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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
611

Histone H3 Serine 28 is essential for efficient Polycomb-mediated gene repression in Drosophila / La sérine 28 de l’histone H3 joue un rôle essentiel dans la répression des gènes dépendante des protéines PcG chez la drosophile

Yung, Yuk Kwong 09 February 2015 (has links)
Dans le noyau de nos cellules l’ADN est enroulé autour de petites protéines que l’on appelle les histones et forme ainsi ce que l’on nomme la chromatine. L’activation des gènes permet la production de protéines qui sont nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des différentes cellules de notre organisme. Notre corps est composé de différentes cellules dont l’identité est définie par un patron de gènes actifs et inactifs bien spécifique. Au cours de la mitose (division des cellules) il est crucial que les cellules conservent leur identité, faute de quoi des structures non adaptées peuvent apparaître et dans certains cas conduire à l’apparition de cancers. Les protéines du groupe Polycomb (PcG) constituent un important système de mémoire cellulaire qui permet de maintenir un gène inactif au cours du développement d’un organisme. Ces protéines sont ciblées sur des gènes spécifiques où elles modifient la nature chimique des histones, rendant la chromatine compacte, difficile d’accès et donc empêchant l’activation de ces gènes. Lors de la mitose, la chromatine va se compacter drastiquement pour faciliter la ségrégation des chromosomes. Les mécanismes par lesquels les protéines du PcG s’adaptent à cette restructuration massive du génome ne sont pas connus. Mon projet est d’étudier le comportement des protéines du PcG au niveau de la chromatine à travers la mitose et ainsi de comprendre comment est préservée l’identité des cellules. Historiquement, les protéines du PcG ont été découvertes chez la drosophile et leurs mutations entrainent des anomalies au niveau du plan corporel. Ces protéines existent également chez l’homme et jouent un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle du développement. Ainsi mes travaux effectués chez la drosophile pourront être repris pour l’étude de ces protéines chez l’homme. Par l’utilisation de techniques de microscopie à fluorescence, il est possible de détecter la fixation des protéines du PcG au niveau de la chromatine au cours de la mitose. Il a été observé que durant la mitose l’une des protéines du PcG est dissociée de la chromatine alors que deux autres protéines de ce groupe sont quant à elles maintenues. L’ancrage des protéines du PcG à la chromatine se fait par le dépôt d’une modification chimique spécifique sur une histone, la triméthylation de la lysine 27 de l’histone 3 (H3K27me3). Pendant la mitose le résidu adjacent, la serine 28, va être phosphorylé (H3S28ph), et cette seconde modification perturbe la fixation des protéines du PcG. Pour mieux comprendre comment ces deux modifications (H3K27me3 et H3S28ph) définissent la fixation des protéines du PcG le long du chromosome lors de la mitose, j’analyserai la distribution de ces protéines le long du génome dans des cellules en mitose. D’autre part, j’étudierai les défauts développementaux provoques par l’absence de ces deux modifications chimiques à partir de drosophiles mutantes. La dérégulation des protéines du PcG entraine des défauts développementaux et est à l’origine de nombreux cancers chez l’homme. Des avancées dans le domaine pharmacologique ont permis d’élaborer des inhibiteurs de certaines des protéines du PcG qui pourraient constituer de nouvelles thérapies anti-cancer. Il est donc important de comprendre parfaitement les mécanismes d’actions de ces protéines, tout particulièrement au cours de processus biologiques cruciaux tel que la mitose. / Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain repression on key developmental genes to preserve cell fates. It is unknown on how PcG-mediated repressive chromatin is inherited across cell cycles. This project aims to study the chromatin-binding profile of PcG proteins and their cognate histone mark (H3K27me3) in mitosis. We observed that Polycomb (Pc) were dissociated from chromosomes during mitosis and reassociation begins from late anaphase onwards. In contrary, Ph, PSC and high level of H3K27me3 were detected on mitotic chromosomes. Importantly, drug-inhibition of Aurora B and hence depletion of H3S28ph retained Pc on mitotic chromosomes. To further understand how mitotic H3S28ph affects PcG proteins binding profile, a FACS-sorting protocol was optimized to isolate mitotic cells for ChIP-seq analyses. In parallel, Drosophila model of histone mutants (H3K27R and H3S28A) were established to assess the importance of these modifications on PcG-mediated epigenetics inheritance across mitoses.
612

BAF155 regulates the genesis of basal progenitors through both Pax6-dependent and independent mechanisms during cerebral cortex development / Role of BAF155 and PAX6 in cortical development

Narayanan, Ramanathan 28 July 2017 (has links)
No description available.
613

O valor prognóstico das características fractais da cromatina nuclear no mieloma múltiplo / Prognostic value of characteristics fractals of nuclear chromatin in multiple myeloma

