Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-18T21:33:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Taís Andrade Dias de Souza - 2016.pdf: 2752981 bytes, checksum: caa2c6685930afbfbabce8d4180cf875 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-19T13:00:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Taís Andrade Dias de Souza - 2016.pdf: 2752981 bytes, checksum: caa2c6685930afbfbabce8d4180cf875 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T13:00:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Taís Andrade Dias de Souza - 2016.pdf: 2752981 bytes, checksum: caa2c6685930afbfbabce8d4180cf875 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / Impaired wound healing is one of the main complications of diabetes. It is related to high blood glucose levels that cause metabolic and cellular changes, making the tissue repair process difficult, with long and costly treatment. Chitosan has been investigated for its biological activity when in contact with tissue. However, further elucidation about the mechanisms of chitosan’s action on the wound healing is needed, as well as how its physico-chemical and handling characteristics can offer better performance for the treatment of diabetic wounds. This study aimed to develop and characterize a chitosan hydrogel, and evaluate its angiogenic potential and healing activity in skin wounds of experimentally-induced diabetic rats. To obtain 80, 85 and 90% deacetylation degree, a deacetylation protocol was conducted in basic medium and high temperature. After hydrogels preparation, they were evaluated for pH, viscosity, organoleptic properties, microbiological contamination, and antimicrobial activity for 60 days and stored at room temperature and under refrigeration. The angiogenic potential of each formulation was investigated by the chorioallantoic membrane assay of embryonated chicken eggs, determining the vascular area by fresh analysis and vascular density by histological evaluation. The healing activity of chitosan gels was determined by the treatment of skin wounds promoted at the dorsal region of experimentally-induced diabetic female rats, evaluated at the periods of three, 7 and 14 days postoperatively. The following parameters were investigated: wound contraction rate, microscopic changes in the epidermis and dermis by hematoxylin-eosin, angiogenic activity, and cell proliferation by immunohistochemistry. The methodology used to deacetylation of the chitosan was considered appropriate, and the degrees of deacetylation pretended were obtained. During the 60 days of evaluation, there was a significant change only in the viscosity of samples kept at room temperature and refrigeration was considered the best form of storage. The angiogenic activity of chitosan gels was positive with an increase in the area and vascular density of the chorioallantoic membrane. The higher the degree of deacetylation, the greater the angiogenic response observed, therefore, the 90% deacetylation hydrogel showed the best performance in this analysis. In the treatment of skin wounds in diabetic rats, the chitosan hydrogels increased the rate of contraction of the wounds, had greater angiogenesis indexes, cell proliferation and collagen production resulting in faster healing compared to the control group. Hydrogel higher’s degree of deacetylation seems to optimize the biological activity of the polymer. / O comprometimento da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas é uma das principais complicações decorrentes do diabetes e está relacionada aos elevados níveis de glicose sanguínea que causam alterações metabólicas e celulares tornando o processo cicatricial mais lento e o tratamento longo e dispendioso. A quitosana tem sido investigada quanto à sua atividade biológica quando em contato com tecidos vivos. No entanto, é necessária uma maior elucidação sobre seus mecanismos de ação sobre a cicatrização de feridas e como as suas características físico-químicas podem oferecer um melhor desempenho para o tratamento de feridas diabéticas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar um hidrogel de quitosana em diferentes graus de desacetilação e avaliar seu potencial angiogênico e atividade cicatrizante no tratamento de feridas cutâneas de ratas diabéticas induzidas experimentalmente. Para a obtenção dos graus de desacetilação 80, 85 e 90% foi utilizado protocolo de desacetilação em meio básico e temperatura elevada. Após a confecção das formulações, os géis foram avaliados quanto ao pH, viscosidade, propriedades organolépticas, contaminação microbiológica e atividade antimicrobiana durante 60 dias, sendo armazenados à temperatura ambiente e sob refrigeração. O potencial angiogênico de cada formulação foi investigado por meio do ensaio da membrana córioalantoide de ovos embrionados de galinha, determinando-se a área vascular por análise a fresco e a densidade vascular pela avaliação histológica. A atividade cicatrizante dos géis de quitosana foi determinada pelo tratamento de feridas cutâneas promovidas na região