This doctoral thesis consists of three essays within the field of human technology interaction examined through the lens of behavioural and experimental economics. The three essays in this thesis represent three strands helping to reveal the issue of human-machine interaction from different angles. The first essay contributes to human-machine relations by addressing the problem associated with the problem of an individual experiencing a relative lack of resources that affects human judgment and decision-making in the financial domain. This chapter discusses how policy can leverage emerging technologies to design specific choice architecture that may support more risk-aware decision-making of vulnerable socioeconomic groups. Furthermore, it discusses how behavioural policy initiatives aimed at helping resource-deprived individuals conduct more optimal financial decision making might be effectively assisted by recent Artificial Intelligence (AI) developments and the associated ethical considerations. The primary focus of the second essay relates to individual decision making in a risky environment with algorithm help. By conducting an online experiment, it investigates how humans cognitively offload tasks to algorithms in a risky environment with different time constraints. Results demonstrate that the presence of an AI assistant is beneficial for decision making only when its accuracy is high. The third essay continues the investigation of human-technology inter- actions. The primary attention is paid to how information about the result of the action taken by a human affects the incentive behaviour, depending on the interacting partner. The main focus concerns how the information about the result (out- come) of the investment affects the reward and punishment behaviour of the participants that interact with Human and Algorithm agents. Specifically, I conduct an experiment investigating the interaction between out- come bias and human/algorithm responsibility.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-authorized store environments could be improved to favor consumer purchase of healthy products. Engaging with the key intermediaries who can use marketing-mix and choice-architecture (MMCA) strategies to encourage low-income consumers to purchase healthy products aligned with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), 2015-2020 is essential. This PhD research describes five investigations that explored the perspectives of food store owners, managers, and corporate or independent businesses (e.g., retailers) to inform healthy food retail approaches: (1) a systematic review of the literature (1980-2017) identified social-ecological influencers of food store retailers' decision-making and ability to use MMCA strategies to encourage healthy dietary purchases in the United States (US); (2) SNAP-authorized retailers' perceived feasibility and costs to implement healthy MMCA strategies in rural stores were assessed (n=29); (3) SNAP-authorized retailers' healthy food and beverage perceptions and DGA-aligned product offerings were documented; (4) prevalent SNAP-authorized food store retailers in the US and between two states were identified to inform settings where healthy food retail approaches could reach numerous SNAP consumers; (5) and the availability of corporate social responsibility commitments to use MMCA strategies to improve consumers' diet quality among prevalent SNAP-authorized food store chains was explored. The collective findings from the review and four studies were that multiple social-ecological factors (e.g., skills/knowledge, consumers, suppliers) influenced US retailers' decision-making and ability to use MMCA strategies that favor healthy products. Rural retailers perceived prompting and proximity (e.g., labeling and location) strategies as feasible and less costly compared to other MMCA strategies. Some misalignments of healthy food perceptions and food store availability were identified and indicated a need for trainings to enhance the success of healthy food retail programs. To reach numerous SNAP consumers, healthy food retail programs should target nontraditional (e.g., non-grocery) food stores with varied approaches by state. However, few prevalent SNAP-authorized retailers have made public, voluntary commitments to reduce obesity and may reflect a low readiness to engage in partnerships to establish healthy food retail environments. Future research should document approach to and the impact of using MMCA strategies to encourage healthier consumer purchases on business outcomes among diverse store contexts. / Doctor of Philosophy / Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) consumers are low-income Americans who could benefit from exposure to store cues or marketing-mix and choice-architecture (MMCA) strategies that ‘make the healthy choice the easy choice’. However, food store owners, managers, and businesses (e.g. retailers) ultimately decide if they will initiate and continue MMCA changes. This research prioritized the retailer perspective to inform healthy food retail approaches. A systematic review of literature (1980-2017) explored multifaceted influencers of food store retailers’ decision-making and ability or willingness to use MMCA strategies to encourage healthier dietary purchases in the United States (US). Additionally, four original research investigations were conducted: (1) a mixed-methods and cross-sectional investigation in rural, central Virginia assessed SNAP-authorized retailers’ perceived feasibility and costs to implement MMCA strategies that encourage healthy consumer purchases in stores; (2) an investigation of SNAP-authorized retailers’ healthy food and beverage perceptions and healthy food store offerings informed healthy food retail approaches in this setting; (3) an examination of prevalent SNAP-authorized food store retailers in the US and between two US states informed targeted healthy food retail approaches that could benefit numerous SNAP consumers; and (4) the availability of corporate social responsibility commitments to use MMCA strategies to promote consumer health among prevalent SNAP-authorized food store chains was explored. Main findings of these investigations indicated that there are multiple factors (e.g., skills/knowledge, consumers, suppliers) that influence US retailers’ decision-making. Also, rural retailers perceived prompting and proximity (e.g., healthy food labeling and moving healthy foods to an ideal location) strategies as feasible and low cost. There were some misalignments of healthy food perceptions and food store availability, indicating a need for trainings to enhance the likelihood for healthy food retail programs to succeed. In approaching SNAP-authorized retailers for partnership opportunities, targeting nontraditional (e.g., non-grocery) settings may reach more consumers and varied approaches by state are warranted. However, many of these prevalent SNAP retailers lack publicly available commitments to reduce obesity which may hinder partnership approaches. Future work should document approach to and the impact of using MMCA strategies to encourage healthier consumer purchases on diet quality and business outcomes among diverse store contexts.