Ferro, Daniela Peixoto, 1981- 07 January 2010 (has links)
Orientadores: Konradin Metze, Irene Gyongyver Heidemarie Lorand-Metze / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:21:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferro_DanielaPeixoto_M.pdf: 1415087 bytes, checksum: 6c36767b70dc498a2f9f0496b243498a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Características da textura nuclear, realizadas por análise de imagem computadorizada, tem proporcionado informação prognóstica importante em várias neoplasias. Recentemente, a dimensão fractal (DF) da cromatina tem se mostrado um fator independente de prognóstico na leucemia linfóide aguda, no melanona maligno, em carcinomas epidermóides orais e linfomas.Neste estudo nós investigamos a influência da DF da cromatina na sobrevida de pacientes com mieloma múltiplo. Foram estudados 67 pacientes da nossa instituição tratados de acordo com o Grupo de Estudo Brasileiro de mieloma múltiplo. O diagnóstico foi feito pelos critérios do "International Myeloma Working Group". Foi realizado citogenética, eletroforese de proteínas, urina I, com a pesquisa de proteína monoclonal, avaliação da função renal e cálcio sérico. Para o estadiamento, utilizamos o índice prognóstico internacional (ISS). Para cada paciente, foram analisados pelo menos 40 núcleos de esfregaços de medula óssea corados com May-Grünwald-Giemsa. A DF foi determinada com imagens transformadas em escala de cinza pelo método Minkowski-Bouligand estendido para três dimensões. O "goodness-of-fit" da DF foi estimado pelos valores de R² em gráficos log-log. A influência dos parâmetros estudados de sobrevida dos pacientes foi analisada pelos métodos Kaplan-Meier e pela regressão de Cox. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 56 anos. Segundo o ISS, 14% dos pacientes eram do estádio I, 39% eram de estádio II e 47% eram de estádio III. A análise citogenética revelou dois pacientes com alterações do cromossomo 13, dois com translocações envolvendo o cromossomo 14 (em um caso, juntamente com -17) e um paciente com hipodiploidia. Fatores de risco adicional foram encontrados em 62% dos pacientes. Na análise univariada, tanto a DF, quanto o goodness-of-fit foram fatores prognósticos, este último após estratificação pelo ISS. Alta dimensão fractal e baixo "goodness-of-fit" indicaram um pior prognóstico. Na regressão multivariada de Cox, DF, R², ISS e aberrações cromossômicas entraram no modelo final, que mostrou-se estável em um estudo reamostragem bootstrap. Em resumo, as características fractais da cromatina em citologia de rotina revelaram informações relevantes no prognóstico dos doentes com mieloma múltiplo. / Abstract: Nuclear texture features, analyzed by computerized image analysis, has provided important prognostic information in several neoplasias. Recently, the fractal dimension (FD) of the chromatin structure has shown to be an independent prognostic factor in lymphoblastic leukemia acute,in malignant melanoma, in oral squamous cell carcinomas and linfomas. In this study we investigated the influence of the FD of chromatin on survival of patients with multiple myeloma. We studied 67 patients from our Institution treated in the Brazilian Multiple Myeloma Study Group. The diagnosis was confirmed by the criteria of International Myeloma Working Group. Was performed cytogenetic protein electrophoresis, urine I, with the research of protein monoclonal, assessment of renal function and serum calcium.The international Prognostic Index (ISS) was used for staging. For every patient, images of at least 40 nuclei from May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained bone marrow smears were analyzed. FD was determined in gray-scale transformed images by the Minkowski-Bouligand method extended to three dimensions. Goodness-of-fit of FD was estimated by the R2 values in the log-log plots. The influence of parameters studied patients survival was analyzed by Kaplan- Meier and Cox regression. Median age of the patients was 56 years. According to ISS, 14% of the patients were stage I, 39% were stage II and 47% were stage III. Cytogenetic analysis revealed two patients with alterations of chromosome 13, with two translocations involving chromosome 14 (in one case with -17) and one patient with hypodiploid. Additional risk factors were found in 62% of patients. In the univariate analysis FD as well as its goodness-of-fit were prognostic factors, the latter after stratifying for the ISS stage. Higher FD dimension or lower goodness-of-fit indicated a poor prognosis. In the multivariate Cox-regression, FD, R2, ISS stage and chromosomal aberrations entered the final model, which showed to be stable in a bootstrap resampling study. In short, fractal characteristics of the chromatin in routine cytology reveal relevant prognostic information in patients with multiple myeloma. / Mestrado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica
614

Análise dos parâmetros morfométricos e textura da cromatina dos mieloblastos nas síndromes mielodisplásicas / Analysis of morphometric and nuclear texture parameters of immature granulocytic precursors in myelodysplastic syndromes

