Les tumeurs corticosurrénaliennes unilatérales sont fréquentes (prévalence de 2 à 9% de la population). Il s’agit le plus souvent d’adénomes. Le cancer de la corticosurrénale, ou corticosurrénalome, a un pronostic sombre, la survie ne dépassant pas 40 % à cinq ans. Le diagnostic de malignité de ces tumeurs, actuellement basé sur l’histologie, peut être difficile. Le pronostic des corticosurrénalomes est hétérogène et peu prévisible. Enfin, la prise en charge thérapeutique est encore limitée. Ces difficultés diagnostiques, pronostiques et thérapeutiques s’expliquent entre autres par la connaissance limitée de la physiopathologie de ce cancer. Le génome a un rôle central dans le développement des cancers en général. La survenue d’altérations génomiques (mutations, anomalies de nombre de copies, pertes d’hétérozygotie, translocations, anomalies de méthylation) va aboutir à la surexpression d’oncogènes et à la répression de gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs. La génomique, en ouvrant la voie à la caractérisation moléculaire à l’échelle du génome entier des tumeurs, est devenue incontournable pour étudier la physiopathologie des cancers. Les études de transcriptome des tumeurs corticosurrénaliennes ont montré que le profil d’expression génique discrimine adénomes et corticosurrénalomes, et identifie deux groupes distincts de corticosurrénalomes avec des pronostics différents. Dans le sillage de ces travaux précédemment réalisés par l’équipe, je me suis intéressée pendant ma thèse aux anomalies de nombres de copies d'ADN et aux anomalies de méthylation des corticosurrénalomes. Dans une première partie j’ai étudié le génome de 38 adénomes et 21 corticosurrénalomes par puce d’hybridation génomique comparative (puces CGH). Le transcriptome de 54 de ces tumeurs était déjà disponible. Le génome des corticosurrénalomes est très altéré contrairement à celui des adénomes (44% du génome est perdu ou gagné, versus 10% pour les adénomes, p=2.10-10). Dans les adénomes, la région 9q34 (locus de SF-1) est fréquemment gagnée et ce gain est associé à une surexpression de SF-1. Pour les corticosurrénalomes, les évènements récurrents concernent les gains des chromosomes 5, 7, 12, 16, 19, 20 et les pertes des chromosomes 13 et 22. Les gènes situés dans les régions minimales communes gagnées ou perdues ont été filtrés en fonction de leur expression. La liste des gènes à la fois gagnés et surexprimés inclut des oncogènes comme FGFR4, CDK4, CCNE1 ; et la liste des gènes avec perte de matériel et sous-expression inclut des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs (LATS2, ST13). Un outil diagnostique basé sur la mesure en PCR quantitative de 6 loci permet de séparer les corticosurrénalomes des adénomes dans une cohorte de validation indépendante de 79 tumeurs, avec une sensibilité de 100% et une spécificité de 83%. Le nombre d’altérations chromosomiques n’a pas de valeur pronostique, mais une technique de classification hiérarchique non supervisée permet de séparer les corticosurrénalomes en deux groupes de pronostic différent, et a été validée sur une cohorte indépendante de 25 tumeurs. Dans une deuxième partie, j’ai étudié les anomalies de méthylation des promoteurs des gènes de 51 corticosurrénalomes et 81 adénomes par puce Infinium HumanMethylation27 (Illumina). Les données d’expression étaient disponibles pour 87 tumeurs. Les corticosurrénalomes sont globalement hyperméthylés par rapport aux adénomes. La classification hiérarchique non supervisée sépare les corticosurrénalomes en 3 groupes : un groupe non-hyperméthylé, un groupe modérément hyperméthylé, et un autre très hyperméthylé. Cette classification a été confirmée par MS-MLPA. L’hyperméthylation est associée à un mauvais pronostic (p=0,02 en modèle de Cox). La corrélation entre niveau de méthylation et expression identifie 1741 gènes (sur les 12250 étudiés) corrélés négativement (…) / Unilateral adrenocortical tumors are common (prevalence : 2 to 9% of the population). Most of these tumors are adenomas. Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5-yr survival rate not exceeding 40% in most series. Pathological diagnosis of these tumors relies on several histological features and can be difficult. The prognosis of adrenocortical carcinomas is heterogeneous and unpredictable. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of these tumors is also limited. The genome has a central role in the development of cancers in general. The occurrence of genomic alterations (mutations, abnormal copy number, loss of heterozygosity, translocations, abnormal methylation) will lead to the overexpression of oncogenes and repression of tumor suppressor genes. Genomic approaches became essential to study the pathophysiology of cancer. Transcriptome studies of adrenocortical tumors have shown that the gene expression profile discriminate ACC and adenomas, and identified two distinct groups of ACC with different prognoses. In addition to gene expression, genomics now covers a large spectrum of alterations, including chromosomal alterations, DNA sequence modifications, and epigenetic alterations. I studied chromosomal alterations and DNA methylation abnormalities in ACC during my thesis.In the first part the genome of 38 adrenocortical adenomas and 21 ACC were identified by comparative genomic hybridization arrays. The transcriptome of 54 of these tumors was already available. A larger proportion of the genome is altered in carcinomas compared with adenomas (44 % of the genome is lost or gained, versus 10% for adenomas , p = 2.10-10 ) . In adenomas, the 9q34 region, which includes the steroidogenic factor 1locus, is commonly gained and associated with an overexpression of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1).In carcinomas, recurrent gains include chromosomes 5, 7, 12, 16, 19, and 20 and recurrent losses chromosomes 13 and 22. Filtering the genes from these regions according to their expression profile identified genes potentially relevant to adrenocortical tumorigenesis. A diagnostic tool was built by combining DNA copy number estimates at six loci (5q, 7p, 11p, 13q, 16q, and 22q). This tool discriminates carcinomas from adenomas in an independent validation cohort (sensitivity 100%, specificity 83%). In carcinomas, the number of chromosomal alterations was not associated with survival (Cox p=0.84). A prognostic tool based on tumor DNA was designed with a clustering strategy and validated in an independent cohort. In the second part, methylation patterns of CpG islands in promoter regions of 51 adrenocortical carcinomas and 84 adenomas were studied by the Infinium HumanMethylation27 Beadchip (Illumina) . Gene expression data were available for 87 tumors. Methylation was higher in carcinomas than in adenomas (t test : p=3.1x10-9). Unsupervised clustering of DNA methylation profiles identified two groups of carcinomas, one with an elevated methylation level, evoking a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). The subgroup of hypermethylated carcinomas was further divided in two subgroups, with different levels of methylation (CIMP-high and CIMP-low). This classification could be confirmed by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Hypermethylation was associated with a poor survival (Cox model p= 0.02). The transcriptome/methylation correlation showed 1741 genes (of 12250) negatively correlated; among the top genes were H19 and other tumor suppressors (PLAGL-1, G0S2, and NDRG2). The subgroups identified by the transcriptome adrenocortical have different levels of methylation. In conclusion, genomic alterations discriminate carcinomas from adenomas and contain prognostic information. The subgroups identified by the adrenocortical transcriptome profiles of different genomic alterations. Chromosomal alterations and abnormal methylation alter the expression of genes important for tumorigenesis.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In this study the 10 Y-specific loci of the University of the Western Cape (DYS710, DYS518 385a/b, DYS644, DYS612, DYS626, DYS504, DYS447, DYS447, and DYS481) were analysed in 492 individuals from South African population groups. Four different populations namely; Zulu, Coloured, Afrikaner and Asian Indian were sampled. A total of 488 haplotypes were observed, 412 of which were unique. Haplotype diversity was 0.9981. Gene Diversity values ranged from 0.8075 for DYS447 to 0.9209 for DYS710. The discriminatory capacity was 0.9106 which is high. The study showed that the University of the Western Cape 10 locus is a powerful discrimination tool for routine forensic applications and could be used in genealogical investigations as compared to other commercial kits when used on the South African populations (Zulu, Coloured, Afrikaner and Asian Indian) considering its high discriminatory capacity. This data will be used for the establishment of a Y-STR DNA databases for South African population which would aid law enforcement authorities in the investigation and resolution of crimes AMOVA computed using haplotype frequencies showed that when male haplotypes from the four different populations were compared, 0.22 % of the total genetic variation was due to the variability among populations and 99.78 % of the total variation is found within populations. However AMOVA computed using distance matrix showed that 5.97 % of the total variation was due to variability among populations and 94.07 % of the total variation is found within populations. Genetic substructure was found among the four studied South African population groups. All the six population pairwise comparisons using AMOVA were significant .Therefore Y-STRs are very useful in comparing closely related populations. It should be noted that their utility for evolutionary purposes, they need to be combined more stable Y-DNA markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) showed that the Coloured population has large genetic contribution from Afrikaner population and lesser contribution from the Zulu and Asian Indian population groups. / National Research Foundation (NFR)

No description available.