The master thesis The concept of libertarian paternalism in the recodification of Czech private law introduces a concept that works as an efficient synthesis of two different approaches to the relationship between the individual and the state: liberalism and paternalism. Libertarian paternalism deals mainly with the default system setting and setting of the recommendations and mechanism that are helpful in the decision making process of an individual as well as the whole society. The master thesis defines this concept, its main attributes and its tradition in the behavioral economics as well as its means and limits. The thesis shows how the use of this concept provides cheap and effective tools for nudging human decisions and behavior. The libertarian paternalistic approach in the law regulation is demonstrated in the new civil recodification, especially Civil Code 2012 as the fundamental act of civil law. The master thesis uses interdisciplinary approach to the topic, applying the perspectives of philosophy of law, economy, psychology and sociology.

Region Östergötland has encountered issue in ecological and economical overconsumption of single-used garments in healthcare sector among medical staff in Universitetssjukhuset Linköping. Proper approaches to reach solutions towards decrease of usage of single-used garments were targeted to be implemented for employees of healthcare sector. Two goals were established for this study. First of all, it was aimed to analyse consumer behaviour of employees in healthcare sector of Östergötland region to find out reasons that lay behind increase of single-time garments by employees. Secondly, the aim was targeted to examine what nudging techniques, if any, are feasible to use in positively changing current consumer behavior. The findings showed that nudging has a strong potential to be regarded as an effective tool in influencing healthcare workers of Linköping University Hospital disposable garments usage. Main behavioural reasons that triggered increase of disposable garments usage were detected as lack of information and old habits of medical staff. Application of information disclosure, framing, feedback and social norms nudging techniques were identified to have promising possibilities in impacting current behaviour and raise healthcare workers awareness about their consumption patterns.

Today, the existence of many organizations are being threatened by a rapidly changing digital environment. To survive and stay competitive on the market organizations must adjust and become digital transformed. For all who succeed, the digital transformation can bring several competitive advantages, but many organizations fall short on the way. Scholars have investigated some critical organizational factors such as digital strategies and maturity models, but still many organizations are struggling hard to navigate through the process. This thesis aim at investigating the role of psychological and behavioral aspects in conjunction with the challenges which occur during the process. By interviewing business executives and employees from different industries whose company is undergoing a digital transformation, we identified a number of critical behavioral aspects. The contributions of this study are two-fold; first, it gives valuable insights for researchers, and we argue that elements such as motivation, insecurity, patience, and confirmation of others have a significant impact on the organization's digital transformation. We also identify vital choices that organizations have to make during the transformation process. Second, the study provides practitioners with a conceptual framework on how to overcome the barriers with the help of nudging.

