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. Polisen gör då en dödsfallsutredning för att fastställa om något brott har begåtts. De tar då hjälp av Rättsmedicinalverket för att göra en rättsmedicinsk undersökning. För att få reda på vilka metoder som användes för att utreda oklara dödsfall genomfördes intervjuer med rättsmedicinare och polis. Man gör inte någon skillnad på utredning beroende på ålder på den avlidne, varken utredningsmässigt eller klassifikationsmässigt. Polisen använder klassificeringen oklar när dödsfallen beror på kombinationer av olika faktorer och huvuddödsorsaken inte går att fastställa. Rättsmedicinarna använder klassificeringen oklar när den avlidne är så likomvandlad att varken dödssätt eller dödsorsak går att fastställa. I undersökningen framkommer det att det finns en brist i kommunikationen mellan de olika myndigheterna och att detta kan vara en anledning till att det sker felklassificeringar. Det framkommer även att det ibland inte är utbildade poliser som påbörjar en utredning. Detta kan vara en bidragande orsak till att det är en så stor del av alla utredningar som ändrar klassificering under utredningens gång.

This study records an attempt to apply feminist epistemology to the conduct and communication of social science research, specifically of the Badgley Report. When I began, I wanted to understand why and how mainstream social science research persists in evading feminist analysis of the problem of child sexual abuse, despite agreement on incidence and perpetrators. I also wanted to find ways of producing knowledge that did not either evade nor postpone voicing the truths of women's and children's experiences of child sexual abuse. I have learned that commitment to a feminist framework requires critical consciousness of all aspects of the processes by which knowledge is constructed, including the relationship and interaction between the writer and reader of research. Thus, what I have attempted to do in this thesis is to communicate feminist research processes through both the form and the content of my report.

No description available.

nÃo hà / A presente pesquisa avalia os efeitos do Programa do MinistÃrio da EducaÃÃo e do Meio Ambiente: Vamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolas, que foi lanÃado em 2004, visando estimular a realizaÃÃo de experiÃncias que promovam um salto qualitativo na formaÃÃo de princÃpios direcionados à preservaÃÃo do meio ambiente. Referido programa se propÃs a construir um processo permanente de EducaÃÃo Ambiental na escola atravÃs de vÃrias aÃÃes com destaque para a realizaÃÃo das ConferÃncias Infanto Juvenis pelo Meio Ambiente. A III ConferÃncia à o principal alvo dessa pesquisa, focada na atuaÃÃo dos delegados que representaram o Cearà nas fases Estadual, Nacional e Internacional. O foco foi investigar como estes jovens percorreram os caminhos da EducaÃÃo Ambiental, buscando uma trajetÃria de representatividade junto a sua escola/comunidade. A observaÃÃo do engajamento desses jovens em projetos e aÃÃes de EducaÃÃo Ambiental mostrou o quanto o programa em anÃlise contribuiu para a sua caminhada. Quanto à metodologia, trabalhou-se com a abordagem qualitativa, tendo em vista que esta busca relacionar os acontecimentos aos processos humanos numa relaÃÃo de interaÃÃo entre as partes. Foram usadas diferentes estratÃgias, como o questionÃrio, a entrevista em profundidade, o grupo focal e a observaÃÃo livre, utilizando como instrumento o diÃrio de campo. As informaÃÃes foram analisadas a partir do mÃtodo do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, na tentativa de se perceber a representatividade desses jovens junto a sua escola/comunidade. Os resultados apontam mudanÃas de atitude por parte dos jovens no seu cotidiano, na convivÃncia com as outras pessoas e com o meio ambiente, mudanÃas estas, influenciadas pela sua participaÃÃo no programa. / In this study we evaluated the effects of a programme launched in 2004 by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Environment entitled âVamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolasâ. The purpose of this Programme is to encourage educational experiences that will help prepare for a qualitative leap in the creation of principles directed at preserving the environment. The programme proposes to construct a permanent environmental education process in public schools through a range of actions, with emphasis on the organization of Conferences on Environmental Education for Children and Youths. The third edition of this conference, held in Cearà in 2008, along with the delegates representing Cearà during the regional, national and international stages, is the main object of the study. We investigated how the students have assimilated skills and experiences in environmental education and increased their representativeness in their respective schools and communities. Their observed involvement in environmental education activities reflected the importance of the Programme to their learning process. Our approach was qualitative in order to relate events to human processes, highlighting potential interactions. With the help of questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and free observations, information was collected and entered in a field diary. The results were analyzed using collective subject discourse in order to evaluate the representativeness of the children and adolescents in their respective schools and communities. Our study revealed changes in the students&#700; attitudes towards their daily routine and their interaction with others and the environment as a result of their participation in the Programme.

