Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2006.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Pathology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2005--Aachen.

CENP-A est le variant d’histone qui remplace spécifiquement l’histone H3 au niveau des centromères et confère ses propriétés uniques à la chromatine centromérique. La cristallographie aux rayon X, ainsi que la digestion à la MNase des nucléosomes contenant CENP-A suggèrent une flexibilité de l’ADN entrant et sortant de ce nucléosome. Néanmoins ces déductions restent aujourd’hui au stade hypothétique, en particulier, rien n’est connu sur le rôle éventuelle de cette particularité dans la fonction du nucléosome CENP-A. L’utilisation de la cryo-électromicroscopie nous a permis de déterminer les caractéristiques de la dynamique de l’ADN sortant du nucléosome CENP-A. Nos analyses biochimiques, de protéomiques et de pseudo-génétiques révèlent que la flexibilité élevée de l’ADN du nucléosome CENP-A ne permet pas l’interaction avec l’histone de liaison H1. In vitro, remplacer les 2 tours de l’hélice aN de CENP-A avec les 3 tours de l’hélice aN de H3 permet de restaurer l’interaction de l’histone H1. In vivo, le replacement des nucléosomes CENP-A par des nucléosomes contenant ce même nucléosome hybride aN-CENP-A permet également le recrutement de H1, mais cela conduit également à la délocalisation d’un certain nombre de protéines du kinétochore. Ce kinétochore ne permet pas une ségrégation correcte des chromosomes et il conduit à des phases de mitose et de cytokinèse défectueuses. L’ensemble de ces données montre que la conservation au cours de l’évolution de la flexibilité de l’ADN dans le nucléosome CENP-A est essentielle pour l’accomplissement de la division cellulaire. / CENP-A is a histone variant, which replaces histone H3 at centromeres and confers unique properties to centromeric chromatin. The crystal structure and MNase digestion of CENP-A nucleosome suggests flexible nucleosomal DNA ends but their dynamics in solution remains elusive and their implication in centromere function is unknown. Using electron cryo-microscopy we determined the dynamic solution properties of the CENP-A nucleosome. Our biochemical, proteomic and genetic data reveal that the high flexibility of the DNA ends impairs histone H1 binding to the CENP-A nucleosome. Substituting the 2-turn aN-helix of CENP-A with the 3-turn N-helix of H3 results in particles able to bind histone H1. In vivo replacement of CENP-A nucleosomes with the same NH3-CENP-A hybrid nucleosomes leads to H1 recruitment, delocalization of kinetochore proteins and significant mitotic and cytokinesis defects. Put together, ourdata reveal that the evolutionarily conserved flexible ends of the CENP-A nucleosomes are essential to ensure the fidelity of the mitotic pathway.

Pendant les derniers stades de la spermatogenèse, les cellules germinales mâles post-méiotiques subissent une réorganisation dramatique de l'architecture de leur chromatine, impliquant notamment le remplacement presque total des histones par les protamines, créant des noyaux fortement condensés que l'on trouve dans le sperme mature. Au cours de ce processus, un événement précoce clé est la vague d'hyperacetylation des histones, qui précède leur remplacement. Notre équipe a précédemment identifié le facteur d'expression testiculaire de la famille BET, Brdt (BRomoDomain Testis), qui se lie aux histones acétylées via ses deux bromodomaines, comme essentiel au cours de ce processus. Cependant, les mécanismes aboutissant à l'hyperacétylation des histones à l'échelle génomique sont encore inconnus, ce qui reste l'une des questions majeures dans le domaine. La protéine NUclear in Testis (NUT) est un facteur spécifique testiculaire dont la fonction physiologique dans les cellules germinales mâles était inconnue. Cette protéine se trouve exprimée de manière ectopique dans un cancer rare mais très agressif, le carcinome de la ligne médiane (NUT Midline Carcinoma), en fusion avec BRD4, produisant ainsi une protéine de fusion hautement oncogène. Dans les cellules cancéreuses NUT est capable de recruter et d'activer l'histone acétyltransférase p300, contribuant ainsi à l'activité oncogénique de la protéine de fusion BRD4-NUT. Mon projet de doctorat est d'explorer la fonction physiologique de NUT, en étudiant des souris knock-out pour NUT qui ont été générées par notre équipe en collaboration avec Mathieu Gérard (Saclay). L'absence de NUT provoque une stérilité mâle associée à un arrêt de la spermatogenèse lors de l'allongement et de la condensation des spermatides, au stade où normalement les histones sont remplacées. D'autres expériences suggèrent que NUT pourrait agir sur la régulation de marques épigénétiques, y compris l'hyperacétylation des histones. Les mécanismes par lesquels NUT interfère avec la vague d'acétylation et les facteurs en interaction, y compris Brdt, sont explorées. Au total, cette étude démontre la contribution essentielle du NUT à la régulation épigénétique et au remplacement des histones au cours de la maturation post-méiotique des cellules germinales mâles. / During the late stages of spermatogenesis, post-meiotic male germ cells undergo a dramatic reorganization of their chromatin architecture involving the almost genome wide replacement of histones by protamines, creating highly condensed nuclei that are found in the mature sperm. During this process a key early event is known to be the wave of histone hyperacetylation, which precedes their replacement. Our team previously reported that the testis specific BET factor BRDT (BRomoDomain Testis specific), which binds acetylated histones, is essential during this process. However, how this genome wide hyperacetylation occurs has remained one of the major questions in the field. NUclear protein in Testis (NUT) is a testis specific factor whose physiological function in male germ cells was unknown. It has been found ectopically expressed in NUT Midline Carcinoma, a rare but highly aggressive cancer, in fusion with BRD4, resulting in a highly oncogenic fusion protein. In cancer cells, NUT is able to recruit and activate the histone acetyltransferase p300, hence contributing to the oncogenic activity of the BRD4-NUT fusion protein. My Ph.D. project investigates the original function of NUT by using NUT knockout mice that were generated by our team in collaboration with Mathieu Gerard (Saclay). The absence of NUT causes male sterility associated with a spermatogenic arrest during spermatids elongation/condensation, at a stage when histone replacement normally takes place. Additional experiments suggest that NUT could act through the regulation of epigenetic marks, including histone hyperacetylation. The mechanisms by which NUT interferes with the hyperacetylation wave and interacting factors, including Brdt, are explored. Altogether this study demonstrates the essential contribution of NUT to the epigenetic regulation and histone replacement during the post-meiotic maturation of male germ cells.

