Content: Chrome tanning is the commonest tanning agent in leather manufacture, and the discard of chrome tanned leather goods inevitably leads to chrome discharge that might have potential environmental risks. In this study, the kinetic behaviors of the release of chrome and organics were investigated by ICP-OES and TOC analyzers respectively. Deionized water was used as medium, and leaching tests were proceed at solid liquid ratio 1:20 as well as rotational speed 60 r/min to simulate the release of chrome tanned leather under natural conditions. The effect of temperature on the behavior kinetics was further explored. The results showed that the release of chrome and organics could be well fitted by the second-order kinetic equation, and the rate constant for the release process indicated the release of organics was faster than chrome. Then Tenax model was used to illustrate the release kinetics experiments of chrome to obtain the three release compartments (fast, slow and very slow). The results could provide the theoretical parameters for the assessment of risks of chrome-tanned leather. Take-Away: The second-order kinetic equation could describe the release of chrome and organics from chrome tanned leather under natural environment. The activation energy of the release of chrome and organics from leather could be obtained. The fast, slow and very slow compartments of chrome release could be obtained.

Content: A combination of processing techniques and speciality chemicals has been developed to target environmental issues and legislation in the European leather industry, especially for automotive upholstery leather. This process combines new techniques in the beamhouse process through to the tanning process. Initial work on several different individual concepts showed some excellent improvements, but when these concepts have been brought together to form a single strategic process the advantages and improvements have exceeded expectations. The process demonstrates a reduction in the use of salt, formic acid and sulphuric acid. After more than two years of trials from small scale to full production in an automotive leather production environment, we are able to present independently test results showing the benefits of following this system. Briefly these include Improvement in tear and tensile strength results. Improved clarification with less suspended solids in the supernatant. Reduced COD in the supernatant and higher biodegradability COD/BOD. Less TDS in the supernatant. Chloride content reduction in the supernatant Sludge generation reduction. Less organic residues derived from the hide. Take-Away: A simple technique and small modifications to existing processing methods will reduce dramatically the environmental effects of wet white / chrome free tanning. This process can be used in any country in the world and answers many questions regarding reducing salt, BOD, COD, TDS etc.

Content: Leather and leather products are known for its durability and luxuries which makes it more unique among the other synthetic materials. Breathability and visco-elastic properties make leather unique choice of biomaterial. Utilization of leathers in marine based applications is limited owing to reactivity of leather towards salt and weather conditions. Moreover, the choice of raw materials and chemicals used during leather manufacture has greatly influence the properties of the leather. An attempt has been made to understand the influence of sea conditions on leathers. Conventional chrome tanned and vegetable tanned leathers were incubated in sea water and subsequently processed into post tanning to evaluate the physical properties. To understand, the leaching of chemicals, dyed leathers are incubated at different humidity and saline conditions. Interestingly, chrome tanned leathers found to be friendlier to marine conditions whereas, vegetable tanned leathers lead to leaching of chemicals. Furthermore, leaching of chromium is negligible, and crust leathers resulted in soft leathers. Prolonged exposure of chrome tanned leathers under salt stress leads to more softness. This might be due to saline stress to the skin matrix. Moreover, the computability of conventional leather chemicals were also tested using sea water. The research provides a new insight on fine tuning the chemicals to suit marine based applications. Take-Away: A new insight on fine tuning the chemicals to suit marine based applications.

Content: The triazine-based coupling reagent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) is a promptly water-soluble white solid commonly used in chemical synthesis, which is proven to act as effective tanning agent. This research work provides an experimental evidence that the tanning ability of DMTMM is associated to an increase of the cross-linking density in the collagen molecule. As a result of the coupling reaction, DMTMM is converted into water-soluble by-products that can be removed by washing. Take-Away: chrome free tanning, reaction mechanism

I Lgr 11 påpekas vikten av att alla elever får lära sig att använda digital teknik som en del av undervisningen. Jag använder mig av begreppet digitala hjälpmedel som ett paraplybegrepp som refererar till alla olika program, verktyg eller apparater som är digitala och används i skolundervisning. I denna text ligger fokus på de digitala hjälpmedlens plats inom svenskämnets läsundervisning i årskurs 7–9. Målet är att ta reda på hur svensklärare använder digitala hjälpmedel i sin läsundervisning och vilka faktorer de uppfattar påverkar den användningen. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med hjälp av online-enkäter som skickades till 15 svensklärare som arbetade i årskurs 7–9. Åtta enkätsvar mottogs. De åtta svensklärarna uppgav att de använder digitala hjälpmedel inom svenskämnets läsundervisning i årskurs 7–9 för att låta eleverna se på film, läsa och förstå text, föra läslogg och lyssna på text. De åtta svensklärarna uppgav vidare att de uppfattar att deras användning av digitala hjälpmedel i läsundervisning i årskurs 7–9 påverkas av eleverna, tillgänglighet, undervisning och bedömning.