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Between 4000-10 000 ads each day every day. That is how many ads we as customers are exposed to individually, each and every day. To reach a higher efficiency in marketing, marketing managers and store owners nowadays aiming to increase the customer satisfaction by striving to understand the customer behavior and their decisioning-making. For the aim of this thesis, we investigated if coloring cues in the retail environment had an impact on customers’ behavior in a specific retail store environment. This experiment was taken place in a small town within Sweden, named Karlstad. The retail store belongs to the electronic sector and the participants included in the experiment were randomly visiting customers of this electronical retail store. In the experiment we used IoT devices from Texas Instruments, a sensor device, called CC2650, enabled us to collect data from interactions by customers and products. In our experiment we compared three periods of data with the help from the analysis method of one-way ANOVA. The result was showing that there is a significant variance between at least two of our three periods of measurements, and by the results of this thesis we could reject the Null Hypothesis (H0). As the H0, were telling that there would not be any differences between any of the three measured periods of time. Further, with insights from our one-way ANOVA, we could determine with help from a complementary analysis method, the Tukey’s HSD, we could point out which periods that were significant different from one another. This made us come into conclusions that there is a possibility to predict the customer behavior and the customer’s Need for Touch (NFT), a part of the nudging theory, and can give the marketing managers and store owners in retail an increase of understanding of the customer’s behavior. Future research could look into how customer’s behavior can change within different type of retail stores, and also if coloring cues in retail stores within bigger cities will have another impact on customer’s behavior.

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The master's thesis is focused on the use of behavioural insights in public policy making. It presents possibilities and limitations that this approach brings in general and in the case study of shared medication record, describes the legislative framework and explores the ethical issues perceived by relevant stakeholders. The shared medication record is based on the principle of presumed consent of access doctors and pharmacists to the database of prescribed and dispensed medicines of the patient. He or she may thus make no effort to allow consent. If the patient does not agree with their access, he or she has the option of so-called opt-out, the granting of a prohibition of access. This type of public policy measure, i.e., nudge, is based on the libertarian paternalism. The paternalistic aspect in the shared medication record is represented by the protection of all citizens from possible unwanted medication interactions, the libertarian aspect is the possibility of opt-out.

Hållbarhet har under de senaste decennierna blivit ett kraftfullt nyckelbegrepp som präglar trafikplaneringens riktlinjer. I kombination med de åtgärder som under många år använts för att öka andelen hållbara resor inom transportsektorn, såsom forskning om elbilar och alternativa bränslen, har på senare år även beteendepåverkande åtgärder implementerats under konceptet mobility management. En aktuell teori i sammanhanget är nudge-teorin, vilken innefattar hur beslutsfattare kan hjälpa människor att fatta bra beslut genom mindre åtgärder: genom att ge dem en knuff i rätt riktning, utan att kräva ekonomiska incitament eller begränsa människors valmöjligheter (Thaler och Sunstein 2008). Nudging som koncept är fortfarande relativt outforskat inom trafikplanering, även det finns vissa likheter med mobility management.   Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen om konceptet nudging samt undersöka dess kvaliteter som planeringsverktyg för att påverka resebeteenden. Genom att studera fem kommuner som alla deltagit i det EU-finansierade projektet Knuffa resan rätt, undersöker uppsatsen hur nudge-åtgärder har använts samt hur användarna uppfattat att arbeta med verktyget. Uppsatsen ämnar också belysa hur de deltagande kommunerna tidigare arbetat med beteendepåverkande åtgärder och vilka skillnader de upplever med användandet av nudging som verktyg. Denna studie är en flerfallstudie, där intervjuer har använts som huvudmetod för att samla in empiriska data om de fem olika fallen som studien består av. I kombination med denna metod utfördes även en litteraturstudie, där relevant litteratur om hållbarhet och trafikplanering samlats in, samt ett teoretiskt ramverk om beteendevetenskap, där teorin om nudging lyfts fram.   Resultatet från fallstudierna visar att nudging ses som ett nytt spännande verktyg bland kommunerna, även om somliga påpekar att verktyget omedvetet tidigare använts. Skillnaden avser etableringen av nudging som begrepp, samt att kommunerna nu fått en förståelse för teorierna bakom nudging, hämtade från beteendeekonomin.  Dessa kunskaper har bidragit till en medvetenhet som kommer effektivisera, men också rättfärdiga, framtida beteendepåverkande projekt inom kommunerna. Däremot finns en problematik vad gäller arbetsprocessen vid nudge-åtgärder. I synnerhet krävs en mer omfattande utvärdering vilket resulterar i än mer resurskrävande projekt. Sannolikt kommer det krävas viss modifikation och flera omgångar av testprojekt innan ett bättre koncept eller modell har utvecklats som effektiviserar nudging som exklusivt planeringsverktyg. Tills dess bör insikterna om nudging användas främst som ett komplement till redan befintliga planeringsverktyg, med syftet att i stället effektivisera dessa.