Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-95).

Kvicksilver har länge varit ett populärt ämne i flertalet olika produkter på grund utav dess unika egenskaper. Detta har lett till en stor mängd av ämnet går att finna i olika produkter som förbränns i avfallsförbränning. Ämnet är dock väldigt farligt för djur och människor och därav är det av hög prioritet att utsläppen till luft minimeras. Att oxidera kvicksilver från dess elementära form Hg0 till Hg2+ anses vara av största vikt på grund utav att den senare är i högre graden enklare att rena från rökgaserna. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att se om kvicksilver förekommer i högre halt som Hg0 istället för Hg2+ i rökgaserna vid ändrade förhållanden av klor och svavel. Där den förstnämnda är olöslig i vatten och därav svårfångad i dagens reningssystem. Den kan dessutom existera i luft en längre tid och anses vara ett av de mer miljöfarliga ämnena i världen. Examensarbetet har gjorts tillsamman med Umeå Energi AB. För att nå en slutsats har en omfattande litteraturstudie gjorts om ämnet samt mätningar av kvicksilver i rökgaserna från avfallsförbränningsanläggningen Dåva 1 utanför Umeå. Mätningarna utfördes med och utan tillsats av extra svavel i form av bildäck. Analys har även utförts av innehållet i aska ifrån partikelfiltret samt överhettaren för att få en överblick huruvida dess innehåll kan ha gjort någon påverkan.  Mätningarna påvisade att svavel gjorde en påtaglig påverkan på mängden kvicksilver. Vid tillsats av svavel så gavs det indikatorer på att halten av Hg0 ökade. Den mest troliga anledningen till detta tros vara den ökade mängden SO3 som uppmättes i rökgaserna vid det tillfälle då extra svavel var tillsatt. Den ökande mängden kan sedan ha absorberats av de aktiverade kolet som tillsätts innan rökgasreningen, som annars skulle ha absorberat Hg0. Detta är inget slutgiltigt resultat och vidare undersökning är att rekommendera. En annan möjlig teori är att tillsatts av svavel ökar mängden Na2SO4 i filtret. Vilket kan leda till minskad NaCl i filtret som kanske är effektivare vid oxidation av Hg0 än HCl. Mätningarna gav även antydan om att nuvarande reningssystem fungerar bra även vid ökade halter kvicksilver i rågasen. Ökning av kvicksilver i rökgaserna som tros ha orsakats av svaveltillsatsen gav ingen ökning av kvicksilverutsläpp i luft. / For a long time, mercury has been a very popular to use in different kinds of products due to its unique properties. Which has led to a lot of different things containing mercury ends up in waste plants to be incinerated. Mercury are also considered to be one of the most dangerous substances and therefore emissions needs to be kept at minimum. Oxidizing mercury from its form Hg0 to Hg2+ is considered to be extremely important due to the later are easier to remove from the flue gas. The main objective with this thesis was to investigate if mercury would exist more in its elementary form Hg0 than its oxidized state Hg2+ in the flue gas when the ratio between sulfur and chlorine was changed. The former is insoluble in water and therefore difficult to remove from the flue gas with today’s cleaning facility’s. It is also considered one of the more dangerous substances in the world. The project was done in collaboration with Umeå Energi AB. The method that was used to explore this was measuring the mercury content of the flue gas from the waste fired boiler Dåva 1 outside Umeå. The measurement was done with and without extra sulfur added to the fuel in the form of car tires. An additional analysis was done on the ash from the fabricfilter and from the superheater to see if there was something there to give some clarity on why there would be any change in the amount of mercury. The measurement did indeed indicate that sulfur increases the amount of mercury in the flue gas. The main theory to why this has occurred was the increased amount of SO3, which could be found in the flue gas when extra sulphur was added. SO3 is then absorbed by the activated carbon that is added to the flue gas that should have absorbed Hg0 instead. However, this result is not conclusive and further studies needs to be done. Another possible theory to why this has occurred could be that the increase of sulfur could lead to more Na2SO4 in the particle filter. Which could have led to a decrease of NaCl in the filter that could perhaps be a more efficient oxidizing agent of Hg0 than HCl. Another thing that has been revealed is that the cleaning systems that is used today is capable of cleaning mercury from the flue gas even though the added sulfur caused an increase in the amount.