dorsal de ratas diabéticas induzidas experimentalmente, sendo avaliados os períodos de três, sete e 14 dias de pós-operatório. Foram investigados os parâmetros: taxa de contração macroscópica das feridas, alterações microscópicas em epiderme e derme pela coloração de hematoxilina-eosina, atividade angiogênica e proliferação celular por imunoistoquímica. A metodologia utilizada para desacetilação da quitosana foi considerada adequada, sendo obtidos os graus de desacetilação desejados. Durante os 60 dias de avaliação, houve alteração significativa apenas na viscosidade das amostras mantidas em temperatura ambiente, sendo a refrigeração considerada melhor forma de armazenamento. A atividade angiogênica dos géis de quitosana foi positiva havendo aumento da área e da densidade vascular da membrana córioalantoide. Quanto maior o grau de desacetilação maior foi a resposta angiogênica do produto, sendo o gel de 90% de desacetilação o que apresentou melhor desempenho nesta análise. No tratamento das feridas cutâneas de ratas diabéticas, os géis de quitosana aumentaram a taxa de contração das feridas, apresentaram maiores índices de angiogênese, proliferação celular e produção de colágeno o que resultou em cicatrização mais rápida quando comparado ao grupo controle. O maior grau de desacetilação do gel parece otimizar a atividade biológica do polímero.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_camila_vilela.pdf: 3723868 bytes, checksum: ab12df670772a34a813dff38ebe29029 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / Propolis is a resinous substance by bees from exudates of flower-buds from several plants. Its coloring and consistancy is variable and it is used by bees to fill gaps, to embalm dead insects, as well as to protect the hive against the invasion of microorganisms. Green propolis, which has several bioactive proprieties scientifically proved, was evaluated in this study in the form of ethanolic extract, concerning its virucidal capacity against the avipoxvirus, inoculated in chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos and concerning its antibactericidal and antifungal action in embryonated eggs destinated to incubation. To evaluate the virucidal capacity of the Green própolis, 100 eggs embryonated were used, with nine days of incubation, of broiler breeders with 62 weeks of age, unvaccinated against avipoxvírus. Propolis presented virucidal activity depending on the dose and the time of vírus incubation period before the inoculation. Eggs inoculated with vírus and 2400 &#956;g/dose of propolis previously incubated for four hours presented decrease in the number of lesion pox (P<0,05) with regard to the positive control besides a decrease in the number of bodies of intracytoplasmic inclusion and in the score of vacuolar degeneration of the epithelial cells of the mesoderm of the chorioallantoic membrane. After eight hours of vírus incubation the same propolis concentration inativated completely the avipoxvirus (P<0,0001) and a concentration ten times smaller (240 &#956;/dose) reduced significativelly the number of pox lesions and the histopathological findings (P<0,05). To evaluate the antibactericidal and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of the Green própolis, 140 eggs from nests of broiler breeders were used. The levels of contamination of eggshells through total mesophiles and fungi ( Aspergillus sp and other molds) after the desinfection with propolis were smaller as compared to the control. As compared to the treatment with formaldehyde (positive control) the concentrations of propolis 240 &#956;g and 24 &#956;g did not differ concerning the antibactericidal activity, but to the antifungal activity 2400 &#956;g and 240 &#956;g were superiors. Concerning the eggs hatchability after 21 days of incubation, the propolis treatmens (2400 &#956;g and 240 &#956;g) presented the biggest rates, with 94,11% overcoming the treatment with formaldehyde. Thus, the green propolis, presented virucidal activity against the avipoxvirus in chorioallantoic membrane, as well as antibactericidal and antifungal activity in embryonated eggs, representing a new alternative to treatments against infections caused by virus, as well as a new natural product disinfectant in substitution to formaldehyde. / A própolis é uma substância resinosa produzida pelas abelhas a partir de exsudatos de brotos e botões florais de diversas plantas. Possui coloração e consistência variada e é utilizada pelas abelhas para fechar pequenas frestas, embalsamar insetos mortos, bem como proteger a colméia contra a invasão de microrganismos. A própolis verde, com diversas propriedades bioativas cientificamente comprovadas, foi avaliada neste estudo, na forma de extrato etanólico, quanto a sua capacidade virucida contra o avipoxvirus, inoculado em membrana corioalantóide de embriões de galinha e quanto às ações antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados destinados a incubação. Para avaliar a capacidade virucida da própolis verde, foram utilizados 100 ovos