Barnkonventionen reglerar barns rättigheter och ansvaret för att den tillämpas i fysiskplanering faller på kommunerna. Rätten till lek kan planeras resurseffektivt genom rationellplanering men för att barns rätt att uttrycka sig i frågor som rör dem krävs kommunikativplanering. Det ställer krav på att kommuner själva aktivt samlar in åsikter genom oprövademetoder och icke traditionella sätt att arbeta. Synen på konst inom stadsplanering harbreddats och offentlig konst har en självklar plats i våra städer idag. Det finns en traditionellroll av en konstnär där denne bidrar med ett verk i slutet av en planprocess men allt oftarebidrar konstnärer utifrån en roll som konsult eller inspiratör i planprocessen, både vidmedborgardialog och gestaltning. Syftet med studien är att se över hur konstnärlig kompetens kan verka för barn deltagande iplaneringen av våra städer. Metoden utgörs av en fallstudie över Kristinebergs Slottspark därbarn varit närvarande genom historien och även planerades fortsatt verka för barn i framtiden.Studien tar hänsyn till hur planeringsprocessen, planeringsdiskurs och fysisk utformningutförts med barns deltagande i åtanke. Intervjuer med projektets konstnärlig ledare PäviErnkvist samt konstnär Elisabeth Westerlund har utförts för att se över konstnärens roll.Slutsatsen är att konstnärlig inblandning och kompetens kan verka bidragande för barnsdeltagande men det ställer krav på kommunikativ planering, medborgardialog och tydligmålsättning från planerarnas håll samt en kunskap och bredare syn på konstnärens roll. Allt fler barn växer upp inne i storstäder och synen på vad de kan bidra med har till viss delförändrats. Idag anses barn vid tillfällen vara experter på sin egen miljö och bidragande tillnya sätt att se på planeringen av våra offentliga miljöer. Deltagande är viktigt ur ettdemokratiskt perspektiv och värdefullt för människors livskvalitet. Synen på konstens värdeför stadsplanering har emellertid vunnit större acceptans genom ett mätbart ekonomiskt värdevilket omvandlar en del av varje byggbudget till konst. Konst främjar dialog och resulterardessutom ofta i fysiska verk i vår stad. Kan barn då vara med och skapa staden genom konst? / Communicative planning is considered to create participation for many social groups andcontribute to new perspectives on urban planning of public spaces as more levels ofknowledge are added. Through communicative planning, children's right to be consulted onmatters concerning them as stated in the Convention of Childrens Rights, can be taken in toaccount. But in order for children to be heard municipalities are required to actively collectchildren's views, and that in itself demands unproven methods and non-traditional ways ofworking. The view of art in urban planning has broadened. The traditional role of an artist iscontribution with a piece at the end of the planning process, but an artist's work can alsocontribute artistic competence or act as an inspiration. These roles, compared to thetraditional role, have not been fully accepted by officials and planners. The purpose of this study was to examine how artistic work can promote greater participationof children. An extensive literature study has been conducted based on scientific papers,legislation, reports from concerned authorities, reports, statistics, interviews and facts to get abroad understanding of children's participation and the role of art in the planning discourse,the planning process and the design of our public spaces. To interviews were held withartistic leader Pävi Ernkvist and artist Elisabeth Westerlund. The conclusions drawn were thatartistic involvement and expertise can enhance the communication with children, whichcreates a higher level of participation. Art can serve as a prototype for possible changes andwithin it the reflections may eventually create spaces based on the children's terms, whichcan give them a higher level of participation, primarily in smaller projects.