L'instabilité chromosomique, marque des cellules tumorales, peut trouver sa source dans un défaut d'initiation de la réplication. Ceci a été illustré chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et concorde avec l'observation de mutations de régulateurs de la transition G1/S dans un grand nombre de tumeurs. Toutefois, les mécanismes par lesquels cette instabilité survient n'ont pas encore été clairement définis. Pour résoudre cette question, nous avons utilisé le mutant de levure cdc6-1 où la formation des complexes pré-réplicatifs est graduellement affectée avec l'augmentation de la température. Nous avons mis en évidence que l'allongement de la durée de la réplication qui en suit induit des cassures de l'ADN (DSB) seulement à l'entrée en mitose. Par combinaisons de mutants, nous avons vu que la condensation des chromosomes est en partie responsable de ces DSB. Ces DSB sont signalées à la cellule via la protéine Rad9, protéine adaptatrice du checkpoint de dommages à l'ADN. De façon concordante, nous avons observé une activation de la protéine effectrice de ce checkpoint Rad53 à l'entrée en mitose. La viabilité des cellules cdc6-1 repose sur les protéines de checkpoint Chk1 et Rad53 ainsi que sur la présence de cohésines et des topoisomérases Top2 et Top3. Selon nous, la réplication prolongée par diminution du nombre d'origines n'est pas détectée par les cellules comme un stress réplicatif. Lors de l'entrée en mitose, la condensation des chromosomes transformerait les fourches de réplication en structures reconnues et clivées par les nucléases Mus81-Mms4 et Yen1, qui sont activées en mitose, dirigeant ces régions sous-répliquées vers la réparation par recombinaison. Ce sont les coupures induites en mitose, non la progression des fourches, qui activent le checkpoint. Nous proposons que la sous-réplication de segments d'ADN consécutive à un défaut de licensing des origines favorise la recombinaison non homologue et génère l'instabilité chromosomique, à l'image des sites fragiles communs qui sont le siège de remaniements récurrents lors de la cancérogenèse. / Chromosome instability (CIN), a hallmark of cancer cells, can take its roots in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, when replication origins are licensed. This has been illustrated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is consistent with the fact that a vast number of tumors presents mutations in G1/S transition regulators. However the mechanisms by which this instability occurs are still not well established. Using the yeast cdc6-1 mutant in which preRC formation can be decreased gradually with temperature, we show that cells replicating from fewer origins undergo massive DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in mitosis. Blocking mitotic entry by Swe1 overexpression or Clb1-4 depletion, and inactivation of Cdc5 (Polo) both suppress DSB formation in cdc6-1 cells, demonstrating that DSBs do not stem from collapsed forks but are actively induced during mitosis. DSB formation is dependent on chromosome condensation and the Mus81-Yen1 structure-specific endonucleases. These DSBs then trigger the Rad9 DNA damage checkpoint. Accordingly, Rad53 phosphorylation is detected only after entry into mitosis. We propose that cells replicating their DNA from fewer origins enter mitosis undetected, then condense their chromosomes and cleave unreplicated regions by Mus81-Yen1 for repair by recombination. The viability of cdc6-1 cells at semi-permissive temperature relies on Chk1 and Rad53, as well as on cohesins and topoisomerases Top2 and Top3. Cleavage of under replicated DNA segments in mitosis may favor non-homologous repair pathways leading to chromosome rearrangements, as seen for common fragile sites that co-localize with recurrent breakpoints in cancer.

