Mammalian cell types and tissues have diverse functional roles within an organism but can be derived by the differentiation of the embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs are pluripotent cells with self-renewal properties. During development subsets of genes in ESCs are activated or silenced for manifestation of the cell type specific function. Gene expression changes occur transiently in early developmental stages, through signals received and executed by a variety of transcription factors (TFs), regulatory elements (promoters, enhancers) and epigenetic modifications of chromatin. Post-translational modifications of the histone tails are regulated by chromatin modifiers and transform the chromatin architecture. Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins are the most commonly studied histone modifiers. They were first discovered as repressors (H3K27me3) and activators (H3K4me3) respectively of Homeobox (Hox) genes in Drosophila and they are conserved in mammals. Bivalent chromatin is defined as the simultaneous presence of silencing (H3K27me3) and activating (H3K4me3) histone marks and was first discovered as a feature of many developmental gene promoters of ESCs. Bivalent promoters are thought to be in a ‘poised’ state for later activation or repression during differentiation due to the presence of the two counter-acting histone modifications and a pausing variant of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) accompanied with intermediate-low levels of expression. By integrative analysis of publicly available ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) datasets in murine and human ESCs, we predicted 3,659 and 4,979 high–confidence (HC) bivalent promoters in mouse and human ESCs respectively. Using a peak-based method, we acquire a set of bivalent promoters with high enrichment for developmental regulators. Over 85% of Polycomb targets were bivalent and their expression was particularly sensitive to TF perturbation. Moreover, murine HC bivalent promoters were occupied by both Polycomb repressive component classes (PRC1 and PRC2) and grouped into four distinct clusters with different biological functions. HC bivalent and active promoters were CpG rich while H3K27me3-only promoters lacked CpG islands. Binding enrichment of distinct sets of regulators distinguished bivalent from active promoters and a ‘TCCCC’ sequence motif was specifically enriched in bivalent promoters. Using the recent technology of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) we focused on gene expression heterogeneity and how it may affect the output of differentiation. We collected single cell gene expression profiles for 32 human and 39 murine ESCs and studied the correlation between diverse characteristics such as network connectivity and coefficient of variation (CV) across single cells. We further characterized properties unique to genes with high CV. Highly expressed genes tended to have a low CV and were enriched for cell cycle genes. In contrast, High CV genes were co-expressed with other High CV genes, were enriched for bivalent promoters and showed enrichment for response to DNA damage and DNA repair. Bivalent promoters in ESCs grouped in four distinct classes of variable biological functions according to Polycomb occupancy and three RNAPII variants. To study the dynamics of epigenetic and transcription control at promoters during development, we collected ChIPseq data for two chromatin modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) and RNAPII (8WG16 antibody) as well as expression data (RNA-seq) across 8 cell types (ESCs and seven committed cell types) in mouse. Hierarchical clustering of 22,179 unique gene promoters across cell types, showed that H3K4me3 peaks are in agreement with the expression data while H3K27me3 and RNAPII peaks were not highly consistent with the hierarchical tree of gene expression. Unsupervised clustering of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq profiles has resulted in 31 distinct profiles, which were subsequently narrowed down to nine major profile groups across cell types. TF enrichment at individual clusters using ChIP sequencing data did not fully agree with the classification of 8 major profile groups. Considering all the above results, three major epigenetic profiles (active, bivalent and latent) seem to be conserved across the species and cell types in our study. These states could recapitulate only a fraction of the transcriptional information - adding other chromatin marks could enrich it - since they are seemingly unaffected by their respective expression profiles. H3K27me3 only state has low CpG density and shows stronger signatures at differentiated cell types. Transcriptional control is tighter in active than bivalent promoters and the different occupancy levels of PcG subunits and RNAPII can be reflected at the expression variance of bivalent genes, where a fraction of them are involved in developmental functions while others are more tissue-specific. Last, there is a striking similarity in the pausing patterns of RNAPII in the progenitor cell types, which suggests that RNAPII pausing is correlated with the developmental potential of the cell type. Finally, this analysis will serve as a resource for future studies to further understand transcriptional regulation during development.