A participação infantil tem se constituído como importante área de investigação por discutir a inserção e as possibilidades de ações das crianças nos espaços por elas vivenciados. A compreensão mais difundida da participação infantil refere-se ao direito de a criança expressar suas opiniões e intervir nas decisões a respeito de todos os serviços que têm algum impacto sobre elas. No presente trabalho, de maneira alinhada à perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Rede de Significações, ampliamos tal compreensão ao considerar que, nas interações sociais, necessariamente ocorre a participação de todas as pessoas envolvidas, mesmo que estas assumam ou que lhes sejam atribuídas posições que poderíamos chamar de mais passivas. A participação, nessa perspectiva, apresenta-se como uma característica das interações contrapondo-se a uma polarização frequentemente encontrada em estudos sobre o tema, que classificam as relações infantis como participativas ou não participativas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa consiste em compreender as formas de participação cotidiana de crianças de sete a dez anos de um Assentamento rural vinculado ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra MST e de periferia urbana, ressaltando as possibilidades e limitações de ação em suas interações, bem como compreender algumas das significações construídas pelas crianças sobre suas possibilidades de ação nos contextos. Os instrumentos de pesquisa foram: (1) diário de campo; (2) questionário socioeconômico; (3) fotografias realizadas pelas crianças sobre seu cotidiano; (4) entrevistas individuais baseadas nas fotos. A partir dos relatos das ações cotidianas das crianças nos diversos espaços em que circulam, notadamente a família, a escola e a comunidade, identificamos cinco formas de participação: (1) Colaboração, (2) Acompanhamento, (3) Influência, (4) Submissão e (5) Resistência. Cada uma dessas formas de participação materializa-se nas interações e atividades desenvolvidas pelas crianças com abrangências particulares. As atividades realizadas evidenciam a importância da criança na organização e estruturação de seus grupos, principalmente na família e na escola. Já nas relações estabelecidas destaca-se a complexidade dessas relações, que ora se configuram como espaços de consideração e de escuta da criança, ora como momentos de imposição da vontade do outro sobre elas, como em situações em que sofrem violências. Além disso, foi possível compreender a posição central assumida, muitas vezes, pelas crianças ao resolverem conflitos com outras crianças, ou ao resistirem a situações com as quais não concordam ou em que têm seus direitos violados. Os relatos sobre a participação cotidiana das crianças nos possibilitam compreender sua inserção social como um processo complexo e multifacetado, problematizando abordagens sobre o tema que reduzem esse conceito à promoção de espaços e atividades de escuta e de consideração das crianças. / Childrens participation has become an important research area by discussing childrens insertion and their possibilities of action in spaces where they live. The most widespread comprehension of childrens participation refers to the childrens right to express their opinions and to interfere in decisions related to all services that have any impact on them. In this work, aligned to the theoretical and methodological perspective of the Net of Meanings, we extend such comprehension considering that, in social interactions, the participation of all the people involved necessarily occurs, even if these people assume or when positions that we could call more passive are attributed to them. Participation, in this perspective, appears as a characteristic of interactions, in contrast with a polarization often found in studies on the subject that classify childrens relations as participative or non-participative. The objective of this research consists in comprehending the forms of everyday participation of 7-10 year old children from a rural Settlement linked to the Landless rural Workers Movement (MST) and from urban suburbs, highlighting the possibilities and limitations of action in their interactions, as well as comprehending some of the meanings constructed by children about their possibilities of action in the contexts. The research instruments were: (1) field diary, (2) socioeconomic questionnaire, (3) photos taken by children about their everyday lives and (4) individual interviews based on the pictures. From the reports of children about their everyday actions in the various spaces where they circulate, especially family, school and community, we identified five forms of participation: (1) Collaboration, (2) Monitoring, (3) Influence, (4) Submission and (5) Resistance. Each one of these forms of participation materializes in interactions and activities, with particular ranges, developed by children. The activities carried out by children evidence the importance of the child in the organization and structuration of their groups, principally of family and school. The complexity of the established relationships is emphasized. These relationships are sometimes configured as spaces of consideration and of listening to the children, and sometimes as moments of imposition of others wills upon them, as in situations in which they suffer violence. Furthermore, it was possible to understand the central position frequently assumed by children when they solve conflicts with other children, or when they resist to situations with which they do not agree or have their rights violated. The reports about childrens everyday participation enable us to understand their social insertion as a complex and multifaceted process, problematizing approaches to the theme that normally reduce this concept to the promotion of spaces and activities of listening and consideration of children.