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar pH e concentração de cloro ativo de soluções de hipoclorito de sódio [NaOCl] e de hipoclorito de cálcio [Ca(OCl)2] armazenadas sob diferentes condições de temperatura e períodos de tempo. Soluções de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 foram preparadas nas concentrações 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25%. O pH e a concentração de cloro ativo de soluções recém manipuladas e de soluções armazenadas por 30, 60 e 90 dias em temperatura ambiente (+/- 25°C), geladeira (4°C) e estufa (37°C) foram avaliados em pHmetro digital e através de titulação, respectivamente. Análise descritiva e analítica foram realizadas de acordo com a características dos dados. As soluções de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 demostraram pH extremamente alcalino logo após a manipulação. Soluções mais concentradas apresentaram maior pH e concentração de cloro ativo. Soluções de NaOCl 0,5% e 1% tendem a apresentar menor pH em comparação ao Ca(OCl)2 nas mesmas concentrações. NaOCl 5,25% mostrou maior pH em comparação ao Ca(OCl)2 de mesma concentração. NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 0,5% e 1% tendem a reduzir pH, entretanto nas concentrações 2,5% e 5,25% houve aumento do pH. Soluções de Ca(OCl)2 apresentaram maior concentração de cloro ativo em comparação ao NaOCl, e soluções de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 2,5% e 5,25% apresentaram redução na concentração de cloro ativo em comparação as soluções de mesma concentração, recém manipuladas. O armazenamento a 37°C afeta negativamente a estabilidade das soluções. As soluções de Ca(OCl)2 2,5% e 5,25% apresentaram formação de precipitado que não se dissolveu em água, observada no fundo dos tubos de plástico, com o passar do tempo. Concluiu-se que soluções de Ca(OCl)2 são extremamente alcalinas e tendem a apresentar maior conteúdo de cloro em comparação ao NaOCl. Em relação ao cloro ativo, essas soluções tendem a ser estáveis até 30 dias de armazenamento sob refrigeração ou em temperatura ambiente. / The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare pH and available chlorine content of sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] solutions on different storage conditions and time periods. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 solutions were prepared at 0.5%, 1%, 2.5% and 5.25% concentrations. pH and available chlorine content of freshly prepared solutions and solutions stored for 30, 60 and 90 days at room temperature (+/- 25°C), 4°C and 37°C were evaluated in digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis were performed. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 demonstrate highly pH after preparation. 2.5% and 5.25% solutions demonstrated the highest pH and available chlorine content. 0.5% and 1% NaOCl tend to have lower pH compared to 0.5% and 1% Ca(OCl)2. 5.25% NaOCl showed higher pH compared to 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 in 0.5% and 1% concentration tend to reduce pH, while 2.5% and 5.25% solutions showed an increase in pH. Ca(OCl)2 showed higher concentration of available chlorine than NaOCl. Both 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 solutions had a decrease in the available chlorine content when compared to freshly prepared solutions The storage at 37°C contributed to the instability of the solutions. 2.5% and 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 solutions showed a precipitate formation that was observed over time in the bottom of the plastic tubes. In conclusion, Ca(OCl)2 solutions are extremely alkaline and tend to have more available chlorine content than NaOCl. Regarding available chlorine content, these solutions tend to be stable to 30 days of storage, when kept at 4°C or at room temperature.