Les résultats du criblage siRNA destiné à identifier de nouveaux acteurs de la NER, sont en court d’exploitation mais nous mettons déjà en évidence le rôle de certains gènes impliqués dans la biochimie des ARNm comme ceux empêchant la formation des hybrides ARN/ADN dans l’efficacité de réparation des lésions UV. En étudiant le rôle de la methyltransférase DOT1L, nous avons montré que son absence dans des fibroblastes embryonnaires de souris (MEFDOT1L) conduit à une sensibilité de ces cellules aux irradiations UV alors que la réparation des lésions produites par cette irradiation est intacte. L’absence de DOT1L conduit en réalité à une inhibition de l’initiation de la transcription des gènes après irradiation. Au niveau mécanistique, des expériences de STRIP-FRAP ont établit que DOT1L assurait l’association de l'ARN polymérase II à la chromatine après irradiation UV. Dans une analyse plus détaillée, nous avons montré que DOT1L favorisait la formation du complexe de pré-initiation au niveau du promoteur des gènes de ménage ainsi que l'apparition de marques d’euchromatine transcriptionnellement actives. Bien que l'expression des gène de ménage soit inhibée, une analyse transcriptomique montre que les gènes pro-apoptotiques sont fortement transactivés chez les MEFDOT1L après irradiation. Le traitement à la trichostatine A, qui relaxe la chromatine, diminue la transactivation des gènes apoptotiques et restore l’initiation de la transcription et la survie aux UV. Sur la base de ces données, nous proposons que DOT1L garde structure de la chromatine ouverte après UV. / As a result of siRNA screening we identified new players at the interface between NER machinery and chromatin. Despite it is ongoing study we already highlighted that certain genes which are involved in the biochemistry of mRNA such as splicing and preventing the formation of RNA:DNA hybrids are important for efficient repair of UV damage. Studying the role of histone H3 lysine 79 methyltransferase DOT1L, we have shown that its absence in mouse embryonic fibroblasts leads to high sensitivity of these cells to UV irradiation while the repair of lesions produced by UV irradiation remains intact. The absence of DOT1L leads to an inhibition of the initiation of gene transcription after UV irradiation. At the mechanistic level, STRIP-FRAP experiments have established that DOT1L assured the association of RNA polymerase II to the chromatin after UV irradiation. In a more detailed analysis, we show that DOT1L favors the formation of pre-initiation complex at the promoter of housekeeping genes as well as the appearance of marks of the transcriptionally active euchromatin. Although the expression of the housekeeping gene is inhibited, a transcriptomic analysis shows that the proapoptotic genes are highly transactivated in DOT1L depleted cells after UV irradiation. Treatment with trichostatin A, which relaxes the chromatin, lowers the transactivation of proapoptotic genes and restores the transcription initiation as well as cell survival after UV. On the basis of these data, we propose that DOT1L keeps the opened chromatin structure after UV irradiation.

Afin d’initier la transcription par l’ARN Polymérase II, la chromatine est modifiée par des coactivateurs, dont certains catalysent des modifications post-traductionnelles des queues des histones. La protéine GCN5 est une enzyme qui possède une activité histone acétyltransférase (HAT). Elle fait partie du complexe coactivateur SAGA, qui acétyle les histones H3. Or, il existe un second complexe HAT contenant GCN5 : le complexe ATAC, mis en évidence chez la drosophile. Chez l’homme en revanche, l’existence d’un tel complexe n’avait pas encore été démontrée au début de ma thèse.L’objectif de ma thèse a consisté tout d’abord en la purification et la caractérisation du complexe HAT ATAC chez