O tratamento padrão para pacientes com câncer de reto localmente avançado consiste no uso de quimioradioterapia neoadjuvante (QRTn), seguida por cirurgia. Uma fração significativa dos pacientes responde completamente ao tratamento e no momento da reavaliação não apresenta evidência clínica nem radiológica de doença. Uma abordagem alternativa, Watch and Wait, propõe não operar imediatamente esses pacientes e submetê-los a um protocolo de observação frequente, a fim de evitar as morbidades associadas à cirurgia. No entanto, a avaliação da resposta ao tratamento ainda é um desafio, devido à subjetividade da avaliação clínica e a ausência de exames radiológicos suficientemente sensíveis e específicos para garantir a ausência de células tumorais residuais ou capazes de detectar a recorrência precoce da doença. DNA circulante contendo alterações genéticas específicas do tumor (ctDNA) pode ser encontrado na fração livre de células do sangue e tem sido utilizado para monitorar a dinâmica tumoral em tumores sólidos. Avanços recentes das tecnologias de sequenciamento permitem a identificação eficiente e rápida e a um custo relativamente baixo de alterações genéticas em tumores individuais, superando o problema imposto pela ausência de alterações genéticas recorrentes nesses tumores. Essas alterações podem ser utilizadas como biomarcadores personalizados para monitorar a resposta ao tratamento, detectar doença residual e a recidiva precoce do tumor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e estudar biomarcadores personalizados em pacientes com câncer de reto localmente avançado tratados com QRTn e avaliar a capacidade desses biomarcadores para monitorar a dinâmica tumoral, e auxiliar na definição da conduta cirúrgica e na detecção da recidiva precoce da doença. Biópsias de seis pacientes com adenocarcinoma de reto distal (cT2- 3N0-1M0), foram coletadas prospectivamente pré-tratamento. O DNA genômico extraído a partir das biópsias foi usado para construir bibliotecas tipo mate-pair para o sequenciamento do genoma completo, utilizando a plataforma SOLiD. Rearranjos inter e intracromossômicos foram identificados utilizando programas computacionais desenvolvidos pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa e em seguida foram validados utilizando PCR e sequenciamento Sanger. Foram validadas, pelo menos, três variações estruturais para cada paciente. Amostras de plasma foram coletadas no momento do diagnóstico, depois da QRTn e durante o seguimento. DNA circulante total foi extraído a partir das amostras de plasma e ensaios personalizados foram desenvolvidos para monitorar a presença de variações estruturais através de PCR Digital. ctDNA foi detectado em todas amostras de plasma pré-tratamento de pacientes com tumores T3. A detecção desses biomarcadores apresentou boa correlação com a resposta ao tratamento, no entanto, esta abordagem não foi sensível o suficiente para detectar doença residual. Para dois pacientes que desenvolveram doença metastática foi verificado um aumento nos níveis de ctDNA com pelo menos 36 semanas antes do diagnóstico clínico de doença metastática, sendo possível correlacionar os níveis de ctDNA detectados em coletas subsequentes com a resposta ao tratamento sistêmico de segunda linha. Este estudo, embora de caráter exploratório, gerou dados relevantes e suficientes para justificar a realização de estudos adicionais para avaliar a aplicação dos biomarcadores personalizados na definição da conduta cirúrgica e no acompanhamento de pacientes com câncer de reto tratados com QRTn. / The standard treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer comprises in neoadjuvant chemo radiotherapy (nCRT), followed by surgery. A significant fraction of these patients show complete response to the treatment and at the time of reassessment, there are no clinical and nor radiological evidence of residual tumor. An alternative approach, Watch and Wait, proposes not to immediately operate these patients, but to submit them to a protocol of frequent observation in order to avoid the morbidities associated with radical surgery. However, assessment of treatment response remains a significant challenge due to the subjectivity of the clinical examination and to the lack of sufficiently sensitive tools to ensure the absence of tumor cells or to detect early disease recurrence. Circulating DNA carrying tumor-specific genetic alterations (circulating tumor DNA - ctDNA) can be found in the cell-free fraction of the blood and has been successfully used to monitor the tumor dynamics in solid tumors. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the rapid and cost effective identification of genetic alterations in individual tumors, overcoming the problem imposed by the absence of recurrent genetic alterations in these tumors. These alterations can be used as personalized biomarkers to monitor treatment response, detect residual disease and early tumor recurrence. The purpose of this work was to identify and validate the use of personalized biomarkers for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with nCRT and to evaluate the ability of these biomarkers to monitor the tumor dynamics, to define surgical approach and to detect early recurrence of the disease. Pre-treatment biopsies from 6 patients with cT2-3N0-1M0 distal rectal adenocarcinoma were prospectively collected. Genomic DNA extracted from the biopsies was used to construct mate-pair libraries for whole genome sequencing using SOLiD platform. Inter and intrachromosomal rearrangements were identified using an in-house bioinformatics pipeline and validated using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. At least three structural variations were validated for each patient. Plasma samples were collect at diagnosis, after nCRT and follow-up. Circulating DNA was obtained from the plasma samples and personalized assays were designed to monitor the presence of structural variations using Droplet Digital PCR. ctDNA was detected in all pre-treatment plasma samples for patients with T3 tumors. The detection of these biomarkers showed a good correlation with the treatment response, nonetheless, the approach was not sensitive enough to detect residual disease. In two patients who developed metastatic disease, an increase in ctDNA levels was observed at least 36 weeks before clinical detection of metastatic disease, and it was possible to correlate the level of ctDNA in subsequent plasma samples with response to the second-line treatment. This study, although exploratory, generated relevant and sufficient data to support additional studies to evaluate the use of personalized biomarkers in the surgical management and follow-up of rectal cancer patients treated with nCRT.