Vido, Joyce Rico, 1980- 05 June 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Irene Gyöngyver Heidemarie Lorand-Metze / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vido_JoyceRico_M.pdf: 733870 bytes, checksum: d5a56d9b376e9b0ddadbf12bf5c2b264 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A contagem de blastos na medula óssea (MO) é um parâmetro essencial para a classificação e prognóstico das síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD). No entanto, neste grupo de doenças clonais há um alto grau de atipias de células hematopoiéticas da MO podendo ser difícil classificar com precisão os blastos mielóides. Nosso objetivo foi investigar se a análise de imagem computadorizada de esfregaços de citologia de rotina corados com May-Grünwald-Giemsa seria capaz de caracterizar estas células. Precursores mielóides imaturos foram digitalizados e as imagens segmentadas de forma interativa usando esfregaços de MO: 30 casos de SMD recém-diagnosticados (15 RCMD, 11 AREB, 4 AR / ARSA) e 19 casos de MO normal. A classificação morfológica das células foi feita por consenso de dois observadores. A distribuição da cromatina nuclear foi analisada por variaveis de morfometria geomatrica, variáveis derivadas da matriz de co-ocorrência e dimensão fractal (DF) para verificar sua utilidade na classificação destas células. Entre as 15 variáveis estudadas, todas, exceto área nuclear e homogeneidade local foram capazes de distinguir os blastos de promielócitos normais. Precursores atípicos mielóides que morfologicamente lembravam mieloblastos apresentaram valores intermediários entre blastos e promielócitos de acordo com 5 variáveis e foram classificados como promielócitos por mais 7 variáveis. A área nuclear não foi significativamente diferente entre os diversos tipos de células. Precursores mielóides atípicos imaturos da MO podem ser difíceis de classificar corretamente em citologia de rotina. Eles podem ser blastos com maturação anormal ou promielócitos atípicos. Como mudanças de textura da cromatina nuclear refletem a remodelação dinâmica da cromatina, a análise das variáveis obtidas pode ser útil para classificar objetivamente precursores imaturos mielóides nas SMD / Abstract: Bone marrow (BM) blast count is an essential parameter for classification and prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, in this group of clonal disorders a high degree of atypias in bone marrow hemopoietic cells may be found so that it may be difficult to quantify precisely myeloid blasts. Our aim was to investigate whether computerized image analysis of routine cytology would be able to characterize these cells. In May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained BM smears of 30 newly diagnosed MDS (15 RCMD, 11 RAEB, and 4 RA/RARS) patients and 19 cases of normal BM, blasts, promyelocytes and atypic myeloid precursors were digitalized and interactively segmented. The morphologic classification of the cells was done by consensus of two observers. Nuclear morphometry and texture features derived from the co-occurrence matrix and fractal dimension (FD) were calculated. Among the 13 variables studied, all except nuclear area and local homogeneity were able to distinguish blasts from promyelocytes. Atypic myeloid precursors that morphologically resembled myeloblasts showed intermediate values between blasts and promyelocytes according to 5 variables and were classified as promyelocytes by another 7 variables. Nuclear area was not significantly different among the cells. BM atypical immature myeloid precursors may be difficult to classify correctly in routine cytology. They could be abnormally maturing blasts or atypical promyelocytes. As nuclear texture changes reflect chromatin remodeling dynamics, the analysis of the variables obtained by image analysis may be useful to objectively classify immature myeloid precursors in MDS / Mestrado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica
615

Supraorganização e extensibilidade da cromatina, e composição nuclear em celulas de camundongo / Chromatin supraorganization and extensibility, and nuclear composition in mouse cells