A participação infantil tem se constituído como importante área de investigação por discutir a inserção e as possibilidades de ações das crianças nos espaços por elas vivenciados. A compreensão mais difundida da participação infantil refere-se ao direito de a criança expressar suas opiniões e intervir nas decisões a respeito de todos os serviços que têm algum impacto sobre elas. No presente trabalho, de maneira alinhada à perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Rede de Significações, ampliamos tal compreensão ao considerar que, nas interações sociais, necessariamente ocorre a participação de todas as pessoas envolvidas, mesmo que estas assumam ou que lhes sejam atribuídas posições que poderíamos chamar de mais passivas. A participação, nessa perspectiva, apresenta-se como uma característica das interações contrapondo-se a uma polarização frequentemente encontrada em estudos sobre o tema, que classificam as relações infantis como participativas ou não participativas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa consiste em compreender as formas de participação cotidiana de crianças de sete a dez anos de um Assentamento rural vinculado ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra MST e de periferia urbana, ressaltando as possibilidades e limitações de ação em suas interações, bem como compreender algumas das significações construídas pelas crianças sobre suas possibilidades de ação nos contextos. Os instrumentos de pesquisa foram: (1) diário de campo; (2) questionário socioeconômico; (3) fotografias realizadas pelas crianças sobre seu cotidiano; (4) entrevistas individuais baseadas nas fotos. A partir dos relatos das ações cotidianas das crianças nos diversos espaços em que circulam, notadamente a família, a escola e a comunidade, identificamos cinco formas de participação: (1) Colaboração, (2) Acompanhamento, (3) Influência, (4) Submissão e (5) Resistência. Cada uma dessas formas de participação materializa-se nas interações e atividades desenvolvidas pelas crianças com abrangências particulares. As atividades realizadas evidenciam a importância da criança na organização e estruturação de seus grupos, principalmente na família e na escola. Já nas relações estabelecidas destaca-se a complexidade dessas relações, que ora se configuram como espaços de consideração e de escuta da criança, ora como momentos de imposição da vontade do outro sobre elas, como em situações em que sofrem violências. Além disso, foi possível compreender a posição central assumida, muitas vezes, pelas crianças ao resolverem conflitos com outras crianças, ou ao resistirem a situações com as quais não concordam ou em que têm seus direitos violados. Os relatos sobre a participação cotidiana das crianças nos possibilitam compreender sua inserção social como um processo complexo e multifacetado, problematizando abordagens sobre o tema que reduzem esse conceito à promoção de espaços e atividades de escuta e de consideração das crianças. / Childrens participation has become an important research area by discussing childrens insertion and their possibilities of action in spaces where they live. The most widespread comprehension of childrens participation refers to the childrens right to express their opinions and to interfere in decisions related to all services that have any impact on them. In this work, aligned to the theoretical and methodological perspective of the Net of Meanings, we extend such comprehension considering that, in social interactions, the participation of all the people involved necessarily occurs, even if these people assume or when positions that we could call more passive are attributed to them. Participation, in this perspective, appears as a characteristic of interactions, in contrast with a polarization often found in studies on the subject that classify childrens relations as participative or non-participative. The objective of this research consists in comprehending the forms of everyday participation of 7-10 year old children from a rural Settlement linked to the Landless rural Workers Movement (MST) and from urban suburbs, highlighting the possibilities and limitations of action in their interactions, as well as comprehending some of the meanings constructed by children about their possibilities of action in the contexts. The research instruments were: (1) field diary, (2) socioeconomic questionnaire, (3) photos taken by children about their everyday lives and (4) individual interviews based on the pictures. From the reports of children about their everyday actions in the various spaces where they circulate, especially family, school and community, we identified five forms of participation: (1) Collaboration, (2) Monitoring, (3) Influence, (4) Submission and (5) Resistance. Each one of these forms of participation materializes in interactions and activities, with particular ranges, developed by children. The activities carried out by children evidence the importance of the child in the organization and structuration of their groups, principally of family and school. The complexity of the established relationships is emphasized. These relationships are sometimes configured as spaces of consideration and of listening to the children, and sometimes as moments of imposition of others wills upon them, as in situations in which they suffer violence. Furthermore, it was possible to understand the central position frequently assumed by children when they solve conflicts with other children, or when they resist to situations with which they do not agree or have their rights violated. The reports about childrens everyday participation enable us to understand their social insertion as a complex and multifaceted process, problematizing approaches to the theme that normally reduce this concept to the promotion of spaces and activities of listening and consideration of children.