Les translocations chromosomiques sont des événements cellulaires rares signatures de nombreux cancers, pouvant mener à l’expression de nouveaux gènes de fusion oncogènes ou à la dérégulation d’un oncogène existant. Cependant, le lien direct entre la formation de translocations et la tumorigenèse n’est pas toujours bien établi. Jusqu’à présent, la modélisation de translocations se limitait principalement à la surexpression du gène de fusion créé. Pour mieux comprendre leur contribution à l’oncogenèse, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode pour induire des translocations oncogéniques de novo, afin de recréer plus fidèlement les premières étapes de la transformation cellulaire.Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur la technologie des nucléases artificielles telles que les nucléases à doigt de zinc, les TALEN (TALE Nucleases) et le système CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) pour générer des cassures ciblées de l’ADN et induire la formation de remaniements chromosomiques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement concentrés sur l’induction de la translocation modèle t(2;5)(p23;q32) et du gène de fusion NPM-ALK, associés au Lymphome Anaplasique à Grandes Cellules (ALCL), dans divers modèles cellulaires. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence des propriétés oncogéniques du gène de fusion NPM-ALK exprimé sous son promoteur endogène suite à la formation du réarrangement chromosomique. Cependant, l’induction de la translocation dans des lymphocytes T primaires suggère que cet événement ne suffit pas à lui seul à initier l’oncogenèse, et nécessite probablement un contexte génétique ou épigénétique favorable. / Chromosomal translocations are signatures of numerous cancers and lead to expression of fusion genes that act as oncogenes. However, the wealth of genomic aberrations found in cancer makes it challenging to assign a specific phenotypic change to a specific aberration. We set out to use genome editing with Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Tale Effector Nucleases (TALEN), and the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) to induce de novo specific chromosomal translocations in human cells, thus generating new models to interrogate the contribution of tumor-related translocations in first steps of oncogenesis. We specially focused on Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) t(2;5) translocation and NPM-ALK consequent fusion gene. For the first time, we highlighted oncogenic properties for NPM-ALK fusion expressed under endogenous promoter. However, translocation induction in primary T cells suggests that t(2;5) is not sufficient to initiate ALCL oncogenesis, and likely requires favourable genetic or epigenetic or context.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a stressful life experience with lasting/far-reaching health and psychopathological consequences. Our laboratory recently identified a significantly increased frequency of acquired chromosomal anomalies (assessed using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay) in adult female twins exposed to CSA when compared to their unexposed co-twin. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate potential mechanism(s) underlying the observed increases in levels of micronuclei in an expanded group of 90 female identical twins (61 CSA+ females and 29 CSA- females [including a total of 27 MZ co-twin pairs]) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methodologies, with PNA probes specific for the centromeric and telomeric regions of all chromosomes coupled with the standard CBMN assay, we were able to characterize the chromosomal contents of MN and, thus, gain insight into the mechanisms underlying MN formation. By scoring 100 MN per study participant for the number of centromeric signal(s) and/or telomeric signal(s) present, we categorized the MN as harboring either: (1) terminal fragments (only a telomeric signal); (2) acentric interstitial fragments (no telomeric or centromeric signal); (3) centric interstitial fragments (only a centromeric signal); or (4) an intact chromosome(s) or chromatid(s). We identified elevated frequencies of intact chromosome-derived MN in CSA+ women as compared to CSA- women (P=0.014), implicating chromosome loss as a mechanism potentially underlying the increased frequencies of MN identified in adult females with a history of CSA. MN containing fragmented chromosomes were also observed in all of the study participants evaluated; however MN containing terminal fragments and MN containing acentric interstitial fragments were seen less frequently in CSA+ women compared to CSA- women. This study represents the first time that the chromosomal contents of MN have been evaluated in individuals in the context of a psychosocial factor. As chromosomal loss and breakage contributes to the development of age-related health problems, these observations provide important insight into the biological mechanisms that may underlie the latent morbidity and psychopathology associated with childhood adversity. Future studies aimed at understanding the biological impact of early-life trauma could determine if the observed increase in acquired chromosomal abnormalities results in detectable somatic clonal mosaicism. This knowledge could ultimately be used to develop screening tools to identify individuals “at risk” for negative health outcomes in adulthood.

