Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo9374_1.pdf: 2655923 bytes, checksum: 4a8cd8dfda72129aa8308dbf088c4d10 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae e Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride são fungos entomopatogênicos com ação comprovada contra várias espécies, embora não tenham sido testados em Chrysomya albiceps, um díptero de importância na saúde pública. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de B. bassiana, M. anisopliae var. anisopliae e M. flavoviride var. flavoviride em ovos, larvas e adultos de C. albiceps, utilizando as concentrações 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 conídios.mL-1, considerando o percentual de eclosão de larvas, período de pré-pupa, pupa, percentual de emergência de adultos, ritmo de emergência, morte acumulativa, longevidade, período de postura e percentual de eclosão a partir de fêmeas infectadas. O comportamento dos fungos reisolados também foi avaliado através dos parâmetros biológicos: percentual de germinação, número de conídios, número e diâmetro de colônias, bem como a citologia no que se refere à descrição das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas. De acordo com a metodologia empregada, verificou-se que os três fungos apresentaram ação contra ovos, larvas e adultos de C. albiceps. Já em relação ao comportamento, foi observado que os fungos reisolados de larva apresentaram o melhor desempenho em relação ao controle e os aspectos citológicos não diferiram quando comparados ao controle. Esses resultados sugerem a possibilidade do emprego desses fungos no controle de C. albiceps.

This investigation explored the environmental and physiological factors affecting adult blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) arrival and attendance at pig (Sus scrofa domesticus L.) carcasses in Brazos Co, TX in the summer and winter, and validated a new technique for estimating the pre-colonization interval. It also examined how the offspring of said blow flies compensate for adverse developmental conditions such as starvation or the presence of older competitors by determining the function of minimum viable weight, critical weight, and the terminal growth period in Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Adult blow fly carcass attendance is poorly explained by temperature, wind speed, ambient light intensity, or body size for either winter or summer-active species. Time of day explained approximately 10% in carcass size variation for all four of the most common species. For summer flies, the degree of ovarian development changed significantly from 96%/98% fully developed on day 1 postmortem to 7%/2% fully developed on day 2 postmortem for C. macellaria and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) iv respectively. Using the binomial distribution, the minimum postmortem interval was correctly estimated for 4/6 validation tests. Minimum viable weight for C. macellaria was found to be ~ 0.02 g, and was stable under conditions of starvation and simulated competition. Under starvation conditions, time to pupariation was not altered, whereas under simulated competition, growth rate was increased and terminal growth period shortened. Starved flies under simulated competition entered the pupal state ~12 h faster than starved flies without competition, but required ~12 longer to complete development. These effects should be considered when estimating post-colonization intervals.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-04T11:53:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariliaAugustaRochaDeQueirozPinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2148471 bytes, checksum: 3eaabda0264457ba7881c728daf88eb8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-11T12:42:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariliaAugustaRochaDeQueirozPinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2148471 bytes, checksum: 3eaabda0264457ba7881c728daf88eb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T12:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariliaAugustaRochaDeQueirozPinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2148471 bytes, checksum: 3eaabda0264457ba7881c728daf88eb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-27 / A terapia larval ? a utiliza??o de larvas est?reis no desbridamento de feridas. Atualmente essa t?cnica vem sendo bastante utilizada na Europa, Estados Unidos da Am?rica e Israel, dentre outros pa?ses, entretanto, ainda n?o foi implementada rotineiramente no Brasil e n?o h? relatos de sua aplica??o utilizando larvas da mosca Chrysomya megacephala em pacientes humanos. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desbridamento de ?lceras de dif?cil cicatriza??o utilizando larvas de C. megacephala. Cinco pacientes com ?lceras cr?nicas foram inclu?dos no estudo ap?s responderem a um question?rio, serem esclarecidos sobre os poss?veis riscos e benef?cios da terapia larval e assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido ? TCLE. Antes das aplica??es, foram colhidas amostras para identifica??o das bact?rias presentes nas ?lceras. Ap?s essa etapa, as ?lceras foram avaliadas antes e durante o tratamento atrav?s de registro fotogr?fico, mensura??o de di?metros e avalia??o dos percentuais de tecido necr?tico e de granula??o. A avalia??o foi seguida da aplica??o de aproximadamente cinco larvas est?reis de 2? est?dio de C. megacephala por cm2 de les?o. Os curativos com larvas foram trocados ap?s 48 horas e com 48 horas de intervalo entre as aplica??es. As ?lceras dos pacientes inclu?dos no trabalho apresentaram car?ter polimicrobiano e em todas elas foi isolada a esp?cie Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Todos os pacientes submetidos ? terapia larval apresentaram redu??o significativa do percentual de necrose e aumento do tecido de granula??o na superf?cie das ?lceras e uma consequente melhora no decorrer do tratamento. / Larval therapy is the use of sterile larvae in the debridement of wounds. Currently this technique has been widely used in Europe, the U.S.A., and Israel, among other countries, however, has not been implemented in Brazil yet, and there are no reports of its application