Children and youth constitute one fifth of the Swedish population, and they are entitled to participate in all urban planning projects that affects them according to Article 12 in The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention of children’s rights became Swedish law on the 1 of January 2020 and how it will be implemented is a strongly debated issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate how children’s participation in urban planning actually looks like in reality. Children’s rights are an exceptionally important subject and that is why I have chosen to study how children truly are included in the planning processes. This is done by examining what rights children have in Sweden and how those rights are implemented in urban planning. Hence why I opted to do a qualitative literature study and to conduct qualitative interviews with municipal officials as well as perform a case study of the Swedish city, Västerås. This study showed that children should be given more opportunities to participate in planning than they are given today. Including children strengthens democratic procedures and children’s role in society. In addition, the case study reveals that Västerås stad does have several methods to include children but lack continuous procedures of when to use what method as well as financial funding to be able to invest in means to further include children in the planning process.

As concepções de infância e criança, assim como o lugar social ofertado a elas, vem sendo modificadas ao longo dos anos. Entre o momento em que a infância nem era nomeada ao momento em que se torna objeto de políticas específicas, este estudo busca estabelecer um diálogo e ampliar o debate a respeito da participação e escuta das crianças em contextos educativos, procurando problematizar o que é possível esperar da participação das crianças nestes contextos. Dessa forma, recupera e analisa relatos de experiências em dois projetos educativos diversos, um na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em uma instituição embasada na educação democrática, e outro na cidade italiana de Reggio Emilia, que tem como base conceitual a pedagogia da escuta. Observou-se que apesar de já existirem alguns contextos educativos que concebem as crianças como sujeitos competentes e capazes e buscam garantir sua participação e escuta, a existência destes contextos ainda é vista como um desafio, tanto prático como teórico. / The conceptions of childhood and child, as well as the social place offered to them, have been modified over the years. Between the time when childhood was not named until the moment when it becomes the object of specific policies, this study seeks to establish a dialogue and broaden the debate about participation and listening to children in educational contexts, trying to problematize what can be expected by children\'s participation in these contexts. In this way, it retrieves and analyzes reports of experiences in two different educational projects, one in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, at an institution based on democratic education, and another in the Italian city of Reggio Emilia, whose conceptual basis is listening pedagogy. It was observed that although there are already some educational contexts that conceive children as competent and capable subjects and seek to guarantee their participation and listening, the existence of these contexts is still seen as a challenge, both practical and theoretical.

As concepções de infância e criança, assim como o lugar social ofertado a elas, vem sendo modificadas ao longo dos anos. Entre o momento em que a infância nem era nomeada ao momento em que se torna objeto de políticas específicas, este estudo busca estabelecer um diálogo e ampliar o debate a respeito da participação e escuta das crianças em contextos educativos, procurando problematizar o que é possível esperar da participação das crianças nestes contextos. Dessa forma, recupera e analisa relatos de experiências em dois projetos educativos diversos, um na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em uma instituição embasada na educação democrática, e outro na cidade italiana de Reggio Emilia, que tem como base conceitual a pedagogia da escuta. Observou-se que apesar de já existirem alguns contextos educativos que concebem as crianças como sujeitos competentes e capazes e buscam garantir sua participação e escuta, a existência destes contextos ainda é vista como um desafio, tanto prático como teórico. / The conceptions of childhood and child, as well as the social place offered to them, have been modified over the years. Between the time when childhood was not named until the moment when it becomes the object of specific policies, this study seeks to establish a dialogue and broaden the debate about participation and listening to children in educational contexts, trying to problematize what can be expected by children\'s participation in these contexts. In this way, it retrieves and analyzes reports of experiences in two different educational projects, one in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, at an institution based on democratic education, and another in the Italian city of Reggio Emilia, whose conceptual basis is listening pedagogy. It was observed that although there are already some educational contexts that conceive children as competent and capable subjects and seek to guarantee their participation and listening, the existence of these contexts is still seen as a challenge, both practical and theoretical.