Orientador: José Buratini Júnior / Resumo: Na produção in vitro (IVP), trabalha-se com uma população de oócitos heterogênea em relação ao estágio da maturação nuclear que estes oócitos se encontram, mais especificamente o estágio de vesícula germinativa (GV), uma vez que estes são obtidos de folículos em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Visto que essa heterogeneidade impacta nos resultados da IVP, torna-se necessário que os processos de seleção de oócitos e de maturação in vitro sejam adequados e articulados, para que ocorra o desenvolvimento da competência oocitária para subsequente desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a população de ovócitos obtida de folículos antrais grandes, testando a hipótese de que folículos dominantes saudáveis conteriam oócitos com grau intermediário de compactação da cromatina (oócitos em GV2). Em seguida, avaliou-se a população de oócitos obtida em dia aleatório do ciclo estral após OPU e testou-se o efeito de protocolo de sincronização combinando aspiração de folículos e tratamento com FSH para homogeneizar a população e controlar a qualidade dos oócitos. Os resultados sugerem que folículos dominantes saudáveis são predominantemente compostos por oócitos com níveis intermediários de compactação da cromatina e que protocolos de sincronização de aspiração do folículo combinadas ao tratamento com FSH podem ser úteis para controlar a qualidade do oócito para OPU / IVP. / Abstract: In vitro production (IVP), a heterogeneous oocyte population is employed in relation to the stage of nuclear maturation that these oocytes are found, more specifically the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, once they are obtained from follicles in different stages of development. Since this heterogeneity impacts the results of IVP, it is necessary that the processes of oocyte selection and in vitro maturation are adequate and articulated, so that occurs development of oocyte competence for subsequent development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oocyte population obtained from large antral follicles, testing the hypothesis that healthy dominant follicles would contain oocytes with an intermediate degree of chromatin compaction (GV2 oocytes). Then we evaluated the population of oocytes obtained at random day of the estrous cycle after OPU and tested the synchronization protocol combining follicle aspiration and FSH treatment to homogenize the population and control the quality of oocytes. The results suggest that healthy dominant follicles are predominantly composed of oocytes with intermediate levels of chromatin compaction and that follicle aspiration synchronization protocols combined with FSH treatment may be useful to control oocyte quality for OPU / IVP. / Mestre