The thesis deals with the issue of possible chlorine leakage from the Aqua Park in the town of Uherské Hradiště. Chlorine is a toxic substance, widely used in industry. The amount of chlorine used in the aqua park does not comply with the values stipulated under the Major Accident Prevention Act, as it is under the limits set in the act and the object therefore cannot be classified into either group A or group B. Since the aqua park falls between unclassified sources, it is not subject to any obligations under this act, including processing documentation for cases of emergency. Despite that it is necessary to ensure the safety of persons in the aqua park area, as well as in its immediate vicinity in case of leakage of large quantities of the substance. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the aqua park can ensure preparedness for emergencies, especially for chlorine leakage. Chlorine is a moderately toxic substance which irritates particularly the respiratory system, eyes and mucous membranes, and in high concentrations, it can cause pulmonary edema and death. The thesis defines its basic physical and chemical properties, the method of using and providing first aid in case of exposure to the substance. Furthermore, it presents basic concepts related to emergencies and leakages of hazardous substances as well as basic legislation dealing with the issue. Such legislation includes primarily the Act on Integrated Rescue System, Act on Chemical Substances and Mixtures, as well as the Fire Protection Act. The thesis further includes risk assessment and analysis carried out using the Cause-Consequence Analysis or cause-effect analysis. This method is used for a better understanding of failures which can occur in an enterprise. It tries to deal mainly with the evaluation of the probability of system failures and looks for the causes of such failures. Using the Aloha and Terex software programs, a chlorine leak was simulated into the surrounding areas during the summer and winter seasons. Both programs simulated a chlorine leak in the total amount of 975 kg, under the same meteorological conditions for both seasons. Based on the specified input information, endangered zones in which it is necessary to evacuate the people were determined.

abstract: This thesis deals with the first measurements done with a cold neutron beam at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The experimental technique consisted of capturing polarized cold neutrons by nuclei to measure parity-violation in the angular distribution of the gamma rays following neutron capture. The measurements presented here for the nuclei Chlorine ( 35Cl) and Aluminum ( 27Al ) are part of a program with the ultimate goal of measuring the asymmetry in the angular distribution of gamma rays emitted in the capture of neutrons on protons, with a precision better than 10-8, in order to extract the weak hadronic coupling constant due to pion exchange interaction with isospin change equal with one ( hπ 1). Based on theoretical calculations asymmetry in the angular distribution of the gamma rays from neutron capture on protons has an estimated size of 5·10-8. This implies that the Al parity violation asymmetry and its uncertainty have to be known with a precision smaller than 4·10-8. The proton target is liquid Hydrogen (H2) contained in an Aluminum vessel. Results are presented for parity violation and parity-conserving asymmetries in Chlorine and Aluminum. The systematic and statistical uncertainties in the calculation of the parity-violating and parity-conserving asymmetries are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2012

The action of chlorine in concrete structures of sea coastal cities has been the focus of research data due to its importance in the context of durability guarantee. It has been studied the production mechanisms of the ion chlorine, its deposition on the concrete surface and, eventually, its pathological action. From these data, several norms indicate protection measures to be specified by the projectors, minimizing the percolation of this ion through the cover layer of the concrete. In spite of the present Brazilian norm of planning concrete structures9 indicates classes of environmental aggressiveness to the concrete structures in coast areas, it does not correlate any content or deposition rate of chlorine, making clear the existence of a normative gap. This work exposes the fulfillment of bibliographical research related to the production of the ion chlorine, its transportation and deposition mechanisms on the surface of concrete structures; an experimental field and laboratorial study catching the chlorine at points located in the city of Maceió, from