L’ablation laser est une technique éprouvée pour la fabrication de nanoparticules qui possèdent la composition et les propriétés du matériel original. La plupart des expériences sont réalisées en focalisant des impulsions laser UV à la surface d’une cible monoatomique, soit un métal ou un semi-conducteur. La technique présentée se concentre plutôt sur l’utilisation d’un laser femtoseconde pour faire l’ablation de saphir dopé au titane, Ti3+: Al2O3 ou Ti: saphir. Le Ti: saphir est employé comme milieu de gain dans plusieurs oscillateurs ou amplificateurs laser et possède comme avantage la production d’impulsion ultrabrèves dans l’infrarouge proche. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, la production de nanoparticules de Ti: saphir par ablation laser est réalisée à l’aide de deux méthodes différentes, la première étant l’ablation dans une enceinte à pression fixe et la deuxième par ablation et transport à l’aide d’un gaz dans une zone à haute température puis par récupération des particules par impact. Des observations au MEB et au MET permettent d’affirmer que les particules et agrégats de particules produits ont une taille qui varie entre 5 et 200 nm, avec quelques particules de plus grande taille. Les particules produites à pression fixe semblent amorphes et possèdent un spectre de fluorescence décalé vers le bleu, tandis que les particules transportées dans la zone à haute température semblent mieux cristallisées et possèdent un spectre qui se rapproche davantage de celui du matériel original. Des expériences de production de nanoparticules de rubis (Cr3+: Al2O3) ont également été réalisées à l’aide de la méthode de combustion de nitrates. Cette méthode a permis de produire facilement de grandes quantités de particules significativement agglomérées avec une fluorescence très forte. / Pulsed laser ablation is a well-known technique for the production of nanoparticles that possess the same composition and properties as of the original material. Most of the experiments are done by focusing UV laser pulses on the surface of a monoatomic metallic or semiconductor targets. The technique presented in this work focuses on the use of femtosecond laser pulses to initiate the ablation of titanium doped sapphire, Ti3+: Al2O3 or Ti:sapphire. Ti:sapphire is a well-known laser gain medium, commonly used in femtosecond oscillators or amplificators. In the course of this thesis, pulsed laser ablation of Ti: sapphire and nanoparticle production were made possible by the use of two different methods. The first experiments took place in a vacuum chamber under constant pressure. The second setup used a flow of low pressure helium gas to transport the particles in a high temperature environment before they were collected. SEM and TEM observations lead to the conclusion that the produced particles and particle agglomerates were between 5 and 200 nm in diameter, with a few larger particles. Particles produced in a fixed pressure seem amorphous and their fluorescence spectra are generally blue-shifted. Particles that were passed in the high temperature volume seem to have undergone better crystallization and their spectra are closer to the spectrum of bulk Ti: sapphire. Cr3+: Al2O3 (ruby) nanoparticles were also produced with the low temperature nitrate combustion synthesis method. These experiments produced large quantities of highly agglomerated nanoparticles with very strong fluorescent properties. The fluorescent properties are similar of those of bulk ruby.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

One of the problems of semantic web is automated getting annotated data - web pages. Therefore this work is engaged in manual annotation of web pages and try to simplify this process for users using proposed methods. First part contains analysis of annotated data, users and vocabularies used for annotation. Afterwards are proposed methods which simplify annotation creation for users, the possibility of usage similar annotations or possibility highlight interesting parts of web page suitable for annotation. The work includes proposal of annotation tool user interface also that verifies proposed methods in practice. On the basis of this proposal was created a prototype implementation of the annotation tool Semantic Annotator as an extension for Google Chrome browser, which was also used for experiment verifying user-friendliness especially.

No description available.

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is an orthopaedic procedure that is performed to reduce pain and restore the functionality of hip joints that are affected by degenerative diseases. The outcomes of THA are generally good. However, the stress shielding of the periprosthetic femur is a factor that can contribute towards the premature loosening of the femoral stem. In order to improve the stress shielding characteristics of metallic femoral stems, stiffness configurations that offer more flexibility should be considered. This research has investigated the potential of more flexible and lightweight cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) femoral stems that can be manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Square pore cellular structures with compressive properties that are similar to human bone have been presented and incorporated into femoral stems by utilising fully porous and functionally graded designs. A three dimensional finite element model has been developed to investigate and compare the load transfer to the periprosthetic femur when implanted with femoral stems offering different stiffness configurations. It was shown that the load transfer was improved when the properties of the square pore cellular structures were incorporated into the femoral stem designs. Factors affecting the manufacturability and production of laser melted femoral stems have been investigated. A femoral stem design has been proposed for cemented or cementless fixation. Physical testing has shown that a functionally graded stem can be repeatedly manufactured using SLM, which was 48% lighter and 60% more flexible than a traditional CoCrMo prosthesis. The research presented in this thesis has provided an early indication of utilising SLM to manufacture lightweight CoCrMo femoral stems with levels of flexibility that have the potential to reduce stress shielding in the periprosthetic femur.