Moraes, Alberto da Silva 26 February 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Luiza Silveira Mello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_AlbertodaSilva_D.pdf: 18240611 bytes, checksum: 0c094268046690a939c185449986f74f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Envelhecimento pode ser definido como as mudanças sofridas por um organismo ao longo do tempo. Esse processo, em biologia, é denominado senescência. A senescência celular é um fenômeno observado em células isoladas, e tem sido estudada tipicamente em células em cultura. Sua ocorrência in vivo foi observada em alguns tecidos de mamíferos. As mudanças na estrutura e organização da cromatina que ocorrem em células senescentes incluem, aumento na resistência da cromatina à digestão por nucleases e acúmulo de modificações de histonas e proteínas associadas à heterocromatina. Embora nem todas as células em um organismo envelhecido estejam em estado de senescência, espera-se que mudanças na estrutura e organização da cromatina ocorram. A restrição calórica é a única intervenção conhecida que tem a capacidade de estender o tempo de vida em mamíferos. Após uma dieta de restrição calórica ou jejum muitos genes, cuja expressão encontra-se alterada em animais idosos, têm sua expressão restabelecida aos níveis observados em animais jovens. Acredita-se que mudanças na cromatina também possam ocorrer durante o jejum, e que induzam mudanças no nível de expressão de diversos genes. No presente trabalho, buscando-se alterações na organização da cromatina em hepatócitos de camundongo ao longo do envelhecimento ou submetidos ao jejum, observou-se um aumento das propriedades viscoelásticas da cromatina ao longo do envelhecimento, de acordo com as mudanças na habilidade dessa cromatina em formar fibras estendidas de cromatina. Essas diferenças foram acompanhadas por um desempacotamento da cromatina. Observou-se também que essa viscoelasticidade da cromatina era dependente principalmente de interações desta com a matriz nuclear, e que cópias de genes cuja atividade transcricional não é mais requerida, ou requerida em um nível menor em animais idosos, podem desligar-se temporariamente da matriz nuclear. Mudanças nas propriedades viscoelásticas da cromatina e no seu grau de compactação já haviam sido observadas previamente em animais em jejum. Apesar disso, no presente trabalho, nenhuma diferença com relação à interação dos genes rDNA com a matriz nuclear foi encontrada em animais em jejum. Contudo, independente da condição fisiológica, o DNA aderido à matriz nuclear parece ser rico em genes, enquanto as seqüências heterocromáticas, pobres em genes, geralmente são encontradas tanto associadas com a matriz nuclear quanto dissociadas desta (cuidado com essa conclusão. Está forte). Em hepatócitos de animais idosos foi observado acúmulo de marcadores heterocromáticos (modificações de histonas) e de outras proteínas (proteínas formadoras de heterocromatina e glicoproteínas presentes principalmente nos cromocentros), assim como diminuição das modificações de histonas associadas com transcrição ativa. Todas essas modificações estão relacionadas com alterações na síntese de RNA já relatadas para animais idosos, e são uma evidência de que o controle da expressão gênica, a organização e a composição da cromatina estão intimamente relacionados. Em um outro tipo celular como espermatozóides de camundongo, uma diferente organização nuclear levou a propriedades diferenciadas de sua cromatina com relação às suas propriedades viscoelásticas (aumentadas). Tais diferenças possivelmente estejam relacionadas com um padrão modificado de expressão gênica, uma vez que em espermatozóides, a atividade transcricional é nula ou quase ausente / Abstract: Aging may be defined as the changes that take place in an organism with time. This process, in biology, is called senescence. Cellular senescence is observed in isolated cells, and has been studied typically in cultured cells, but its occurrence in vivo has been shown only in some mammalian tissues. Chromatin changes that take place with cellular senescence include increase in the resistance of chromatin to nuclease digestion and accumulation of histone modifications and non-histone proteins associated with heterochromatin. Although not all cells in an aged organism are subjected to cellular senescence, it is expected that changes in the chromatin structure and organization still occur. Caloric restriction is the only intervention known to extend life span in mammals. It has been shown that many genes whose expression pattern is altered in aged animals can be reverted to the levels observed in young animals after a caloric restriction diet or complete food withdrawal. Changes in chromatin structure may occur during the starvation period to induce changes in the expression level of several genes. With the aim of screening for alterations in the chromatin organization in mouse hepatocyte nuclei with aging or following starvation, we observed an increase in the viscoelastic properties of chromatin with aging, in terms of changes in the ability of this chromatin to form extended chromatin fibers after a lysis treatment in liver imprints on histological slides. These differences were accompanied by chromatin unpackage. Most of the viscoelasticity of the chromatin were dependent on its interactions with the nuclear matrix, and copies of genes whose transcription are no longer required in aged animals, tended to detach from the nuclear matrix. Changes in the viscoelastic properties and packing degree of chromatin had been shown previously in starved animals. However, no differences regarding this feature were seen in the present work. Nevertheless, regardless the physiological condition, DNA attached to the nuclear matrix seems to be gene-rich, while heterochromatic gene-poor regions were found both attached and detached from the nuclear matrix. We observed accumulation of heterochromatic marks (histone modifications) and non-histone proteins (heterochromatin proteins and glycoproteins present mainly in the chromocenters), as well as decreased histone modifications associated with transcription in hepatocyte nuclei of aged mice. All these changes are related to altered RNA synthesis observed in aged animals and are an evidence of the strong relationship between chromatin organization, composition, and control of gene expression. In another cell type, mouse sperm cells, its nuclear organization lead to different chromatin properties regarding its viscoelastic properties (increased). These differences are possibly related to a modified pattern of gene expression since gene transcription is almost or completely absent in sperm cells / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
616

Mecanismos associados à perda de expressão do gene de galectina-3 em um modelo de progressão de melanoma murino / Mechanisms associated to the loss of galectin-3 gene expression in a model of murine melanoma progression