the shore to the coastal table lowlands10. To quantify the ion content, the Mohr s method11 was used. It could be seen an increase in the levels of chlorine deposition in places situated close to shore and a decrease when going further into the continent, being the chlorine found 14 km off the coast. From these results, it was evaluated the perspective of useful life of concrete structures located at each point of collecting, making use of several normative specifications12. The results show that there was a significant gain of useful life when using the criteria of the American norm for structures located in the splashing tide areas, while the Brazilian norm is that which presents smaller projection of useful life in the sea coast areas. / A ação do cloreto nas estruturas de concreto em cidades litorâneas vem sendo foco de pesquisa dada sua importância no contexto da garantia de durabilidade. Tem sido estudado tanto os mecanismos de produção do íon cloreto, sua deposição sobre a superfície do concreto e consequentemente sua ação patológica. A partir daí, diversas normas indicam medidas de proteção a serem especificadas pelos projetistas, minimizando a percolação desse íon através da camada de cobrimento do concreto. Apesar da atual norma brasileira para projeto de estrutura em concreto5 indicar classes de agressividade ambiental às estruturas de concreto em região costeira, não correlaciona a nenhum teor ou taxa de deposição de cloreto, deixando clara a existência de uma lacuna normativa. Este trabalho se propõe a efetuar uma pesquisa bibliográfica quanto à produção do íon cloreto, seus mecanismos de transporte e deposição na superfície das estruturas de concreto; um estudo experimental de campo e laboratorial, captando o cloreto em pontos dispostos na cidade de Maceió, desde a orla até os tabuleiros6. Para quantificar o teor do íon utilizou-se o método de Mohr7. Observou-se um aumento nas taxas de deposição de cloreto em pontos situados à beira mar, e uma diminuída à medida que adentra ao continente, tendo sido detectado o cloreto além de 14 km da costa. Através desses resultados foi avaliada a perspectiva de vida útil das estruturas de concreto, face ao ataque por cloretos, para as estruturas situadas em cada ponto de coleta, utilizando-se diversas especificações normativas8. Os resultados mostram que obtem-se um significativo ganho de vida útil utilizando-se os critérios da norma americana para estruturas situadas na zona de respingo de maré, enquanto que a norma brasileira é a que apresenta menor projeção dessa vida útil em regiões marinhas.

Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1875), conhecido como mexilhão-dourado é um molusco bivalve invasor de origem asiática. Foi introduzido em 1991, no Rio da Prata em Buenos Aires, chegando assim nas águas da América do Sul, provavelmente através da água de lastro. Foi observado pela primeira vez no Brasil, em dois locais distintos, na área do Delta do Jacuí, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul e em Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, no ano de 1998. Essa espécie invasora vem causando significativos impactos ambientais e prejuízos econômicos para as indústrias que utilizam água bruta para resfriamento, pois entopem as tubulações pela formação de aglomerados (macrofouling), que vão obstruindo o fluxo contínuo da água. Para minimizar os danos causados pelas espécies invasoras, são recomendados diversas formas de controle, estes podem ser físicos, químicos e biológicos. Neste trabalho, para os testes de controle utilizamos a forma química, e o agente químico controlador, o hipoclorito de sódio. Conforme descrito em bibliografia, alguns estudos comprovam que os indivíduos adultos são mais resistentes a agentes químicos, nesse sentido, demonstrou ser mais vantajoso utilizar as larvas como alvo de controle, para que elas não se fixem nas tubulações, evitando a formação e aumento dos macrofouling. Esse trabalho objetivou adaptar um método de controle de larvas do mexilhão-dourado (Limonperna fortunei) com a utilização de hipoclorito de sódio, testando uma concentração baixa e eficaz na mortalidade das larvas. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório, onde larvas de mexilhão-dourado foram expostas por cinco minutos em solução de hipoclorito de sódio e avaliadas em tempos pós-exposição de 1 hora, 6 horas, 12 horas e 24 horas. Para avaliar o percentual de mortalidade foi utilizado o método de Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e para verificar quais concentrações são estatisticamente diferentes ao nível de significância de 5% foi feito o teste de Tukey. Os resultados obtidos no sistema estudado com aplicação do agente clorado, demonstraram que mesmo quando em baixos teores de cloro livre e com tempo de exposição de cinco minutos, se mostrou eficiente no controle das larvas do mexilhão-dourado. A exposição de uma solução de 0,001mg.L-1 de cloro livre, a mortalidade das larvas avaliadas atingiu 100% em 24 horas. As concentrações de Cloro Livre testadas atendem a Resolução CONAMA 357 de 2005 para uma condição de qualidade Classe I de águas doces e a Portaria 2914 do Ministério da Saúde que estabelece a qualidade da água para consumo humano. / Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1875), known as the golden mussel is from Asia and was probably introduced in 1991, in the La Plate river in Buenos Aires, thus reaching the waters of South America via ballast water. Was first observed in Brazil in area of the Delta Jacuí, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul and in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, in 1998. This invasive species has caused significant environmental impacts and huge losses for industries that use raw water for cooling because they form clumps that clog pipes (macrofouling), blocking the stream of water. To minimize the damage caused by invasive species, various forms of control, which can be physical, chemical and biological agents are used. In this work, to do the control tests, we used as chemical form the agent sodium hypochlorite. As described in some studies, adults mussels are more resistant to chemical agents, this sense proved to be more advantageous to use the larvae as target, preventing them from attaching the pipes and form the macrofoulings. This study aimed to adapt a method of controlling larvae of the golden mussel (Limonperna fortunei) with the use of sodium hypochlorite, and verifying a low and effective concentration on larval mortality. The experiments were performed in the laboratory, where golden mussel larvae were exposed for five minutes in a solution of sodium hypochlorite and evaluated in post-exposure times of 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. To evaluate the percentage of mortality was used the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to see which concentrations are statistically different at a significance level of 5% was done the Tukey test. The system studied with application of chlorinated agent, even at low levels of free chlorine and exposure time of five minutes, proved effective in controlling larvae of the golden mussel, because even with the exposure of a solution of 0.001 mg. L-1 of free chlorine, the mortality of larvae reached 100% in 24 hours. The concentrations of free chlorine tested attend CONAMA Resolution 357 of 2005, to a condition of quality Class I of freshwater and 2914 Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, establishing water quality for human consumption.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar pH e concentração de cloro ativo de soluções de hipoclorito de sódio [NaOCl] e de hipoclorito de cálcio [Ca(OCl)2] armazenadas sob diferentes condições de temperatura e períodos de tempo. Soluções de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 foram preparadas nas concentrações 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25%. O pH e a concentração de cloro ativo de soluções recém manipuladas e de soluções armazenadas por 30, 60 e 90 dias em temperatura ambiente (+/- 25°C), geladeira (4°C) e estufa (37°C) foram avaliados em pHmetro digital e através de titulação, respectivamente. Análise descritiva e analítica foram realizadas de acordo com a características dos dados. As soluções de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 demostraram pH extremamente alcalino logo após a manipulação. Soluções mais concentradas apresentaram maior pH e concentração de cloro ativo. Soluções de NaOCl 0,5% e 1% tendem a apresentar menor pH em comparação ao Ca(OCl)2 nas mesmas concentrações. NaOCl 5,25% mostrou maior pH em comparação ao Ca(OCl)2 de mesma concentração. NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 0,5% e 1% tendem a reduzir pH, entretanto nas concentrações 2,5% e 5,25% houve aumento do pH. Soluções de Ca(OCl)2 apresentaram maior concentração de cloro ativo em comparação ao NaOCl, e soluções de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 2,5% e 5,25% apresentaram redução na concentração de cloro ativo em comparação as soluções de mesma concentração, recém manipuladas. O armazenamento a 37°C afeta negativamente a estabilidade das soluções. As soluções de Ca(OCl)2 2,5% e 5,25% apresentaram formação de precipitado que não se dissolveu em água, observada no fundo dos tubos de plástico, com o passar do tempo. Concluiu-se que soluções de Ca(OCl)2 são extremamente alcalinas e tendem a apresentar maior conteúdo de cloro em comparação ao NaOCl. Em relação ao cloro ativo, essas soluções tendem a ser estáveis até 30 dias de armazenamento sob refrigeração ou em temperatura ambiente. / The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare pH and available chlorine content of sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] solutions on different storage conditions and time periods. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 solutions were prepared at 0.5%, 1%, 2.5% and 5.25% concentrations. pH and available chlorine content of freshly prepared solutions and solutions stored for 30, 60 and 90 days at room temperature (+/- 25°C), 4°C and 37°C were evaluated in digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis were performed. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 demonstrate highly pH after preparation. 2.5% and 5.25% solutions demonstrated the highest pH and available chlorine content. 0.5% and 1% NaOCl tend to have lower pH compared to 0.5% and 1% Ca(OCl)2. 5.25% NaOCl showed higher pH compared to 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 in 0.5% and 1% concentration tend to reduce pH, while 2.5% and 5.25% solutions showed an increase in pH. Ca(OCl)2 showed higher concentration of available chlorine than NaOCl. Both 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 solutions had a decrease in the available chlorine content when compared to freshly prepared solutions The storage at 37°C contributed to the instability of the solutions. 2.5% and 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 solutions showed a precipitate formation that was observed over time in the bottom of the plastic tubes. In conclusion, Ca(OCl)2 solutions are extremely alkaline and tend to have more available chlorine content than NaOCl. Regarding available chlorine content, these solutions tend to be stable to 30 days of storage, when kept at 4°C or at room temperature.

Des études ont démontré que du chlore organique est retenu dans les sols et serait formé par un processus de chloruration issu de l’activité microbienne des sols. Le but de cette étude est d’estimer les formes organiques de chlore dans des sols contrastés et de mettre en évidence l’évolution de ces formes de chlore selon certains paramètres environnementaux ou modalités d’incubations en fonction de l’activité des microorganismes. Les horizons organo-minéraux de sols contrastés ont été étudiés (i) in situ : Les quantités de chlore et les paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques de sols ont été mesuré ; (ii) dans deux dispositifs d’incubations sous différentes modalités. Les mesures des teneurs en chlore entre le début et la fin de la première expérience ont été mesurées par analyseur d’AOX. Pour la deuxième expérience, les sols ont été enrichis en Na37Cl et les teneurs en 37Cl ont été mesurées par ICP MS HR. Des mesures par spectrométrie Xanes ont été réalisées pour préciser la spéciation du chlore des sols. Les teneurs en chlore organique non extractibles représentent presque la totalité du chlore. Les paramètres qui influencent la répartition des teneurs en chlore correspondent au couvert végétal, au pH, à la teneur en carbone organique et aux quantités de microorganismes. Les teneurs en chlore mesurées par analyseur d’AOX et par ICP MS HR ont permis de mettre en évidence une formation de chlore organique en relation avec les paramètres microbiologiques. Les mesures par ICP MS HR ont montré une formation de chlore organique en conditions abiotiques. Les analyses par spectrométrie XANES n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence une formation de chlore organique / Recent studies have shown that organic chlorine is retained in the soil and is formed by a chlorination process mainly from the microbial activity of the soi still poorly documented. The aim of this study is to estimate the organic and inorganic forms of chlorine in contrasting soil and highlight the evolution of these forms according to certain environmental parameters or terms of incubations and to the activity of microorganisms. For this, the organo-mineral horizons of contrasting soil were studied (i) in situ: The amounts of chlorine and physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of soil were measured; (ii) in two experimental devices incubations under different conditions. Measurements of chlorine levels between the beginning and the end of the first experiment were measured by AOX analyzer. For the second experiment, the soil was previously enriched with Na37Cl and 37Cl levels were measured by HR ICP MS. Soil samples from these incubations were analyzed by Xanes spectrometry to identify the speciation of chlorine forms in soils. Soil non-extractable organic chlorine contents represent almost all of the chlorine. The parameters that influence the distribution of chlorine contents in soils correspond to vegetation cover, pH, organic carbon content and quantities of microorganisms. The chlorine contents measured by AOX analyzer and by HR ICP MS highlight an organic chlorine formation over time in relation to the microorganims in the soil. The measures carried out by HR ICP MS show also an organic chlorine formation in abiotic conditions. Conversely, XANES spectrometry measurements have show any organic chlorine formation