The aim of this study was to increase the understanding of how foster parents of unaccompanied children and youths build and maintain relations with the foster placed children. Furthermore, this study highlights the foster parents’ view of being a foster parent and the effects of the commitment of being a foster home. The empirical material data has been collected by interviews with seven foster parents’ in Sweden and the theories that have been used for the analysis of the result are systems theory and a concept from the attachment theory, called internal working models. The conclusions of this study are that foster parents of unaccompanied children and youths have an ability to establish a valuable relationship with said children, however they experience cultural and linguistic difficulties in the process of establishing a relationship with the youths and children. Another conclusion is that the foster parents’ family lives have changed in positive terms while being a foster home.

Bakgrund: Inkludering av barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund är viktigt för att idrotten ska vara inkluderande för alla. Tidigare undersökningar visar att personer med utländsk bakgrund har svårigheter att bli en del av idrott på grund av språkliga brister, föräldrar, kultur, socioekonomisk status och ekonomi. Den tidigare forskningen inom ämnet förklarar intresset av att undersöka idrottsföreningar och RF-SISU Värmlands arbete med inkludering av barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund. Syfte: Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur idrottsföreningar och RF-SISU i Värmland arbetar med att inkludera utsatta grupper inom idrotten, med fokus på barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund. För att besvara syftet utgick uppsatsen från tre frågeställningar: Hur arbetar idrottsföreningarna i Värmland för ett inkluderande idrottsklimat för barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund? Vilka svårigheter upplever idrottsföreningar med att inkludera barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund? Vilken roll har RF-SISU Värmland i arbetet med inkludering av barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund? Metod: Uppsatsen har utgått från en kvalitativ metod och insamlandet av material skedde med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet bestod av fem personer från idrottsföreningar i Värmland som på något vis arbetar alternativt har arbetat med inkludering, samt en person från RF-SISU Värmland. Tematisk analys användes för att ta ut det mest relevanta från intervjuerna kopplat till syfte och frågeställningar. Analysen gav två teman med tillhörande underteman vilket presenteras i resultatet. Resultat: Uppsatsens resultat visade att idrottsföreningarna arbetar med att inkludera barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund på olika sätt. Betydelsen av att verka i ett socioekonomiskt svagare område var viktigt för att locka fler med utländsk bakgrund, och flickor med utländsk bakgrund var en viktig målgrupp att nå ut till. Resultatet visade även att det fanns svårigheter med att inkludera barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund utifrån fyra faktorer. De förkommande faktorerna var föräldrar och ledare med utländsk bakgrund, socioekonomisk status och ekonomiska förutsättningar. RF-SISU Värmlands roll i arbetet med att inkludera barn och ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund visade sig vara i form av stöttning och beroende av idrottsföreningars behov.  Diskussion: Uppsatsens resultat stämmer överens med tidigare forskning gällande påverkan av socioekonomisk status, föräldrar, kulturella skillnader och ekonomiska förutsättningar. Det teoretiska ramverket för uppsatsen med överbryggande socialt kapital och intersektionalitet som perspektiv gav en större förståelse för uppsatsens resultat. Vidare behövs det fortsatt forskning inom området för att få en djupare förståelse om inkludering av barn och ungdomar utifrån andra faktorer som föräldrar och ledare med utländsk bakgrund. / Background: Inclusion of children and youths with a foreign background in sport association is important for sports to be for everyone. Previous research shows that people with a foreign background have difficulties to become a part of sports due to language deficits, parents, culture, socioeconomic status and economy. The previous research within the subject explains the personal interest in investigating sports associations and RF-SISU Varmland´s work to include children and youths with foreign background in organized sports. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how sport associations and RF-SISU Varmland work to include vulnerable groups in sports with a focus on children and young people with a foreign background. The essay was based on three questions to answer the overall purpose of the study: How do the sport associations work to include children and youths with a foreign background. What difficulties do sports associations experience with including children and youths with a foreign background?  What role does RF-SISU Varmland have in the work to include children and young people with a foreign background? Method: The study has had a qualitative method and the qualitative semi structured interview was used as the data collection method. A range of five people from sports associations in Varmland who in some way work or alternatively have worked with inclusion, as well as one person from RF-SISU Värmland were selected. Thematic analyzes were used as the analysis method and presented two themes and associated subthemes Results: The results of the study showed the sport associations work to include children and youths in different ways. To operate in a socioeconomically weaker area was important to attract more children and youths with a foreign background, and girls with a foreign background were an important group to reach out to. The results also showed that there are difficulties with including children and young people with a foreign background based on four factors. The factors were parents and leaders with a foreign background, socioeconomic status and economic conditions. RF-SISU Varmland´s role in the work to include children and youths with a foreign background was to support sport associations. Discussion: The results of the study are consistent with previous research regarding the influence of socioeconomic status, parents, cultural differences and economic conditions. The theoretical framework for the study with bridging social capital and intersectionality as perspectives provided a greater understanding of the results. Furthermore, continued research is needed within the area. The research needs to provide a wider perspective and investigate factors as parents and leaders with foreign background.