Veronica Rodrigues Teixeira 11 April 2007 (has links)
Galectina-3 é uma lectina animal que apresenta afinidade por b- galactosídeos e que tem sido associada à progressão tumoral e metástase. A expressão de galectina-3 encontra-se alterada durante a progressão tumoral de diferentes neoplasias. Em tumores como carcinoma de tiróide e bexiga a expressão de galectina-3 encontra-se aumentada, enquanto que em tumores como carcinoma de mama e ovário a expressão desta lectina encontra-se diminuída. Neste trabalho nós utilizamos um modelo de progressão tumoral de melanoma murino para investigar os mecanismos envolvidos na perda de expressão de galectina-3. Este modelo é composto por uma linhagem de melanócitos imortalizados (melan-a) e duas linhagens de melanoma de crescimento vertical (Tm1 e Tm5) estabelecidas após submeter a linhagem melan-a a inúmeros ciclos de de-adesão. Enquanto melan-a acumula grandes quantidades de galectina-3, as linhagens Tm1 e Tm5 deixaram de expressar o gene de galectina-3. Análise da região 5\' do gene de galectina-3 demonstrou que esta região apresentava grande conteúdo de dinucleotídeos CpG e vários sítios SP1. O seqüenciamento desta região após tratamento do DNA com bissulfito de sódio mostrou que esta região estava totalmente metilada nas linhagens Tm1 e Tm5 e desmetilada na linhagem melan-a. O tratamento da linhagem Tm1 com 5-Aza-2\'-deoxicitidina (5-Aza-CdR), um inibidor da DNA metiltransferase, provocou um decréscimo significativo nos níveis de metilação da região 5\' do gene de galectina-3 que por sua vez levou a re-expressão do RNAm e da proteína. O tratamento de Tm1 com os inibidores de histono deacetilases tricostatina A e 4-ácido-fenilbutírico em combinação com 5-Aza-CdR não aumentou os níveis de expressão do gene de galectina-3 e curiosamente, reverteu o efeito induzido por 5-Aza-CdR. Em adição, a expressão da enzima DNMT1 apresentou um discreto aumento nas linhagens Tm1 e Tm5 em relação a melan-a. Em conjunto esses resultados sugerem que mecanismos epigenéticos como a metilação estão envolvidos no controle de expressão do gene de galectina- 3 ao longo da progressão tumoral de melanoma murino. / Galectin-3 is a b-galactoside-binding animal lectin, shown to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Galectin-3 expression has been found altered along tumor progression of different tumors. In some types of cancers such as thyroid carcinoma and bladder carcinoma, galectin-3 expression has been found increased, whereas in tumors such as breast carcinoma and ovary carcinoma the expression of this lectin has been found decreased along tumor progression. In this study, we have used a murine melanoma model to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the loss of galectin-3 gene expression. This model consists of a cell line of immortalized melanocytes (melan-a) and two cell lines of vertical growth phase melanoma (Tm1 and Tm5) established after submitting melan-a cells to several deadhesion cycles. While melan-a expressed high amounts of galectin-3, both Tm1 and Tm5 cells lost galectin-3 gene expression. Analysis of the 5\' upstream region of the galectin-3 gene demonstrated the presence of a high CpG content and several SP1 binding sites. Bisulfite sequencing of this region showed that it was fully methylated in Tm1 and Tm5 cells and unmethylated in melan-a cells. Treatment of Tm1 cells with 5-aza-2\'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, led to a marked decrease in the methylation levels of the 5\' upstream region of the galectin-3 gene, which led to transcription of the galectin-3 gene. Treatment of Tm1 cells with the histone-deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A and 4- acid-phenilbutyrate in combination with 5-Aza-CdR did not increase the levels of galectin-3 gene expression and intriguingly, reverted the effect of 5-Aza-CdR alone. In addition, the expression of DNMT1 showed a modest, but significant increase in Tm1 and Tm5 cells as compared with melan-a cells. Altogether these results indicate that epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation play a role in the regulation of the galectin-3 gene expression along murine melanoma progression.
617

Remodelamento do tumor venéreo transmissível / Remodeling of the canine transmissible venereal tumor during treatment with vincristine sulfate