Chromatin structure plays an essential role in the regulation of many nuclear processes such as transcription, replication, recombination, and repair. It is generally accepted that chromatin remodeling is a prerequisite step in gene activation. Over recent years, large multisubunit enzymes that regulate the accessibility of nucleosomal DNA have emerged as key regulators of eukaryotic transcription. It seems likely that similar enzymes contribute to the efficiency of DNA replication, recombination, and repair. These chromatin remodeling complexes can be classified into two broad groups: (1) the ATP-dependent enzymes, which utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to increase the accessibility of nucleosomal DNA; and (2) histone modifying enzymes that phosphorylate, acetylate, methylate, ubiquitinate, or ADP-ribosylate the nucleosomal histones (for review see Kingston and Narlikar, 1999; Muchardt and Yaniv, 1999; Brown et al., 2000; Vignali et al., 2000; Strahl and Allis, 2000). The mechanism by which these two groups of large, multi-subunit enzymes function to alter chromatin structure is enigmatic. Studies suggest that ATP-dependent and histone acetyltransferase chromatin remodeling enzymes have widespread roles in gene expression and perform both independent and overlapping functions. Interestingly, although both groups of enzymes appear to be distinct, several features of these enzymes have been conserved from yeast to man. Thus, understanding the role of these similar features will be essential in order to elucidate the function of remodeling enzymes, their functional interrelationships, and may uncover the fundamental principals of chromatin remodeling. In this study, we use a combination of yeast molecular genetics and biochemistry to dissect out the function of individual parts of these chromatin remodeling machines and to understand how these large macromolecular assemblies are put together. In addition, we also investigate the mechanism by which the ATP-dependent enzymes exert their regulatory effects on chromatin structure. Structure/function analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSwi3p (conserved in SWI/SNF complexes across all eukaryotic phyla) reveals a unique scaffolding role for this protein as it is essential for assembly of SWI/SNF subunits. We have also characterized a novel motif that has homology to the Myb DNA binding domain, the SANT domain, and that is shared among transcriptional regulatory proteins implicated in chromatin remodeling. Mutational analysis of this domain in yeast Swi3p (SWI/SNF), Rsc8/Swh3p (RSC), and Ada2p (GCN5 HATs) reveals an essential function for the SANT domain in chromatin remodeling. Moreover, our studies suggest that this novel motif may be directly involved in mediating a functional interaction with chromatin components (i.e. histone amino terminal domains). We have also directly compared the activities of several members of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. Surprisingly, we find that these enzymes utilize similar amounts of ATP to increase nucleosomal DNA accessibility. In as much, we show that changes in histone octamer comformation or composition is not a requirement or consequence of chromatin remodeling by SWI/SNF. Taken together, these data suggest a similar mechanism for ATP-utilizing chromatin remodeling enzymes in which disruption of histone-DNA contacts occur without consequence to the structure of the histone octamer. These data have striking implications for how we view the mechanism of chromatin remodeling.