Several avenues of investigation through which the 'labyrinths' of schizopsychotic diagnosis may be examined, are offered by the consideration of the 'beacons' of symptom-profiles and biomarkers. Neurodevelopmental issues and risk assessment, neurocognitive factors of predictive necessity, supersensitivity in neurotransmitter systems, the implications of prodromal expressions of the disorder, functional dysconnectivity arising from prefrontal to diverse regional patterns and circuits with a neurodevelopmental origin, and heritable gene characteristics are viewed against the backdrop of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The associations between adolescent-adult use of cannabis, on the one hand, and, alternatively, the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, e.g., GRIK4 and NPAS3, and mental retardation, on the other hand, with the symptom-profiles of schizopsychosis provide further evidence of emerging biomarkers of biological inheritance factors. The involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, particularly in prefrontal region, with regard to functional integrity of cognitive systems is reviewed. It would appear that considerations of these disorders imply that one essential hub around which much of the neuropathology revolves may be observed in the various expressions of the cognitive and structural insufficiency.

Collectively, populations of Acanthocyclops vernalis, a species complex of freshwater copepods, are remarkably similar as to morphology and DNA content, despite variability in chromosome number. Reproductive isolation had been reported among some populations, but with each new investigation the species boundaries and factors that may influence them appeared less clear. To clarify the pattern of biological species within this group of populations, we adopted a comprehensive approach and examined patterns of reproductive isolation in populations for which morphology, chromosome number, DNA content, and 18S rDNA sequences are known. In this study we established nine isofemale lines from four sites in Wisconsin and performed 266 crosses. Crosses within and among these lines were used to relate the degree of reproductive isolation to chromosome differences and to construct a model to explain the origin and maintenance of chromosome number variability. Different gametic and somatic chromosome numbers were observed among specimens within some isofemale lines. In a few cases, gametes with different haploid numbers were produced by a single female. Matings within isofemale lines always produced at least some reproductively successful replicate crosses (produced viable, fertile offspring). Crosses between lines from the same site showed reduced success relative to within-line crosses. Crosses between populations from distant sites showed limited genetic compatibility, producing viable, fertile F1 offspring but infertile F2 adults. One cross between lines with different chromosome numbers (one with 2n = 8 and one with 2n = 10) produced fertile viable offspring, which reproduced for at least 60 generations. These hybrids had either eight or nine chromosomes in the third generation of inbreeding, and eight chromosomes after 20 generations. These hybrids also had reduced nuclear DNA contents at the third generation, a level that persisted through the 20th generation. Successful backcrosses between some hybrids and their parental lines further demonstrated the potential for genetic compatibility among forms with different chromosome numbers. We propose a model in which alterations due to Robertsonian fusions, translocations, and/or loss of chromosomal fragments generate heritable variation, only some of which leads to reproductive isolation. Hence, some of the criteria traditionally used to recognize species boundaries in animals (morphology, DNA content, chromosome number) may not apply to this species complex.

Carcinogen-induced DNA base modification and subsequent DNA lesions are the critical events for the expression of premalignant phenotype of the cell. We have therefore investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of a vanadium salt against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced early DNA and chromosomal damages in rat liver. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with a single, necrogenic, intraperitoneal injection of DEN (200 mg/kg body weight). 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosines (8-OHdGs), strand-breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) were measured by HPLC, comet assay and spectrofluorimetry, respectively. There was a significant and steady elevation of modified bases 8-OHdGs along with substantial increments of the extent of single-strand-breaks (SSBs), DPCs and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) following DEN exposure. Supplementation of vanadium as ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3, +V oxidation state) at a dose of 0.5 ppm in terms of the salt weight throughout the experiment abated the formations of 8-OHdGs (P < 0.0001; 79.54%), tailed DNA (P < 0.05; 31.55%) and length:width of DNA mass (P < 0.02; 61.25%) in preneoplastic rat liver. Vanadium treatment also inhibited DPCs (P < 0.0001; 58.47%) and CAs (P < 0.001; 45.17%) studied at various time points. The results indicate that the anticlastogenic potential of vanadium in vivo might be due to the observed reductions in liver-specific 8-OHdGs, SSBs and/or DPCs by this trace metal. We conclude that, vanadium plays a significant role in limiting DEN-induced genotoxicity and clastogenicity during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.