Valladão, Maria Luiza de Castro Ramos, 1977- 09 February 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Konradin Metze / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T00:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valladao_MariaLuizadeCastroRamos_D.pdf: 10270983 bytes, checksum: 4313e15091d949287ba12830e233437d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O tumor venéreo transmissível canino (TVTC) é transmitido por meio da transplantação de células neoplásicas. O sulfato de vincristina é o agente quimioterápico mais utilizado no tratamento do TVTC. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as alterações morfológicas antes da quimioterapia e após uma semana da aplicação de uma injeção intravenosa de sulfato de vincristina. Neste estudo prospectivo, 100 massas tumorais do TVTC de ocorrência natural foram inclusos. Lâminas citológicas coradas com HE, cortes parafinados corados com tubulina e PCNA, cortes para microscopia eletrônica foram preparados pré e pós tratamento. Realizou-se a contagem da taxa de mitoses, da porcentagem de linfócitos e da marcação do PCNA. Também foi feita a análise de imagem computacional da textura nuclear e a análise sintática estrutural do tecido tumoral. A morfometria demonstrou que, após a terapia, houve a diminuição da área, do perímetro, do diâmetro, da densidade óptica integrada e da tonalidade dos agrupamentos nucleares; enquanto houve aumento do "goodness of fit" da dimensão fractal nuclear. Na análise sintática estrutural, observou-se o aumento da distância entre os núcleos. A contagem de mitoses e o índice PCNA não mostraram diferença entre a primeira e a segunda biópsia. Os agrupamentos citoplasmáticos grandes que foram corados com tubulina diminuíram de tamanho após o tratamento e essa alteração talvez se deva à ruptura induzida pela vincristina nos microtúbulos. Em resumo, a quimioterapia com vincristina promoveu profundas alterações no núcleo, no citoplasma e na reorganização estrutural sintática do tumor / Abstract: The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is transmitted by transplantation of neoplastic cells. Vincristine sulfate is the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of CTVT. The aim of this study was to compare the tumor morphology before chemotherapy and one week after application of a single intravenous injection of vincristine sulphate. In this prospective study 100 animals with spontaneously occuring CTVT were included. HE-stained cytological imprints, paraffin sections stained by tubulin and PCNA and sections for electron microscopy were prepared from the tumor before and after treatment. Mitotic rate, percentage of lymphocytes and PCNA stained tumor cells were counted. Computerized image analysis of the nuclear texture and syntactic structure analysis were applied. After therapy nuclear morphometry showed decreased area, perimeter and diameter values, diminished integrated optical density and cluster shade of nuclear texture, as well as increased values of "goodness of fit" of the fractal dimension. The nuclei were more distant. Mitotic counting and PCNA index did not differ between the first and second biopsy. Cytoplasmic large tubulin clusters diminished their size during treatment. This finding may be due to the vincristine-induced rupture of microtubules. In summary, chemotherapy with vincristine provides profound changes in the nuclear, cytoplasmic and syntactic structural organization of the tumor / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica
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Remodelação cromatínica, anomalias cromossômicas e morte celular em condições de inibição de deacetilases de histonas em células HeLa e 3T3 / Chromatin remodeling, chromosome abnormalities and cell death under histone deacetylase inhibition in HeLa and 3T3 cells

Felisbino, Marina Barreto, 1988- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Luiza Silveira Mello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felisbino_MarinaBarreto_M.pdf: 5744960 bytes, checksum: 792f3ed20bbe7d53c917089733be679f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O ácido valproico (VPA) é um potente anti-convulsante conhecido como inibidor de deacetilases de histonas (HDACi) de classe I em diversos tipos celulares. Buscando conhecer se a estrutura cromatínica se alteraria quando da ação de HDACi, investigamos a supraorganização cromatínica de células tumorais HeLa e de células NIH 3T3, estas últimas caracterizadas por apresentarem áreas de heterocromatina conspícuas, sob tratamento com VPA. Essas informações foram associadas a da atividade enzimática de HDACs assim como do nível de acetilação das histonas H3 nesses modelos celulares tratados por VPA. As frequências de anomalias cromossômicas, morte celular e índices mitóticos também foram investigados. As células tratadas com VPA nas concentrações 0,05, 0,5 e 1,0 mM por 1-24 h foram submetidas à reação de Feulgen e analisadas através de microespectrofotometria de varredura automática e microscopia óptica. Western blots, análises enzimáticas e ensaio TUNEL também foram utilizados neste estudo. Células tratadas com tricostatina A (TSA), uma HDACi de atividade mais ampla do que o VPA, foram utilizadas como controles positivos. Em todas as condições de tratamento com VPA e TSA foi demonstrada descompactação cromatínica acompanhada de diminuição na atividade de HDACs e aumento na acetilação de histona H3. Essa alteração textural cromatínica também atingiu áreas heterocromáticas de células NIH 3T3. Nenhuma alteração nas frequências de anomalias cromossômicas, índices mitóticos e morte celular foi observada nesses modelos celulares nas condições relatadas, embora tenha ocorrido um aumento de fragmentação de DNA em células HeLa tratadas com VPA por 24 h e por TSA a partir de 4 h. Diminuição na proliferação celular nas células HeLa ocorreu apenas sob tratamento com VPA 5,0 mM por 48 h. Os resultados indicam que o VPA e a TSA promovem remodelação cromatínica em células tumorais HeLa e em células fibroblásticas NIH 3T3, que pode ser atribuída à sua ação de HDACi. Não se pôde descartar, porém, que o VPA atue sobre outras proteínas nucleares, cuja expressão poderia se apresentar diminuída sob sua ação / Abstract: Valproic acid (VPA) is a potent anticonvulsant that inhibits class I histone deacetylases (HDACi) in several cell types. Seeking to know whether the chromatin structure would change when the action of HDACi, we investigated whether VPA would affect chromatin supraorganization of tumoral HeLa cells and NIH 3T3 cells, this latter characterized by presenting areas of conspicuos heterochromatin. This information was associated with enzymatic activity of HDACs as well as the level of H3 histone acetylation in these cell models treated with VPA. The frequency of chromosome abnormalities and cell death and mitotic indices were also investigated. VPA-treated cells at concentration 0.05, 0.5 and 1.0 mM for 1-24 h were subjected to the Feulgen reaction and analysed by automatic scanning microspectrophotometry and optical microscopy. Western blots, enzymatic analysis and TUNEL assay were also performed in this study. Trichostatin A (TSA)-treated cells, an HDACi whose activity is broader than VPA, were used as positive control. Chromatin decondensation was demonstrated under all TSA and VPA treatments and was associated with decrease in HDAC activity and with increase in the level of H3 histone acetylation. This chromatin textural change also affected heterochromatic areas of NIH 3T3 cells. No changes in chromosome abnormalities, mitotic indices or morphologically identified cell death were found in both cellular models with the VPA treatment conditions mentioned above, although there was an increase of DNA fragmentation after a 24 h-VPA treatment and a 4 h-TSA treatment in HeLa cells. Decrease in cell proliferation in HeLa cells ocurred only under a 5.0 mM 48 h-VPA treatment. The results indicate that VPA and TSA promote chromatin remodeling in tumoral HeLa cells and fibroblastic NIH 3T3 cells, which may be attrituted to their HDACi action. It may not be discarded, however, that VPA acts on other nuclear proteins whose expression could be reducted under its action / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Étude du rôle des méthyltransférases de la Lysine 20 de l’Histone H4 dans la dynamique de la chromatine au cours du cycle cellulaire / Study of Histone H4 Lysine 20 methyltransferases functions in chromatin dynamics during the cell cycle