l’homme. Puis, j’ai cherché à comprendre le fonctionnement et la spécificité d’action du complexe ATAC, par rapport au complexe SAGA.Dans une première partie, j’ai ainsi pu montrer que GCN5 fait partie d’un second complexe chez l’homme, le complexe ATAC. La composition en sous-unités du complexe ATAC a été déterminée et l’activité de ce dernier sur les histones étudiée. Nous avons pu démontrer que, comme hSAGA, hATAC acétyle les histones in vitro et in vivo, et préférentiellement la lysine 14 de l’histone H3. Chez les vertébrés, un paralogue de GCN5, PCAF peut se substituer à GCN5 dans les complexes ATAC ou SAGA.Par la suite, j’ai poursuivi la caractérisation de ces complexes HAT afin de comprendre le rôle des enzymes au sein des complexes et leurs fonctions. Pour cela, j’ai voulu comprendre le rôle des sous-unités, comment elles influencent l’activité de l’enzyme, et ainsi identifier les protéines qui permettent la spécificité de hATAC par rapport à hSAGA. / In order to initiate the transcription by the RNA polymerase II, chromatin needs to be modified by coactivators. Some of these coactivators are histone post-translational modifying complexes. GCN5 is a histone acetyltransferase enzyme (HAT), which can acetylate the histones. This enzyme is found in a multiproteic complex named SAGA. Recently, a second HAT complex containing GCN5 was discovered: ATAC, in drosophila. At the beginning of my thesis, the existence of such complex in human was not shown.My thesis objectives were then to identify and characterize an ATAC complex in human cells. In a first part, we purified and identified the composition in subunits of human ATAC. Then we studied the activity and specificity of ATAC on histone substrates, compared to SAGA. Next, we were wondering how the subunits of the two HAT complexes could play a role on the regulation of the activity of the enzyme GCN5, in order to understand the histone specificity of ATAC and SAGA.

Mismatch repair corrects errors made during DNA replication and inactive mismatch repair is associated with Lynch Syndrome and sporadic cancer. Genome replication in eukaryotes is accompanied by chromatin formation. The first step in chromatin establishment is nucleosome assembly, that starts with histone tetramer deposition. It is not clear how three important cellular processes: genome replication, mismatch repair and nucleosome assembly are coordinated. Here we analyzed human mismatch repair in the presence of histone deposition in a reconstituted system. We showed that mismatch repair factor inhibits nucleosome assembly on the DNA region with the replicative error. Such a mechanism is important, since in this way DNA with errors remains accessible for mismatch repair system to perform the repair. The DNA synthesis step in mismatch repair is performed by DNA polymerase. Eukaryotes possess two major replicative DNA Polymerases: DNA Polymerase delta and DNA Polymerase epsilon. DNA polymerase delta is involved in mismatch repair. However, it was unknown whether DNA polymerase epsilon can also work in mismatch repair. Here we analyzed human mismatch repair with DNA Polymerase delta and DNA Polymerase epsilon in the environment of histone deposition. Our results indicated that repair activity with both polymerases was activated by histone deposition. Here it was first shown that human DNA Polymerase epsilon performs DNA synthesis during mismatch repair in vitro. Importantly, recent studies have revealed association of Polymerase epsilon mutations with cancer. Since our data showed activity of DNA Polymerase epsilon in mismatch repair, a possible tumor development mechanism may involve inactivation of mismatch repair due to Polymerase epsilon mutations. Overall, our study expanded the understanding of the mechanism of human mismatch repair in the chromatin environment.