using larvae of the fly Chrysomya megacephala in human patients. This study aimed to evaluate the debridement of ulcers difficult to heal by using larvae of C. megacephala. Five patients with chronic ulcers were included in the study after answering a questionnaire, to be informed about the possible risks and benefits of larval therapy and signed a Free, Prior and Informed Consent. Before the applications, samples were collected for identification of the bacteria in the ulcers. After this step, the ulcers were evaluated before and during treatment by photographic recording, measurement and evaluation of diameters, percentage of necrotic tissue and granulation. The evaluation was followed by the application of approximately 5 second instar sterile larvae of C. megacephala per cm2 of lesion. Dressings with larvae were exchanged after 48 hours with 48 hours between applications. The patients? ulcers included in this study had polymicrobial nature and in all of them was isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa species. All patients underwent larval therapy showed a reduction in the percentage of necrosis, increase of granulation tissue on the surface of ulcers and a consequent improvement during treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5103_1.pdf: 2655923 bytes, checksum: 4a8cd8dfda72129aa8308dbf088c4d10 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae e Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride são fungos entomopatogênicos com ação comprovada contra várias espécies, embora não tenham sido testados em Chrysomya albiceps, um díptero de importância na saúde pública. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de B. bassiana, M. anisopliae var. anisopliae e M. flavoviride var. flavoviride em ovos, larvas e adultos de C. albiceps, utilizando as concentrações 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 conídios.mL-1, considerando o percentual de eclosão de larvas, período de pré-pupa, pupa, percentual de emergência de adultos, ritmo de emergência, morte acumulativa, longevidade, período de postura e percentual de eclosão a partir de fêmeas infectadas. O comportamento dos fungos reisolados também foi avaliado através dos parâmetros biológicos: percentual de germinação, número de conídios, número e diâmetro de colônias, bem como a citologia no que se refere à descrição das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas. De acordo com a metodologia empregada, verificou-se que os três fungos apresentaram ação contra ovos, larvas e adultos de C. albiceps. Já em relação ao comportamento, foi observado que os fungos reisolados de larva apresentaram o melhor desempenho em relação ao controle e os aspectos citológicos não diferiram quando comparados ao controle. Esses resultados sugerem a possibilidade do emprego desses fungos no controle de C. albiceps

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination vary greatly in phylogenetically closely related species, indicative of rapid evolutionary rates. Sex chromosome karyotypes are generally conserved within families; however, many species have derived sex chromosome configurations. Insects display a plethora of sex chromosome systems due to rapid diversification caused by changes in evolutionary processes within and between species. A good example of such a system are insects in the blow fly family Calliphoridae. While cytogenetic studies observe that the karyotype in blow flies is highly conserved (five pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair sex chromosome), there is variation in sex determining mechanisms and sex chromosome structure within closely related species in blow flies. The evolutionary history of sex chromosomes in blow fly species have not been fully explored. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the sex chromosome structures in four species of blow flies and investigate the selective forces which have played a role in shaping the diverse sex chromosome system observed in blow flies. The blow fly species used in this study are Phormia regina, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya albiceps. Phormia regina,and Lucilia cuprina have a heteromorphic sex chromosome system and are amphogenic (females produce both male and female offspring in equal ratio). In contrast, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya albiceps, have a homomorphic sex chromosome system, are monogenic (females produce unisexual progeny), have two types of females (arrhenogenic females – male producers and thelygenic females – female producers), and sex of the offspring is determined by the maternal genotype. To accomplish these tasks, a total of nine male and female individual draft genomes for each of the four species (including three individual draft genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies – male, and the two females) were sequenced and assembled providing genomic data to explore sex chromosome evolution in blow flies. Whole genome analysis was utilized to characterize and identify putative sex chromosomal sequences of the four blow fly species. Genomic evidence confirmed the presence of genetically differentiated sex chromosomes in P. regina and L. cuprina; and genetically undifferentiated sex chromosomes in C. rufifacies and C. albiceps. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the ancestral Dipteran sex chromosome (Muller element F in Drosophila) was determined to be X-linked in P. regina and L. cuprina contributing to sex chromosome differentiation but not sex-linked in C. rufifacies and C. albiceps. Evolutionary pressures are often quantified by the ratio of substitution rates at non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) sites. Substitution rate ratio analysis (dN/dS) of homologous genes indicated a weaker purifying selection may have contributed to the loss of sex-linked genes in Muller element F genes of the undifferentiated sex chromosome as compared to the differentiated sex chromosome system. Overall, the results presented herein greatly expands our knowledge in sex chromosome evolution within blow flies and will reinforce the study of sex chromosome evolution in other species with diverse sex chromosome systems.