The purpose of this study was to examine social workers’ experiences of communication with silent children, what conservation methods, tools and aids may be used and how the child’s participation thereby can be stimulated. The study was based on two research questions which were following: What affects the child’s silence in conversation along with what conversation methods, aids and what tools can be used in order to engage and include the child? The following study consisted of a qualitative nature and five interviews were conducted with social workers working in different fields. In addition to the interviews, research was sought in order to receive insight into the research area. The search process was not limited to the nation's borders, but consisted of global research. As a result of this, a huge lack of useful research was discovered. The results showed that factors such as social workers’ personal qualities, the character of the methods used and communicative skills had a considerable effect on the child’s motivation and will to participate. Although silent children are common in the conversation room and exist in each area of the social work’s practice, there is no comprehensive research or direct guidelines to mastering such meetings.

”Barnets rätt att bli hörd gäller alla barn. ... Men det räcker inte att endast lyssna på barnet. När barnet har förmåga att bilda sig en egen uppfattning måste barnets åsikter dessutom tillmätas betydelse.” (Barnombudsmannen, 2021). Syftet med studien är att undersöka samt öka kunskapen om vilka förutsättningar barn får för delaktighet. Det har genomförts kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer med åtta socialsekreterare för att undersöka hur socialsekreterare arbetar med samt tillämpar barns delaktighet i socialtjänstens barnavårdsutredningar. Respondenterna har berättat om sin förståelse av barns delaktighet, hur de arbetar med barnsamtal, hur beslutsunderlag utformas utifrån barns berättelser och om utmaningar med att göra barn delaktiga i utredningar. Materialet har analyserats i en tematisk analys utifrån barndomssociologin och Harts delaktighetsstege. Resultat visar att det krävs ytterligare arbete för att barn ska bli hörda inom socialtjänsten men att det inte är den enskilda socialsekreteraren som bär ansvaret för förändring. Det finns behov av en strukturell och organisatorisk förändring inom det sociala arbetets praktik för att barn inte endast ska ges förutsättningar att höras men också bli hörda inom socialtjänsten. / ”A child’s right to be heard applies to all children. … But it is not enough to just listen to the child. When a child has the ability to form his or her own opinion, the child’s opinions must also be given importance.” (Barnombudsmannen, 2021). The aim of this study is to investigate and increase knowledge about the conditions for children’s participation. Qualitative semi-structured interviews have been conducted with eight social service workers, to investigate how they work with and apply the principle of children’s’ participation in the social services’ child welfare investigations. The respondents have been interviewed about their understanding of children’s participation, how they work with individual conversations with children, how decision basis is designed based on children’s stories and about challenges in involving children in investigations. The material has been analyzed in a thematic analysis based on childhood sociology and Hart’s ladder of children’s participation. Results show that further work is required for children to be heard in the social services, but that it is not the individual social service workers’ who are responsible for a change. There is a need for structural and organizational change in the practice of social work so that children are not only given the conditions to be listened to, but also to be heard in the social services.