ATP dependent chromatin remodelers use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move, disassemble or alter the composition of nucleosomes. Though all remodelers share a conserved ATP hydrolysis and DNA translocase domain, their biochemical actions and in-vivo characteristics differ because of their subunits and accessory domains in the catalytic subunit that regulate its activity. Understanding how these domains contribute to remodeler regulation in terms of substrate interaction and regulation of the catalytic subunit is therefore important to understanding what causes a remodeler to behave differently, and what are the mechanistic underpinnings of such behavior. In this study we have addressed these questions using the SWI/SNF remodeler from budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to explore how different remodelers compare to SWI/SNF in terms of nucleosome interaction. Using a chemical based histone – remodeler photo-crosslinking and labeling approach, we show that different remodelers contact nucleosomes in patterns unique to their functions, and even remodelers that belong to the same family interact with nucleosomes in a unique manner to accomplish their respective remodeling results. In addition we delineate the functions of the AT hook motifs in the catalytic subunit of SWI/SNF using in-vitro and in-vivo techniques. We demonstrate the necessity of the regulatory action of the motif in the context of SWI/SNF remodeling due to its requirement for efficient ATP hydrolysis by the catalytic domain and therefore efficient remodeling. We also demonstrate for the first time that SWI/SNF in yeast is involved in transcriptional repression with evidence that the AT hook alters SWI/SNF activity at particular genomic regions. Regulation of SWI/SNF activity is an increasingly important topic of study, with mutations that cause SWI/SNF dysfunction being implicated in a large number of cancers and neurological diseases. We attempt to find out the biochemical implications of mutations in the catalytic, SnAC and AT hook motifs with respect to SWI/SNF activity. Taken together, this study provides an insight into some of the different mechanisms in which remodelers are regulated using budding yeast as a model system.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_fc_me_sjrp.pdf: 4129284 bytes, checksum: 6fbd44eda2ee6b9b62753d8e00cd09a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Heteroptera é uma Subordem da Ordem Hemiptera, que possui cerca de 40 mil espécies distribuídas em oitenta famílias, dentre elas está a família Pentatomidae que se destaca por ser uma das maiores famílias com cerca de 4.100 espécies, representando, aproximadamente, 11% do total de espécies de Heteroptera. As espécies de Pentatomidae Chinavia impicticornis, Edessa meditabunda, E. collaris e Thyanta perditor foram estudadas nesse trabalho devido ao sua importância econômica, tendo em vista que são espécies fitófagas que causam grandes perdas em diversas culturas. Os machos das espécies foram coletados na região de São José do Rio Preto, os testículos foram fixados e posteriormente processados para analise em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, os blocos obtidos foram trimados, cortados, contrastados e analisados com microscópio eletrônico de transmissão Leo – Zeiss, do Centro de Microscopia e Microanálise (IBILCE-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP) e com o microscópio eletrônico de transmissão Jeol JEM - 100 CXII da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). As eletromicrografias das espécies estudadas apresentaram características ultraestruturais semelhantes às encontradas para diversos indivíduos de diferentes ordens, dentre essas características estão a formação do acrossomo, a partir de uma grande vesícula secretada pelo complexo de Golgi e que se localiza na região apical/lateral do núcleo. O núcleo, também, sofre transformações semelhantes às relatadas para grande parte dos insetos passando de um estado grande e esférico com a cromatina dispersa para um estado pequeno e fusiforme e com a cromatina extremamente condensada. Outra estrutura observada foi o adjunto do centríolo que se mostrou uma estrutura eletrondensa na região basal do núcleo. Também foi observada a migração das mitocôndrias para um polo celular e sua posterior fusão formando o complexo mitocondrial ou “Nebenkern”, que, posteriormente, se divide formando os dois derivados mitocondriais simétricos, com a presença de estruturas paracristalinas em seu interior. O padrão de microtúbulos encontrado no axonema, para todas as espécies, foi de 9+9+2, típico de insetos, sendo formado entre os derivados mitocondriais e acompanhado por estes ao longo de quase toda sua extensão. Morfologicamente, os derivados mitocondriais são diferentes entre C. impicticornis, E. meditabunda, E. collaris e T. perditor onde foi possível notar que os derivados de C. impicticornis se apresentaram grandes e arredondados, E. meditabunda pequenos e arredondados, E. collaris alongados e com extremidades arredondadas e T. perditor pequenos com uma extremidade arredondada e a outra angular podendo estas diferenças morfológicas serem características interessantes para futuros estudos filogenéticos ou sistemáticos para o grupo. Portanto, podemos concluir que a maioria das características analisadas é semelhante entre os insetos, com exceção da morfologia dos derivados mitocondriais que são diferentes, até mesmo, entre as espécies da família Pentatomidae. / Heteroptera is a suborder of the Hemiptera order, which has approximately 40,000 species