Na fabricação de aço pelo processo de aciaria elétrica há geração de vários tipos de resíduos, dentre estes, as poeiras de aciaria. Este resíduo possui como principais constituintes os elementos Fe, O e Zn, sendo considerado perigoso na maioria dos países. Além destes elementos, a presença do cloro provoca interferência deletéria na maioria dos processos de reciclagem ou incorporação do PAE em outros materiais. Por este motivo, o cloro representa um obstáculo à ampliação das possibilidades de destinação ou reciclagem destas poeiras. Este trabalho propõe uma nova tecnologia hidrometalúrgica para a redução do teor de cloro solúvel das poeiras para teores menores que 0,3% (b.s). Esta técnica..., de modo a possibilitar a aplicação de um processo especialmente desenvolvido de lixiviação aquosa, que evita a necessidade de agitação e equipamentos especiais. O principal objetivo foi reduzir o teor de cloretos das poeiras utilizando uma baixa relação sólido:líquido, em um processo de maior sustentabilidade e menor utilização de energia e recursos hídricos. Nos ensaios foram utilizadas poeiras previamente caracterizadas em seus principais elementos e provenientes de três usinas semi-integradas, cada uma com um perfil produtivo diferente e com teores de cloro médio variando de 2,01 a 5,26% (b.s). Foram testadas duas variantes principais desta nova tecnologia, em temperatura ambiente e a 60°C. Os resultados alcançados demonstraram a possibilidade de redução do teor de cloro solúvel das poeiras acima de 90%, com uma relação sólido:líquido de até 1:0,43. Também foi possível a geração de soluções concentradas de sais que atingiram até 20% em massa de concentração, em temperatura ambiente, sem necessidade de evaporação. A fácil obtenção destas soluções concentradas potencializa a aplicação e o desenvolvimento futuro de novas tecnologias para recuperação dos sais de poeiras de aciaria elétrica, principalmente sais de potássio. O material residual, com teor de cloro reduzido, possui melhor qualidade e aptidão para ser utilizado como matéria-prima em novos ou tradicionais processos de reciclagem e incorporação em outros materiais. / The Electric steelmaking generates several types of wastes, among them the electric arc furnace dust – EAFD. This residue has as main constituents the elements Fe, O and Zn, being considered dangerous in most countries. In addition to these elements, the presence of chlorine causes deleterious interference in most of recycling processes or incorporation in other materials. For this reason, chlorine represents an obstacle to increase the possibilities for disposal or recycling these dusts. This work proposes a new hydrometallurgical technology to reduce the soluble chlorine content of these dusts to lower levels than 0.3 wt% (dry basis). This technique is based on … to enable the application of a specially designed aqueous leaching process, that avoids the need for special equipment and stirring. The main objective is to reduce the chloride content of dusts using a low solid:liquid ratio in a process of greater sustainability and lower use of energy and water resources. In the tests, dusts previously characterized in main elements were used. These dusts come from three semi-integrated plants, each one with a different production profile and average chlorine content ranging from 2.01 to 5.26 wt% (dry basis). Two main variants of this new technology were tested at room temperature and 60°C. The results showed the possibility of reducing soluble chlorine content of dusts at levels above 90%, with solid:liquid ratio up to 1: 0,43. It was also possible to generate concentrated salt solutions, reaching up to 20 wt% concentration of salts, at room temperature, without evaporation. These concentrate solutions are easily obtained and potentialize the application and future development of new technologies for recovery of electric arc furnace dust salts, especially potassium salts. The residual material with low chlorine content, has better quality and suitability for use as raw material in new or traditional recycling processes and incorporation in other materials.