embrionados, com nove dias de incubação, de matrizes pesadas com 62 semanas de idade, não vacinadas contra o avipoxvírus. A própolis apresentou atividade virucida dependente da dose e do tempo de incubação com o vírus antes da inoculação. Ovos inoculados com vírus e 2400 &#956;g/dose de própolis, previamente incubados por quatro horas, apresentaram redução no número de lesões pox (P<0,05), em relação ao controle positivo, além da redução no número de corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos e no escore de degeneração vacuolar das células epiteliais do mesoderma da membrana corioalantóide. Após oito horas de incubação com o vírus, a mesma concentração de própolis inativou completamente o avipoxvirus (P<0,0001) e na concentração dez vezes menor (240 &#956;g/dose) reduziu significativamente o número de lesões pox e os achados histopatológicos (P<0,05). Para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana e antifungica do extrato etanólico da própolis verde, foram utilizados 140 ovos de ninhos de matrizes de postura. Os níveis de contaminação da casca dos ovos por mesófilos totais e fungos (Aspergillus e outros bolores) após a desinfecção com própolis foram menores quando comparados ao controle. Na comparação ao tratamento com formaldeído (controle positivo) as concentrações de própolis com 240 &#956;g e 24 &#956;g não diferiram para atividade antibacteriana, mas para atividade antifúngica 2400 &#956;g e 240 &#956;g foram superiores. Com relação à eclodibilidade dos ovos após 21 dias de incubação, os tratamentos de própolis (2400 &#956;g e 240 &#956;g) apresentaram as maiores taxas, com 94,11% superando o tratamento com formaldeído. A própolis verde, portanto, apresentou atividade virucida contra o avipoxvirus em membrana corioalantóide, bem como atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados, representando uma nova alternativa para tratamentos contra infecções causadas por vírus, bem como um novo produto natural desinfetante em substituição ao formaldeído.

Nouveau modèle d’étude de l’hépatoblastome in vivo et identification de microARNs régulateurs de la β-caténineL’hépatoblastome (HBL) est le cancer du foie le plus fréquent chez l’enfant. Au niveau moléculaire, il est caractérisé par des mutations activatrices dans le gène de la β-caténine (CTNNB1) entrainant une accumulation de sa protéine et une activation anormale de la voie de signalisation Wnt, responsables de la transformation maligne des cellules hépatiques. Ainsi, la β-caténine est une cible thérapeutique majeure dans l’HBL.Ce manuscrit décrit les deux parties principales de mon projet de thèse, dont l’objectif était d’étudier le rôle de microARNs régulateurs de la β-caténine sur la carcinogenèse de l’HBL.La première partie présente le développement d’un nouveau modèle d’étude in vivo de l’HBL. Ce travail a consisté à réaliser des xénogreffes de cellules dérivées d’HBL sur la membrane chorioallantoidienne (CAM) de l’embryon de poulet, et à étudier le développement des tumeurs par des approches histologiques et moléculaires. Mes résultats montrent que les cellules d’HBL modifient leur phénotype et activent des mécanismes de survie et de prolifération pour former des nodules tumoraux structurés et vascularisés au sein de la CAM. Le traitement des cellules par le cisplatine conduit à un arrêt net de la progression tumorale.La seconde partie présente les résultats concernant la régulation de la β-caténine et des processus oncogéniques par les microARNs dans les cellules d’HBL. Un crible fonctionnel m’a permis d’identifier plusieurs microARNs ayant un effet inhibiteur sur la β-caténine. Quatre microARNs, sous-exprimés dans les tumeurs de patients, bloquent la prolifération cellulaire et l’activité de la voie Wnt in vitro. Le miARN le plus efficace interagit avec l’ARNm de la β-caténine via un site unique localisé dans sa région 3’ non traduite et bloque la croissance des tumeurs d’HBL sur la CAM.Durant ma thèse j’ai développé un nouveau modèle animal d’étude de l’HBL qui permet de modéliser la croissance tumorale et de tester l’impact de molécules thérapeutiques. Ce travail a également permis d’identifier de nouveaux microARNs sous-exprimés dans les tumeurs d’HBL, qui inhibent l’expression de la β-caténine et agissent comme des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur. Ces microARNs constituent de potentielles nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques dans le traitement de l’HBL et pourraient aussi être utilisés comme des biomarqueurs diagnostiques et pronostiques. / Hepatoblastoma (HBL) is the most common pediatric liver cancer. At molecular level it is characterized by activating mutations in β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) that cause protein accumulation and abnormal Wnt signaling pathway activation leading to malignant transformation of hepatic cells. Therefore, β-catenin is a key therapeutic target in HBL.This manuscript describes two major parts of my thesis project that aimed to understand the role of β-catenin-regulating microRNAs in HBL