distributed in eighty families, among them is the Pentatomidae family that stands out for being one of the largest families with approximately 4,100, representing approximately 11% of the total species of Heteroptera. The species of Pentatomidae Chinavia impicticornis, Edessa meditabunda, E. collaris and Thyanta perditor were studied in this work because of their economic importance, given that they are phytophagous species that cause great losses in several crops. Males of the species were collected in the region of São José do Rio Preto, the testes were fixed and then processed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy, the obtained blocks were trimmed, cut, contrasted and analyzed with transmission electron microscope Leo - Zeiss, of the Centro de Microscopia e Microanálise (IBILCE-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP) and the transmission electron microscope Jeol JEM - 100 CXII of Faculdade de Medicina of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). The species have similar ultrastructural characteristics to those found in many individuals of different orders, among these features is the acrosome formation from a large vesicle secreted by Golgi apparatus and located in the apical/lateral area of the nucleus. The nucleus also undergoes changes similar to those reported for most insects, passing of a great and spherical state with chromatin dispersed to a small and fusiform state and highly condensed chromatin. Another structure was observed the centriolar adjunct that showed electrodense structure in the basal region of the nucleus. We also observe the migration of mitochondria for the cell and its subsequent fusion was observed forming the mitochondrial complex or “Nebenkern”, which later splits to form two symmetrical mitochondrial derivatives, with the presence of paracrystalline structures inside. The pattern of microtubules found on the axonema, for all species was 9+9+2, typical of insects, being formed between the mitochondrial derivatives and accompanied by such over almost its entire length. Morphologically, the mitochondrial derivatives are different between C. impicticornis, E. meditabunda, E. collaris and T. perditor where it was possible to note that C. impicticornis derivatives showed large and rounded, E. meditabunda small and rounded, E. collaris elongated and rounded ends and T. perditor smaller with one rounded end and the other angled being able these morphological differences are interesting features for future phylogenetic or systematic studies for the group. Therefore, we can conclude that the analyzed characteristics are most similar among the insects, with the exception of the morphology of the mitochondrial derivatives which are different even among the species of the Pentatomidae family.

No description available.

L'interférence à l'ARN (RNAi) est un mécanisme cellulaire connu pour inhiber l'expression de gènes avec une grande spécificité de séquence. Chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe, ce processus induit des modifications de structure de la chromatine et implique une interaction entre un ARN naissant et un petit ARN associé au complexe du RNAi, RITS (RNA-induced Initiation of Transcriptional gene Silencing). RITS cible les régions répétées et non codantes et joue un rôle essentiel dans l'intégrité de l'hétérochromatine de ces sites génomiques. Une étude a mis en évidence la présence de la sous-unité Argonaute 1 du complexe RITS, ainsi qu'une marque de l'hétérochromatine, la méthylation de la lysine 9 de l'histone H3 (H3K9me), au niveau de la chromatine de deux gènes méiotiques, mei4 et ssm4. Ceci suggérait une nouvelle fonction du RNAi dans la différenciation sexuelle. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai montré que la protéine de liaison à l'ARN Mmi1 (Meiotic mRNA interception protein 1), permet à RITS de s'associer spécifiquement à la chromatine et à l'ARN messager de ces gènes méiotiques. La protéine Mmi1 orchestre une répression post-transcriptionnelle de gènes méiotiques spécifiques, une activité de « silencing » essentielle au contrôle de la différenciation sexuelle. Nous avons mené une analyse de l'ensemble du transcriptome dans une souche déficiente pour Mmi1, ce qui nous a conduits à l'identification de nouveaux ARNm méiotiques ciblés directement par Mmi1 et le RNAi. Curieusement, la chromatine des gènes méiotiques correspondants ne présente pas systématiquement la marque épigénétique répressive H3K9me, ce qui suggère que le RNAi pourrait réprimer certains gènes codants seulement au niveau post-transcriptionnel. En parallèle, en combinant des techniques de génétique, de biologie moléculaire et de physiologie cellulaire, nous mettons en évidence un probable rôle direct du RNAi dans l'inhibition de la différenciation sexuelle. Nous proposons que le RNAi pourrait coopérer avec Mmi1 pour bloquer de manière efficace une partie du programme transcriptionnel méiotique durant le cycle végétatif. Cette régulation serait essentielle pour l'activation appropriée de ce programme au cours de la progression de la différenciation sexuelle. / RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular process known for inhibiting gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, this process induces modifications in chromatin structure and is assumed to involve an interaction between nascent transcripts and a small RNA contained in the RNAi complex, RITS (RNA-induced Initiation of Transcriptional gene Silencing). RITS targets repeated and non-coding regions, and is essential for heterochromatin integrity at these genomic