Izard, Fanny 21 November 2017 (has links)
Dans les cellules eucaryotes l’organisation de l’ADN en chromatine n’assure pas seulement la compaction de l’ADN dans le noyau mais sert aussi de structure dynamique qui permet la régulation des processus pour lesquels l’ADN est une matrice comme la transcription, la réplication et la réparation de l’ADN. L’unité de base de la chromatine est le nucléosome qui est constitué de 147pb d’ADN qui s’enroule autour d’un octamère d’histones. Le nucléosome possède une structure flexible régulée par les modifications post-traductionnelles d’histones. Les modifications d’histones contribuent à la régulation des fonctions du génome en modérant directement la structure de la chromatine ou bien via le recrutement de protéines spécifiques liant la chromatine. La lysine 20 de l’histone H4 (H4K20) peut être modifiée pour générer 3 niveaux de méthylation : mono- (me1), di- (me2), et tri-méthylation (me3), chaque niveau de méthylation est associé à des fonctions spécifiques. PR-Set7 (aussi appelée Set8, Setd8 ou KMT5A) est l’unique enzyme connue pour catalyser la mono-méthylation H4K20 alors que les niveaux de di- et tri-méthylation sont le résultat de l’activité des enzymes Suv4-20h qui requièrent la mono-méthylation H4K20 induite par PR-Set7 comme substrat. Ces enzymes sont essentielles puisque des études de Knock-Out ont montré que PR-Set7 et les Suv4-20h sont requises pour le développement de la souris et que leur perte dans des modèles cellulaires entraine des dommages ADN et des défauts de cycle cellulaire. Toutefois, les fonctions des différents niveaux de méthylation et des enzymes associées restent peu claires. Le travail réalisé pendant cette thèse a révélé que l’action concertée des enzymes PR-Set7 et Suv4-20h est requise pour le contrôle (i) de l’assemblage de l’hétérochromatine sur l’ADN naissant, (ii) de la liaison du pre-RC sur un groupe d’origines de réplication tardives nécessaires pour la réplication de régions d’hétérochromatine dans le cycle cellulaire suivant. Les deux fonctions dépendent de la conversion de la mono-méthylation H4K20 en tri-méthylation H4K20 et du recrutement spécifique de la protéine liant la méthylation H4K20 ORCA/LRWD1. Ainsi, la déplétion de PR-Set7 par siRNA entraine des défauts de compaction de la chromatine en interphase des cellules qui sortent de mitose, ce qui favorise la fixation non spécifique des sous-unités MCMs et ORCs des complexes pre-RC. Finalement et étant donné le rôle clé de la méthylation H4K20 dans la formation de l’hétérochromatine et la réplication, mon travail de thèse a contribué à révéler que la surexpression de PR-Set7 est un facteur de mauvais pronostic dans le myélome multiple et que l’inhibition de cette enzyme par des composés chimiques pourrait dans le futur avoir un grand intérêt pour le traitement du cancer. / In eukaryotic cells, the organization of DNA into chromatin not only ensures its compaction into nucleus, but also serves as a dynamic structure that offers a range of possibilities for regulating DNA transactions, such as transcription, DNA replication and repair. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is constituted of 147 bp of DNA wrapped with an octamer composed of histone proteins. This nucleosome structure is versatile showing distinct variations, including post-translational modifications of histone proteins. Histone modifications contribute to the regulation of genome functions by altering directly the nucleosome structure or through the recruitment of specific chromatin-binding proteins. In this regard, the lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) can be modified to generate three different methylation states: mono- (me1), di- (me2), and trimethylation (me3), with a unique activity being coupled to the specific extent of methylation on this lysine residue. PR-Set7 (also known as SET8 or SETD8) is the sole enzyme that catalyzes H4K20me1, whereas H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 occur through the action of Suv4-20h, which requires PR-Set7-induced H4K20me1 as a substrate. These enzymes are essential since knockout studies have shown that both PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h are required for mouse development and their loss causes DNA damage and cell cycle defects. However, the functions of different H4K20 methylation states and the associated enzymes still remain poorly understood.The work carried out during this thesis reveals that the concerted activity of PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h is required for the timely control of (i) heterochromatin assembly on nascent DNA and (ii) the licensing of a critical subset of late-firing origins necessary for the replication of heterochromatin regions in the following cell cycle. Both functions depend on the conversion of H4K20me1 to H4K20me3 and the specific recruitment of the H4K20me-binding protein LRWD1/ORCA. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated PR-Set7 depletion triggers a defective interphase chromatin compaction in cells that exit of mitosis, which in turn favor a non-specific chromatin loading of ORC and MCMs subunits of pre-replication complexes. Finally and consistent with a key role of H4K20 methylation in heterochromatin formation and replication, my thesis work contributes to reveal that up-regulation of PR-Set7 is a poor prognosis factor in multiple myeloma and that its inhibition by specific chemical compounds might be a great interest for cancer treatment in near future.
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Le programme spatio-temporel de réplication de l'ADN et son impact sur l'asymétrie de composition : d'une modélisation théorique à l'analyse de données génomiques et épigénétiques / Linking the DNA strand asymmetry to the spatio-temporal replication program : from theory to the analysis of genomic and epigenetic data