El previsible aumento de la población mundial, estimado para el año 2050 en 9.500-10.000 millones de personas, supondrá uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrente el siglo XXI. Además de los recursos e insumos necesarios (espacio, agua, residuos etc.), la seguridad alimentaria del planeta conllevará una elevada demanda de proteínas tanto para la alimentación animal como para la nutrición humana. Nuestras principales fuentes de proteína provienen de la agricultura, la ganadería (incluyendo la acuicultura) y la pesca. Es por ello por lo que la producción y rendimiento de las plantas y animales domesticados, ha aumentado exponencialmente a lo largo de las últimas décadas, estando en la actualidad muy cerca de sus límites biológicos. Sin embargo, esta elevada eficiencia esta inversamente relacionada con la sostenibilidad ambiental de estos sistemas de producción. Entre las consecuencias, la producción de piensos compuestos altamente nutritivos también ha aumentado. Para su elaboración son necesarias grandes cantidades de harina y aceite de pescado, así como de soja, entre otros componentes. El cultivo intensivo de soja conlleva graves problemas medioambientales. Por otro lado, el medio marino está cada vez más deteriorado como consecuencia de la contaminación derivada de la actividad humana y la sobreexplotación pesquera. Todo ello ha provocado una inestabilidad económica a largo plazo y un aumento continuado de los precios de estas materias primas. Pero ¿es técnicamente posible maximizar la sostenibilidad de estos sistemas de producción, optimizando simultáneamente la imprescindible eficiencia económica? Con este objetivo, se hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de proteínas que puedan utilizarse como ingredientes en la elaboración de piensos compuestos destinados a la alimentación animal e indirectamente a la nutrición humana. Una de las más prometedoras, es la obtención de proteína animal a partir de la biomasa de ciertas especies de insectos domesticados. En particular, la utilización de proteínas y grasas de insectos a escala industrial, mejorará significativamente la sostenibilidad y eficiencia de la ganadería terrestre y la acuicultura. Indirectamente, permitirá mantener los niveles de pesca a unos niveles racionales y los subproductos derivados tienen un gran valor agronómico como fertilizantes de origen natural. Entre los candidatos más plausibles, los dípteros (Insecta: Diptera) presentan características biológicas y nutricionales que los hacen buenos candidatos para su producción a escala industrial. Una de las especies más prometedoras es la mosca soldado negra Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) que junto con el coleóptero Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 constituyen actualmente los principales integrantes de este nuevo sector de producción. La Unión Europea, también ha aprobado el uso de otras cinco especies de insectos como ingredientes de la alimentación animal, destacando entre estas la mosca común Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758. Otras especies de dípteros no están todavía aprobadas con este fin, pero también resultan muy interesantes por su gran potencial para la cría artificial, como las especies de Calliphoridae Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) o Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794). Entre los componentes que forman parte de los piensos compuestos en la alimentación animal, los minerales suponen un importante grupo limitante desde un punto de vista nutritivo. Mediante un aporte óptimo de minerales, se puede aumentar considerablemente el rendimiento de la producción ganadera a un bajo coste. No obstante, los niveles de estos compuestos deben mantenerse dentro de unos niveles determinados por la legislación para evitar problemas nutricionales o provocar efectos nocivos en la salud animal y humana. En este sentido, existen muy pocos estudios sobre los perfiles minerales de la biomasa de insecto en general y en particular de la mosca soldado negro y otras especies de dípteros. Son especialmente escasos los datos sobre la influencia que pueda ejercer la composición del sustrato de desarrollo de las larvas, así como su importancia en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo del ciclo de vida. Por otro lado, existe la posibilidad de que se produzca bioacumulación de metales pesados en la biomasa del insecto a través de la ingesta. Así, debido a su alta toxicidad, existen diversos trabajos sobre las concentraciones de Cd y Pb en larvas maduras de mosca soldado negra, pero hay muy poca información sobre bioacumulación en el resto de etapas y estadios de desarrollo, así como de la posible influencia del medio de cría larvario. En este proyecto de tesis se analiza la posible influencia del sustrato de cría en las concentraciones de distintos minerales y metales pesados a lo largo de las etapas del ciclo de vida de Hermetia illucens y otras especies de dípteros. Para ello se usaron tres sustratos larvarios con diferentes orígenes: a) pienso comercial de gallina ponedora, b) bagazo derivado de la producción de cerveza y c) una mezcla de carne de origen porcino. En el caso de H. illucens se tomaron muestras de larvas prepupales, pupas, puparios, exuvias prepupales y adultos desarrollados en los tres medios de desarrollo. En todos los casos, tras su secado y digestión en horno microondas, se analizaron mediante espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado por inducción (ICP-OES) para obtener las concentraciones de Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni y Zn, y en espectrometría de masas con fuente de ionización de plasma (ICP-MS) para obtener las concentraciones de