sites. In one study, RITS complex subunit Argonaute 1, and a heterochromatin mark, methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me), were detected on chromatin of two meiotic genes, mei4 and ssm4. This finding suggested a possible new function for RNAi in sexual differentiation. During my PhD studies, I found that a RNA-binding protein, Mmi1 (Meiotic mRNA interception protein 1), enables RITS to specifically associate with the chromatin and messenger RNAs of these meiotic genes. Mmi1 protein triggers a post-transcriptional repression of specific meiotic genes, a silencing activity essential for the control of sexual differentiation. We conducted a genome wide transcriptomic analysis from a mmi1Δ strain, and uncovered additional meiotic mRNAs that are directly targeted by both Mmi1 and RNAi. Intriguingly, chromatin of the corresponding meiotic genes does not necessarily display the repressive epigenetic mark H3K9me, suggesting that RNAi might silence some protein-coding genes only at a post-transcriptional level. In parallel, combining genetic, molecular biology and physiological techniques, we highlighted a potentially direct role for RNAi in the inhibition of sexual differentiation. We propose that RNAi cooperates with Mmi1 to efficiently block expression of the early meiotic transcriptional programme during vegetative growth. This regulation might be essential for the proper timing of activation of this programme during sexual differentiation progression.

BRDT et la réorganisation de la chromatine au cours de la spermatogénèsePendant la spermiogenèse, phase haploïde de la gamétogenèse mâle, le génome mâle subit une réorganisation majeure, durant laquelle la plupart des histones sont enlevées et remplacées par les protéines de transition (TP) et les protamines. Ce processus conduit à la compaction extrême du génome mâle au sein du noyau du spermatozoïde.Dans les spermatides allongées, les histones sont hyperacetylées juste avant leur éviction. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que cette acétylation massive des histones pourrait être un signal pour l'enlèvement des histones et le recrutement de la machinerie de remodelage de la chromatine. BRDT est une protéine spécifique du testicule, appartenant à la famille BET, qui possède deux bromodomaines capables de reconnaitre les histones acétylées et qui a la capacité unique de compacter la chromatine hyperacétylée (Pivot-Pajot et al., 2003). Le premier bromodomaine de BRDT apparait crucial pour ces fonctions (Morinière et al., 2009). Les souris porteuses d'une délétion du premier bromodomaine de BRDT, BD1, présentent une stérilité des mâles associée à des anomalies survenant lors de la spermiogenèse (Shang et al, 2007). Nous avons pu caractériser la fonction physiologique du premier bromodomaine de BRDT et montrer son rôle crucial dans le remplacement des histones hyperacétylées par les TP et les protamines au cours de la spermiogenèse.Afin d'explorer les fonctions potentielles des autres domaines de BRDT, nous avons étudié des souris ayant une invalidation génétique complète de Brdt. Cette perte de BRDT engendre aussi une stérilité mâle, mais le phénotype montre une absence totale de cellules post-méiotiques. Enfin, un troisième modèle de souris a été obtenu suite à notre tentative de produire des souris porteuses d'une version tagguée de la protéine. L'exploration de ces modèles a permis de démontrer un rôle de BRDT, indépendant de la présence de BD1, dans la régulation du programme d'expression des gènes lors de l'entrée en méiose.BRDT possède à la fois une fonction méiotique et post-méiotique avec l'implication de différents domaines protéiques. / Involvement of BRDT in chromatin reorganization during spermatogenesisDuring spermiogenesis, the haploid phase of male gametogenesis, the male genome undergoes a major chromatin reorganization, during which most histones are removed and replaced by transition proteins (TP) and protamines. This process led to the extreme compaction of the genome in the male sperm nucleus.In elongating spermatids, histones are hyperacetylated just before their eviction. We have hypothesized that acetylation of histones mass could be a signal for the removal of histones and recruitment of chromatin remodeling machinery. BRDT is a testis-specific protein, xhich belongs to the BET family, which has two bromodomains able to recognize acetylated histones and has the unique ability to compact hyperacetylated chromatin (Pivot-Pajot et al., 2003). The first of bromodomain BRDT appears crucial for these functions (Morinière et al., 2009). Mice carrying a deletion of the first bromodomaine BRDT, BD1, exhibit male sterility associated with abnormalities occurring during spermiogenesis (Shang et al, 2007). We were able to characterize the physiological function of the first bromodomaine BRDT and demonstrate its crucial role in the replacement of hyperacetylated histones by TP and protamines during spermiogenesis.To explore the potential functions of other domains of the BRDT protein, we have studied mice with invalidation of the Brdt gene. This loss of BRDT also produces male sterility, but the phenotype shows a complete lack of post-meiotic cells. A third mouse model was obtained following our attempt to produce mice with a version of taggued protein. The exploration of these models has demonstrated a role of BRDT, independent of the presence of BD1, in regulating the program of gene expression during entry into meiosis.BRDT has both functions in meiotic and post-meiotic meiotic with the involvement of different protein domains.