Baker, Antoine 08 December 2011 (has links)
Deux processus majeures de la vie cellulaire, la transcription et la réplication, nécessitent l'ouverture de la double hélice d'ADN et agissent différemment sur les deux brins, ce qui génère des taux de mutation différents (asymétrie de mutation), et aboutit à des compositions en nucléotides différentes des deux brins (asymétrie de composition). Nous nous proposons de modéliser le programme spatio-temporel de réplication et son impact sur l'évolution des séquences d'ADN. Dans le génome humain, nous montrons que les asymétries de composition et de mutation peuvent être décomposées en deux contributions, l'une associée à la transcription et l'autre à la réplication. Celle associée à la réplication est proportionnelle à la polarité des fourches de réplication, elle-même proportionnelle à la dérivée du “timing” de réplication. La polarité des fourches de réplication délimite, le long des chromosomes humains, des domaines de réplication longs de plusieurs Mpb où le “timing” de réplication a une forme de U. Ces domaines de réplication sont également observés dans la lignée germinale, où ils sont révélés par une asymétrie de composition en forme de N, indiquant la conservation de ce programme de réplication sur plusieurs centaines de millions d'années. Les bords de ces domaines de réplication sont constituées d'euchromatine, permissive à la transcription et à l'initiation de la réplication. L'analyse de données d'interaction à longue portée de la chromatine suggère que ces domaines correspondent à des unités structurelles de la chromatine, au coeur d'une organisation hautement parallélisée de la réplication dans le génome humain. / Two key cellular processes, namely transcription and replication, require the opening of the DNA double helix and act differently on the two DNA strands, generating different mutational patterns (mutational asymmetry) that may result, after long evolutionary time, in different nucleotide compositions on the two DNA strands (compositional asymmetry). Here, we propose to model the spatio-temporal program of DNA replication and its impact on the DNA sequence evolution. The mutational and compositional asymmetries observed in the human genome are shown to decompose into transcription- and replication-associated components. The replication-associated asymmetry is related to the replication fork polarity, which is also shown to be proportional to the derivative of the mean replication timing. The large-scale variation of the replication fork polarity delineate Mbp scale replication domains where the replication timing is shaped as a U. Such replication domains are also observed in the germline, where they are revealed by a N-shaped compositional asymmetry, which indicates the conservation of this replication program over several hundred million years. The replication domains borders are enriched in open chromatin markers, and correspond to regions permissive to transcription and replication initiation. The analysis of chromatin interaction data suggests that these replication domains correspond to self-interacting chromatin structural units, at the heart of a highly parallelized organization of the replication program in the human genome.

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