The yeast SWI/SNF complex is the prototype of a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. It consists of eleven stoichiometric subunits including Swi2p/Snf2p, Swi1p, Snf5p, Swi3p, Swp82p, Swp73p, Arp7p, Arp9p, Snf6p, Snf11p, and Swp29p, with a molecular weight of 1.14 mega Daltons. Swi2p/Snf2p, the catalytic subunit of SWI/SNF, is evolutionally conserved from yeast to human cells. Genetic evidence suggests that SWI/SNF is required for the transcriptional regulation of a subset of genes, especially inducible genes. SWI/SNF can be recruited to target promotors by gene specific activators, and in some cases, SWI/SNF facilitates activator binding. Biochemical studies have demonstrated that purified SWI/SNF complex can hydrolyze ATP, and it can use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate superhelical torsion, mobilize mononucleosomes, enhance the accessibility of endonucleases to nucleosomal DNA, displace H2A/H2B dimers, induce dinucleosome and altosome formation, or evict nucleosomes. A human homolog of Swi2p/Snf2p, BRG1, is the catalytic subunit of the human SWI/SNF complex. Interestingly, isolated BRG1 alone is able to remodel a mononucleosome substrate. Importantly, mutations in mammalian SWI/SNF core subunits are implicated in tumorigenesis. Therefore, it remains interesting to characterize the role(s) of each subunit for SWI/SNF function. In this thesis project, I dissected SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling function by investigating the role of the SANT domain of the Swi3p subunit. Swi3p is one of the core components of SWI/SNF complex, and it contains an uncharacterized SANT domain that has been found in many chromatin regulatory proteins. Earlier studies suggested that the SANT domain of Ada2p may serve as the histone tail recognition module. For Swi3p, a small deletion of eleven amino acids from the SANT domain caused a growth phenotype similar to that of other swi/snf mutants. In chapter I, I have reviewed recent findings in the function of chromatin remodeling complexes and discuss the molecular mechanism of their action. In chapter II, I characterized the role of the SANT domain of Swi3p. I found that deletion of the SANT domain caused a defect in a genome-wide transcriptional profile, SWI/SNF recruitment, and more interestingly impairment of the SANT domain caused the dissociation of SWI/SNF into several subcomplexes: 1) Swi2p/Arp7p/Arp9p, 2) Swi3p/Swp73p/Snf6p, 3) Snf5p, and 4) Swi1p. Artificial tethering of SWI/SNF onto a LacZ reporter promoter failed to activate the reporter gene in the absence of the SANT domain, although Swi2p can be recruited to the LacZ promoter. We thus demonstrated that the Swi3p SANT domain is critical for Swi3p function and serves as a protein scaffold to integrate these subcomplexes into an intact SWI/SNF complex. In Chapter III, I first characterized the enzymatic activity of the subcomplexes, especially the minimal complex of Swi2p/Arp7p/Arp9p. We found that this minimal subcomplex is fully functional for chromatin remodeling in assays including cruciform formation, restriction enzyme accessibility in mononucleosomal and nucleosomal array substrates, and mononucleosome mobility shift. However, it is defective in ATP-dependent removal of H2A/H2B dimers. Moreover, we found that Swi3p and the N-terminal acidic domain of Swi3p strongly interact with GST-H2A and H2B but not GST-H3 or H4 tails. We purified a SWI/SNF mutant (SWI/SNF-Δ2N) that lacks 200 amino acids within the N-terminal acidic domain of Swi3p. Intriguingly, SWI/SNF-Δ2N failed to catalyze ATP-dependent dimer loss, although this mutant SWI/SNF contains all the subunits and has intact ATP-dependent activity in enhancing restriction enzyme accessibility. These data help to further understand the molecular mechanism of SWI/SNF, and show that H2A/H2B dimer loss is not an obligatory consequence of ATP-dependent DNA translocation, but requires the histone chaperone function of the Swi3p subunit. Based on these findings, we proposed a new model of the structural and functional organization of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling machinery: SWI/SNF contains at least four distinct modules that function at distinct stages of the chromatin remodeling process. 1) Swi1p and Snf5p modules directly interact with gene specific activators and function as the recruiter; 2) Swi2p/Arp7p/Arp9p generates energy from ATP hydrolysis and disrupts histone/DNA interactions; and 3) Swi3p/Swp73p/Snf6p may play dual roles by integrating each module into a large remodeling complex, as well as functioning as a histone H2A/H2B chaperone to remove dimers from remodeled nucleosomes. Chapter IV is a perspective from current work in this project. I first discuss the interest in further characterizing the essential role of Snf6p, based on its activation of LacZ reporter on its own. Using in vitro translated protein and co-IP studies, I tried to pinpoint the requirement of the SANT domain for SWI/SNF assembly. I found that Swi3p directly interacts with Swp73p, but not with other subunits. When Swi3p is first incubated with Swp73p, Swi3p also interacts with Snf6p, indicating that Swi3p indirectly interacts with Snf6p, therefore forming a subcomplex of Swi3p/Swp73p/Snf6p. This subcomplex can also be reconstituted using in vitro co-translation. Consistent with the TAP preparation of this subcomplex, partial deletion of the SANT domain of Swi3p does not affect the assembly of Swi3p/Swp73p/Snf6p in vitro. However, the assembly of SWI/SNF complex was not detected in the presence of eight essential in vitro translated subunits or from co-translation of all the subunits. I have discussed the interest in further characterizing the histone chaperone role of the Swi3p N-terminal acidic domain and the role of other core subunits of SWI/SNF such as Snf6p for transcriptional regulation.

No description available.

Epigenetics is the study of heritable biological variation not related to changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic processes are responsible for establishing and maintaining transcriptional programs that define cell identity. Defects to epigenetic processes have been linked to a host of disorders, including mental retardation, aging, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The ability to control and engineer epigenetic systems would be valuable both for the basic study of these critical cellular processes as well as for synthetic biology. Indeed, while synthetic biology has made progress using bottom-up approaches to engineer transcriptional and signaling circuitry, epigenetic systems have remained largely underutilized. The predictive engineering of epigenetic systems could enable new functions to be implemented in synthetic organisms, including programmed phenotypic diversity, memory, reversibility, inheritance, and hysteresis. This thesis broadly focuses on the development of foundational tools and intellectual frameworks for applying synthetic biology to epigenetic regulation in the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Epigenetic regulation is mediated by diverse molecular mechanisms: e.g. self-sustaining feedback loops, protein structural templating, modifications to chromatin, and RNA silencing. Here we develop synthetic tools and circuits for controlling epigenetic states through (1) modifications to chromatin and (2) self-templating protein conformations. On the former, the synthetic tools we develop make it possible to study and direct how chromatin regulators operate to produce distinct gene expression programs. On the latter, we focus our studies on yeast prions, which are self-templating protein conformations that act as elements of inheritance, developing synthetic tools for detecting and controlling prion states in yeast cells. This thesis explores the application of synthetic biology to these epigenetic systems through four aims: Aim 1. Development of inducible expression systems for precise temporal expression of epigenetic regulators Aim 2. Construction of a library of chromatin regulators to study and program chromatin-based epigenetic regulation. Aim 3. Development of a genetic tool for quantifying protein aggregation and prion states in high-throughput Aim 4. Dynamics and control of prion switching Our tools and studies enable a deeper functional understanding of epigenetic regulation in cells, and the repurposing of these systems for synthetic biology toward addressing industrial and medical applications. / 2019-10-08T00:00:00Z