CRUZ, Lindalva Costa da. Uma educação ambiental da juventude? Avaliação da política pública: Vamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolas - Conferências Infanto Juvenis pelo Meio Ambiente no Ceará. 2012. 127f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-01T13:40:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-LCCRUZ.pdf: 1535637 bytes, checksum: 5bea5568984ab71625dae586df061734 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-01T14:18:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-LCCRUZ.pdf: 1535637 bytes, checksum: 5bea5568984ab71625dae586df061734 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-01T14:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-LCCRUZ.pdf: 1535637 bytes, checksum: 5bea5568984ab71625dae586df061734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / In this study we evaluated the effects of a programme launched in 2004 by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Environment entitled “Vamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolas”. The purpose of this Programme is to encourage educational experiences that will help prepare for a qualitative leap in the creation of principles directed at preserving the environment. The programme proposes to construct a permanent environmental education process in public schools through a range of actions, with emphasis on the organization of Conferences on Environmental Education for Children and Youths. The third edition of this conference, held in Ceará in 2008, along with the delegates representing Ceará during the regional, national and international stages, is the main object of the study. We investigated how the students have assimilated skills and experiences in environmental education and increased their representativeness in their respective schools and communities. Their observed involvement in environmental education activities reflected the importance of the Programme to their learning process. Our approach was qualitative in order to relate events to human processes, highlighting potential interactions. With the help of questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and free observations, information was collected and entered in a field diary. The results were analyzed using collective subject discourse in order to evaluate the representativeness of the children and adolescents in their respective schools and communities. Our study revealed changes in the studentsʼ attitudes towards their daily routine and their interaction with others and the environment as a result of their participation in the Programme. / A presente pesquisa avalia os efeitos do Programa do Ministério da Educação e do Meio Ambiente: Vamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolas, que foi lançado em 2004, visando estimular a realização de experiências que promovam um salto qualitativo na formação de princípios direcionados à preservação do meio ambiente. Referido programa se propôs a construir um processo permanente de Educação Ambiental na escola através de várias ações com destaque para a realização das Conferências Infanto Juvenis pelo Meio Ambiente. A III Conferência é o principal alvo dessa pesquisa, focada na atuação dos delegados que representaram o Ceará nas fases Estadual, Nacional e Internacional. O foco foi investigar como estes jovens percorreram os caminhos da Educação Ambiental, buscando uma trajetória de representatividade junto a sua escola/comunidade. A observação do engajamento desses jovens em projetos e ações de Educação Ambiental mostrou o quanto o programa em análise contribuiu para a sua caminhada. Quanto à metodologia, trabalhou-se com a abordagem qualitativa, tendo em vista que esta busca relacionar os acontecimentos aos processos humanos numa relação de interação entre as partes. Foram usadas diferentes estratégias, como o questionário, a entrevista em profundidade, o grupo focal e a observação livre, utilizando como instrumento o diário de campo. As informações foram analisadas a partir do método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, na tentativa de se perceber a representatividade desses jovens junto a sua escola/comunidade. Os resultados apontam mudanças de atitude por parte dos jovens no seu cotidiano, na convivência com as outras pessoas e com o meio ambiente, mudanças estas, influenciadas pela sua participação no programa.