carcinogenesis.The first part presents the development of a new in vivo HBL model. This work consisted of making HBL-derived cells xenograft on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and studying tumor development using histological and molecular approaches. My results show that HBL cells implanted on CAM modify their phenotype and activate survival and proliferation mechanisms to form organized and vascularized tumor nodules. Cell treatment with cisplatin leads to tumor progression arrest.The second part presents results concerning the regulation of β-catenin and oncogenic processes by microRNAs in HBL cells. A functional screening allowed me to identify several microRNAs with an inhibitory effect on β-catenin. Four microRNAs down-regulated in patient tumors inhibit cell proliferation and Wnt pathway activity in vitro. The most efficient microRNA directly interacts with β-catenin mRNA through a unique site localized in 3’ untranslated region and blocks HBL tumor growth on CAM.During my thesis I developed a new animal model to study HBL that allows modelling rapid tumor growth and testing the impact of therapeutic molecules. My work also led to the identification of new microRNAs down-regulated in HBL tumors that inhibit β-catenin expression and act as tumor suppressor genes. Those microRNAs represent new potential therapeutic molecules for HBL treatment and could be also used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

La thérapie photodynamique (PDT) est une modalité de traitement des petites tumeurs accessibles à la lumière. Elle repose sur l'action combinée d'un photosensibilisateur qui, en présence d'oxygène et sous l'effet d'une irradiation lumineuse, induit la synthèse d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène cytotoxiques. L'effet tumoricide de la PDT se traduit par des dommages directs sur les cellules ainsi que des dommages indirects de la néovascularisation tumorale et une activation du système immunitaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré dans une première partie l'intérêt de se baser sur la distribution intratumorale de la mTHPC et non pas sur les études de biodistribution pour l'optimisation des conditions de traitement par PDT et en particulier de l'intervalle drogue-lumière (IDL). Un co-ciblage des vaisseaux et du parenchyme tumoral via un fractionnement de l'administration de la mTHPC a permis d'obtenir un taux de guérisons de 100%. Cette efficacité a été corrélée à la potentialisation de la mort des cellules par apoptose et valorisée par son association à des dommages secondaires cutanés restreints. La stratégie de fractionnement de l'administration s'avère donc être très prometteuse dans un contexte clinique. Dans la seconde partie de cette étude, nous avons établi la redistribution de la mTHPC in vivo dans le modèle de la membrane chorioallantoïdienne de poulet (CAM) à partir de formulations liposomales (Foslip®, Fospeg®) et son impact sur les dommages vasculaires photoinduits par la PDT / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of small localized tumors accessible to the visible light irradiation. It is based on the combined action of photosensitizer (PS), light and molecular oxygen. Tumoricidal effect of PDT is triggered by direct damage of malignant cells and indirect vascular damage followed by an activation of the immune system. The present study investigates the relationship between photoinduced apoptosis in each compartment of interest (vascular versus neoplastic) and mTHPC-PDT treatment efficiency in function of the intratumoral distribution of mTHPC. The latter was defined by the drug-light intervals. In the first part, we demonstrated the importance of the intratumoral distribution of mTHPC to optimize photodynamic parameters. The fractionation of the PS administration permitted to obtain a tumor cure rate of 100% correlated to a massive apoptosis of pathological tissues. Moreover, this treatment strategy induced only limited skin damages and few inflammation which could be an advantage in clinical context. In the second part, we evidenced the mTHPC redistribution from liposomal formulations (Foslip®, Fospeg®) in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM) and its influence on photoinduced vascular damage

H HARP (heparin-affin regulatory peptide), γνωστή και ως πλειοτροπίνη (PTN), είναι ένας 18 kDa αυξητικός παράγοντας, ο οποίος έχει υψηλή συγγένεια για την ηπαρίνη. Η HARP έχει πολλαπλές βιολογικές δράσεις, όπως συμμετέχει στη ρύθμιση του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού, στη μετανάστευση και τη διαφοροποίηση. Επιπλέον η έκφραση της σχετίζεται με την φυσιολογική και καρκινική αγγειογένεση in vitro και in vivo. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η έκφραση της HARP και των υποδοχέων της, ALK και RPTPβ/ζ, στις διάφορες ημέρες ανάπτυξης της CAM εμβρύου όρνιθας. Επίσης, μελετήθηκε η μείωση της έκφρασης της ενδογενούς HARP, με πλασμίδιο που φέρει την αντινοηματική αλληλουχία (AS-HARP), στην αγγειογένεση in vivo, στη φωσφορυλίωση των Εrk1,2 και στη λεμφαγγειογένεση της CAM εμβρύου όρνιθας. Ανάλυση κατά Western και RT-PCR στις διάφορες ημέρες ανάπτυξης του εμβρύου έδειξε ότι η έκφραση της HARP συμβαδίζει με τη δημιουργία νέων αγγείων στη CAM, ενώ η έκφραση των υποδοχέων της HARP στην CAM φαίνεται να είναι αυξημένη στα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης του ιστού. Επίσης, η μείωση της έκφρασης της HARP μετά τη χορήγηση του πλασμιδίου AS-HARP, μείωσε τα επίπεδα της πρωτεΐνης, το μήκος των αγγείων και τη φωσφορυλίωση των Erk1/2 στο in vivo μοντέλο της CAM εμβρύου όρνιθας. Αντίθετα, η μείωση της έκφρασης της HARP μετά τη χορήγηση του πλασμιδίου AS-HARP, δεν επηρέασε τη λεμφαγγειογένεση της CAM εμβρύου όρνιθας. Σαν τελικό συμπέρασμα προκύπτει ότι η έκφραση της ενδογενούς HARP στην CAM εμβρύου όρνιθας είναι σημαντική για τη φυσιολογική αγγειογένεση in vivo. / Heparin-affin regulatory peptide (HARP), also known as pleiotrophin or heparin-binding growth-associated molecule, is an 18 kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. HARP is involved in the control of cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between HARP expression and tumor growth and angiogenesis. In the present work, we studied the expression of HARP and its receptors, ALK and RPTPβ/ζ, during development of the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), in relation to angiogenesis. By western blot analysis and RT-PCR, it was shown that HARP, ALK and RPTPβ/ζ expression increased at days of on-going angiogenesis and decreased at later time points. Transfection of CAMs with an anti-sense HARP gene construct led to a significant decrease in HARP amounts compared to vector control transfected CAMs, a significant decrease in the length of CAM blood vessels, and a decrease in the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Contrary, transfection of CAMs with the anti-sense HARP gene construct had no influence in lymphangiogenesis of the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). These data suggest that endogenous HARP is involved in angiogenesis in vivo.

L’Adénocarcinome Canalaire Pancréatique (ACP), la forme majeure de cancer du pancréas, est un des cancers les plus mortels du fait de son agressivité d’invasion locale et de dissémination vasculaire et de l’absence de méthode de détection précoce de la maladie. Nous avons développé un nouveau modèle d’invasion in vivo, sur la membrane chorio-allantoïdienne de l’embryon de poulet, permettant d’analyser les mécanismes d’interactions entre les cellules tumorales pancréatiques et leur microenvironnement. Nous avons montré que dans ce modèle les gènes codant pour les protéines sécrétées nétrine-1 et CXCL4L1/PF4v1 sont surexprimés dans les cellules tumorales au cours du processus d’invasion et que cette surexpression est également retrouvée dans les échantillons de patients humains. Nos études fonctionnelles ont indiqué que la nétrine-1 et CXCL4L1 pourrait jouer le rôle de régulateurs de la progression tumorale selon le modèle suivant : a) la chimiokine CXCL4L1 exercerait de façon paracrine une activité angiostatique sur les cellules endothéliales de l’ACP alors que b) la nétrine-1 aurait une activité pro-tumorale en agissant à la fois sur les cellules tumorales et sur les cellules endothéliales. Ces résultats ont permis d’une part de valider notre modèle en confirmant que les gènes surexprimés sélectionnés peuvent être impliqués dans la progression tumorale chez les patients. D’autre part, notre étude a permis de démontrer que les protéines CXCL4L1 et nétrine-1 constituent de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et/ou diagnostiques potentielles pour le cancer du pancréas. / Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the major form of pancreatic cancer, is one of the deadliest cancers because of its propensity for local invasion and vascular dissemination and the lack of early diagnostic strategy. We have developed a new in vivo invasion model, on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane, allowing the analyze of mechanisms governing interactions between pancreatic tumor cells and their host microenvironment. We showed in its model that the genes encoding netrin-1 and CXCL4L1/PF4v1 secreted proteins are up-regulated in tumor cells in the course of the invasion process and we confirmed these up-regulation was also observed in human patients. Our functional studies indicated that netrin-1 and CXCL4L1 may play regulator roles in tumor progression according to the following model: a) CXCL4L1 chimiokine may have an angiostatic activity on endothelial cells by a paracrine mechanism of action whereas b) netrin-1 may have a pro-tumoral activity by acting on both endothelial and tumor cells. These results allowed in one hand to validate our model by showing that selected up-regulated genes may be involved in PDAC progression in human patients. On the other hand, our work provided evidence that CXCL4L1 and netrin-1 constitute new potential therapeutic and/or diagnostic targets for pancreatic cancer.

No description available.