Ti, Co, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sn y Pb. Pocos insectos tienen la capacidad para desarrollarse en medios de tan diferente composición orgánica, por ello a modo comparativo se utilizó M. domestica con pienso comercial de gallina y el bagazo de cerveza, mientras que Lucilia sericata y Chrysomya megacephala se desarrollaron exclusivamente en el medio de origen cárnico. De esta manera no solamente se pudieron comparar diferentes tipos de medio procesados por diferentes tipos de insectos sino que también pudieron compararse los resultados obtenidos por diferentes especies de mosca con el mismo tipo de medio. En cuanto a relaciones entre patrones de acumulación (Factor de Bioacumulación) y concentraciones de los minerales, con la especie de díptero y el sustrato utilizado, en larvas prepupales y adultos no se observa ninguna relación entre resultados y la especie o el sustrato, en cambio, los resultados en pupas y puparios sí están influenciadas por la especie de estudio y el sustrato de alimentación usado. Por otro lado, Ca y Na se comportan de manera distinta en las especies estudiadas en esta investigación. La mosca soldado negra presenta un buen perfil mineral para su uso en alimentación animal, comparable con los de harina de pescado y soja. Los resultados con mosca doméstica son también comparables a las harinas de pescado y soja, en los dos medios estudiados. Los dos califóridos presentan un perfil mineral de menor calidad, pero comparable a la harina de soja y también aptos para su uso en la elaboración de piensos.

Massively parallel high throughput sequencers are transforming the scientific research by reducing the cost and time necessary to sequence entire genomes. The goal of this project is to produce preliminary genome assemblies of calliphorid flies using Life Technologies’ Ion Torrent sequencing and Illumina’s MiSeq sequencing. I located, assembled, and annotated a novel mitochondrial genome for one such fly, the little studied Chrysomya pacifica that is central to one hypothesis about blow fly evolution. With sequencing data from Chrysomya megacephala, its forensically relevant sister species, much insight can be gained by alignments, sequence and protein analysis, and many more tools within the CLC Genomics Workbench software program. I present these analyses here of these recently diverged species.

<div>Chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination vary greatly in phylogenetically closely related species, indicative of rapid evolutionary rates. Sex chromosome karyotypes are generally conserved within families; however, many species have derived sex chromosome configurations. Insects display a plethora of sex chromosome systems due to rapid diversification caused by changes in evolutionary processes within and between species. A good example of such a system are insects in the blow fly family Calliphoridae. While cytogenetic studies observe that the karyotype in blow flies is highly conserved (five pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair sex chromosome), there is variation in sex determining mechanisms and sex chromosome structure within closely related species in blow flies. The evolutionary history of sex chromosomes in blow fly species have not been fully explored. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the sex chromosome structures in four species of blow flies and investigate the selective forces which have played a role in shaping the diverse sex chromosome system observed in blow flies. The blow fly species used in this study are Phormia regina, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya albiceps. Phormia regina,and Lucilia cuprina have a heteromorphic sex chromosome system and are amphogenic (females produce both male and female offspring in equal ratio). In contrast, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya albiceps, have a homomorphic sex chromosome system, are monogenic (females produce unisexual progeny), have two types of females (arrhenogenic females – male producers and thelygenic females – female producers), and sex of the offspring is determined by the maternal genotype. </div><div>To accomplish these tasks, a total of nine male and female individual draft genomes for each of the four species (including three individual draft genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies – male, and the two females) were sequenced and assembled providing genomic data to explore sex chromosome evolution in blow flies. Whole genome analysis was utilized to characterize and identify putative sex chromosomal sequences of the four blow fly species. Genomic evidence confirmed the presence of genetically differentiated sex chromosomes in P. regina and L. cuprina; and genetically undifferentiated sex chromosomes in C. rufifacies and C. albiceps. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the ancestral Dipteran sex chromosome (Muller element F in Drosophila) was determined to be X-linked in P. regina and L. cuprina contributing to sex chromosome differentiation but not sex-linked in C. rufifacies and C. albiceps. Evolutionary pressures are often quantified by the ratio of substitution rates at non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) sites. Substitution rate ratio analysis (dN/dS) of homologous genes indicated a weaker purifying selection may have contributed to the loss of sex-linked genes in Muller element F genes of the undifferentiated sex chromosome as compared to the differentiated sex chromosome system. Overall, the results presented herein greatly expands our knowledge in sex chromosome evolution within blow flies and will reinforce the study of sex chromosome evolution in other species with diverse sex chromosome systems.</div><div><br></div>