Les protéines du groupe Polycomb (PcG) sont évolutivement conservées et sont des régulateurs chromatiniens responsables du maintien de la répression transcriptionnelle des gènes homéotiques (HOX) au cours du développement. Elles assurent ainsi une mémoire cellulaire. Cependant, ces protéines peuvent aussi cibler des gènes contrôlant le cycle cellulaire et la détermination du destin cellulaire. Au laboratoire, il a été montré que dans le disque imaginal d'œil de drosophile, plusieurs gènes de la voie de signalisation Notch sont réprimés par les protéines du PcG. La perte de fonction de ces dernières résulte en l'activation ectopique de Notch et en la formation de tumeurs néoplasiques. De manière intéressante, Notch n'est pas une cible des protéines du PcG dans les embryons. Ceci suggère qu'au cours du développement, les protéines du PcG pourraient être impliquées dans un contrôle dynamique de l'expression génique.L'objectif de ma thèse a été d'étudier le ciblage dynamique des protéines du PcG au cours du développement et de la différentiation tissulaire. Pour cela, j'ai effectué des expériences de ChIP dirigées contre des protéines du complexe PRC1 et pour la marque répressive H3K27me3 (typique du complexe PRC2) à partir de tissus larvaires : les disques imaginaux d'œil et d'aile. En comparant ces données aux données embryonnaires, nous avons découvert un néo-recrutement du système Polycomb spécifique du stade larvaire. Etonnamment, il existe plusieurs catégories de gènes cibles qui se distinguent sur la base de leurs profils de ChIP, ce qui suggère de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation par les protéines du PcG. En effet, certains gènes sont fixés uniquement par les protéines du PRC1 en l'absence de la marque H3K27me3 et inversement. Les 2 complexes PRCs pourraient donc agir indépendamment dans la régulation de l'expression génique. / Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are an evolutionarily conserved set of chromatin regulators implicated in stable long-term homeotic gene silencing. PcG proteins additionally bind and regulate genes implicated in cell cycle control or cellular fate determination, suggesting that PcG proteins can be involved in more dynamic regulation of target genes. Recent studies in Drosophila eye imaginal discs showed that PcG proteins can control cellular proliferation by repression of signalling genes, and that abrogation of this process promotes tumours. Interestingly, one of the regulated genes was not found to be a PcG target in embryonic tissues, suggesting that PcG-mediated gene regulation is dynamic throughout development. To gain a comprehensive view of the targeting of PcG proteins throughout development and to understand its role during tissue differentiation, we performed ChIP experiments in eye and wing imaginal discs for components of the PcG complex, PRC1, and the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 (deposited by the PcG complex, PRC2). Compared to embryo datasets, we find many novel PcG target genes, several with tissue-specific recruitment in eye or wing discs. Furthermore, we report new classes of PcG target genes based on their ChIP profiles, which may have implications for their modes of regulation. For example, some genes are bound only by PRC1 components (Pc, Ph), without the presence of H3K27me3, or vice versa, indicating that these complexes may play more independent roles in gene regulation than previously appreciated.