As soon as the school realise that a student has special needs, they must make an Individual educational plan (IEP). When the IEP is made both child and parents should participate according to Swedish educational law and United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. This participation should, among other things, include the opportunity for the child to describe its own needs, plausible interventions and evaluate the support it has been given.    The purpose of this study has been to investigate more closely the perceived feeling of parents that they and their children were made involved in the creation of the IEP.  As a theoretical basis and starting point for analysis, Shier's and Hart's participation models have been used, supplemented with Lundy's participation model. Concepts from Foucault's theory of power and Bourdieu's theories of capital have been used as a complement. The design of the study was a qualitative interview study with a phenomenological focus where the focus was on the informants' own experience. Based on this, a thematic analysis was carried out. The themes that emerged were an experience of communication but not of participation, that the IEP is seen as a document that does not reflect reality, that the children´s participation is extremely deficient and that the parents are used as mouthpieces for the child. In the majority of the interviews, it emerged that the child was not asked at all about its opinion regarding its needs and the interventions it was offered.  This study was limited to the parents´ experience of their and their children´s participation in the establishment and evaluation of the IEP. Future studies could explore other perspectives on the phenomenon, such as the school´s or the child´s own perspective. However, after seeing how the results of the study reflect the shortcomings demonstrated by several years of studies in the field, future research should instead focus on how the school can practically increase participation and create a culture that values children´s participation highly and sets this as a priority. / Så snart skolan uppmärksammar behov av särskilt stöd ska ett åtgärdsprogram upprättas. I upprättandet av åtgärdsprogrammet ska barn och föräldrar göras delaktiga, både utifrån Skollagen och Barnkonventionen. Delaktigheten ska bestå i att barnet bland annat ges möjlighet att själv beskriva sina svårigheter, tänkbara åtgärder och får utvärdera insatser.  Syftet med denna studie har varit att närmare undersöka den upplevda känslan hos föräldrar av att de och deras barn gjorts delaktiga vid framställandet av åtgärdsprogrammet.  Som teoretisk grund och utgångspunkt för analys har använts Shiers och Harts delaktighetsmodeller som kompletterats med Lundys delaktighetsmodell. Begrepp från Foucaults maktteori och Bourdieus teorier om kapital har använts som ett komplement. Studiens design var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fenomenologisk inriktning där fokus var på informanternas egen upplevelse. Utifrån detta genomfördes en tematisk analys. De teman som framkom var en upplevelse av kommunikation men inte av delaktighet, att åtgärdsprogrammet ses som ett dokument som inte speglar verkligheten, att barnens delaktighet är ytterst bristfällig och att föräldrarna används som språkrör för barnet. I majoriteten av intervjuerna framkom att barnet inte överhuvudtaget tillfrågats om sin åsikt kring sina behov och de insatser det erbjudits. Denna studie begränsades till föräldrarnas upplevelse av deras och deras barns delaktighet i upprättandet och utvärderingen av åtgärdsprogrammet. Framtida studier skulle kunna utforska andra perspektiv på fenomenet, som skolans eller barnets eget perspektiv. Efter att ha sett hur studiens resultat speglar de brister flera års studier inom området påvisat så bör dock framtida studier i stället fokusera på hur skolan praktiskt ska öka delaktigheten och skapa en kultur som värderar barns delaktighet högt och sätter detta som en prioritet.

The aim of this study was to explore social workers’ experiences of conducting maturityassessments based on a lack of guidelines. This to create a deeper understanding of thecomplexity of these assessments and how children are allowed participation in childprotection cases. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers inchild protection units in different Swedish municipalities. The data was then analyzed usingBraun and Clarks (2006; 2019) method of reflexive thematic analysis. The theories ofdiscretion, Skön and childhood sociology were applied in the analysis. The study shows thatthe assessment of maturity is somewhat connected to the child’s age, possible disabilities andthe adult perspective. This complexity reveals the importance of discretion where theassessment is intuition based on experience and theoretical knowledge. The lack of guidelinesfor maturity assessments opens for discretion where each social worker bases theirassessments on social norms. The child’s participation has been emphasised as crucialalthough it differs to which extent this is practised. To promote participation the socialworkers describe adjusting how they communicate with the child. Factors that obstructparticipation are the assessment that participation would be hurtful to the child and aninherent fear of social services.