This dissertation is concerned with the spectators of the Roman chariot races throughout the empire. It addresses how the sport was experienced and engaged with in the Roman context, with consideration of the everyday lives of circus fans, social networks and consumer patterns. By making use of a variety of sources, including the structural remains of circuses, material culture, epigraphic evidence, and both literary and historical writings, it is possible to gain a picture of a vibrant community of circus fans that as a group were able to make an impact on the sport as well as on Roman society and culture more broadly. Circus spectators were confronted with an array of stimuli from the moment of their arrival at the venue - from the sights to the sounds and even the feel of the seats - all of which added to their shared experience. Audience members engaged not only with the sport but also with one another, finding common ground in their collective interest in the races. Aside from the casual spectator, many audience members identified themselves to be within a community of fans with common views and beliefs concerning the popular spectacle. Fans of the races passionately followed the sport and its competitors, and offered their support when in attendance at the circus and in their actions outside of the venue. An examination of the phenomena of Roman sport spectators further reveals a rich sub-culture of racing fans that offered an active social experience at the circus and various methods of engagement with the sport at the venue and beyond. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

First of all, my research is not only my research but our research. It has been made together with my long-time art companion Marjut Hernesniemi. The starting point for our research was our experience of the western modern circus, what it does, and how it cares for the cosmos. From our experience, the western modern circus is based on techniques, risk, danger, and spectacle. Human is in the center of it, often presented as superhuman controlling and manipulating everything. By looking at the current situation in the world, human domination has caused us problems in a form of climate change and other ecological crises such as mass extinction. However, there are different ways of relating to the world. In this research we have looked beyond the western modern circus, to the roots of circus in China and Japan, and to the archaic rituals, to find other ways of relating to the world through circus and trying to bring them to the present day. This research was set out with the question of trying to combine circus and other aspects of life as one sustainable or regenerative practice. The theoretical framework of the research has been ritual. The thought behind that has been the efficacy of the ritual in contrast to entertainment. That is circus can make a difference. From an animistic perspective, the purpose of the ritual is to sustain and renew, preserve or bring back the balance between the psyche, body, social, cosmic, and circle of life. With this in mind, we have made use of the anti-structure of liminality as a playground while working in the studio. In this playground, we have not been bound by the custom, convention, or ceremonials of the western modern circus. Instead, we’ve had the possibility to play. Use the definition of western modern circus as a launching pad and try to run as far as possible, but still have the connection point as the one that we left from. The rules of the play were simple, such as we don’t climb the rope, you are not allowed to hurt the rope, instead of objects, materials of becoming, instead of human exceptionalism, appreciation of the other, what if there was no human on stage. All these rules created different possibilities.  While in liminality we have been bound by another thing that can appear in a liminal phase, communitas. Communitas as an unstructured communion of equal individuals working towards a collective task with full attention. In our communitas, the task has been a sustainable circus. Moreover, in our communitas, ropes and nature were included as equals. Together we have been imagining and making different kinds of possible futures. These relations between us, nature, and the ropes have been intimate relations. During the process of making, humans have been ”affected” as much as the significant other.  Our task was to combine circus and other aspects of life as one sustainable or regenerative practice. As performances in circus consist of ritualized gestures that show the relationship between us and the cosmos, we need to rethink what we are presenting. To find a more sustainable and regenerative future, we need collective survival skills instead of individual ones. These survival skills should include all life in its diversity. For change to happen liminality, communitas and play are all needed. Liminality to open up a playground outside of the structured society. Play to come up with solutions to challenges. Communitas to form a special bond between the players, speak for the weak, and not forget that we work for the same cause.  Circus can transform, however it requires that the artists are willing to go through the liminal space themselves and take circus with them.

Demenssjukdom innebär en progressiv nedsättning i kognitiva funktioner som språk, minne och exekutiva funktioner. I takt med det progredierande sjukdomsförloppet ökar kommunikationssvårigheterna hos personer med demens, vilket kan leda till försämrad livskvalitet. Gruppaktiviteter och kognitiv stimulans anses gynna livskvalitén hos personer med demens. Samtalsstöd som är baserade på reminiscensterapi kan underlätta för personer med demens att delta i samtal. Informations- och kommunikationsteknik har visat positiva resultat i relation till kommunikation vid demenssjukdom. Personer med demens har i tidigare studier uppvisat svårigheter avseende initiativtagande i kommunikativa situationer, vilket motiverar föreliggande studie.   Föreliggande studie syftade till att bidra med kunskap gällande om och hur personer med demens under gruppsamtal tar kommunikativa initiativ genom att ställa frågor. Fyra personer med demenssjukdom rekryterades på ett demensboende. Gruppsessionerna utgjordes av åtta samtalstillfällen, fyra med CIRCUS och fyra med icke-teknologiskt samtalsstöd. Materialet omfattade totalt 6 timmar 39 minuter och 50 sekunder. Analysen bestod av en kartläggning av interaktionsfenomenen inkluderande frågor, ämnesinitierande frågor och samtalsutvecklande frågor. Samtalsföreteelserna fintranskriberades och analyserades utifrån samtalsanalytiska principer. Intervjuer genomfördes för att kartlägga deltagarnas upplevelser av samtalssessionerna.   Resultatet visade att personer med demenssjukdom under gruppsamtal med CIRCUS och icketeknologiskt samtalsstöd aktivt tar kommunikativa initiativ i form av frågor i interaktionen med varandra. Det underlättade för personerna med demens att föra samtal med mer personligt innehåll och självständigt delta i samtalen då CIRCUS användes. Deltagarna uppskattade samtalssessionerna och att samtala utifrån de personliga fotografierna, men också den sociala interaktionen som uppstod i samtalen kring fotografierna från det gemensamma boendet. Till skillnad från tidigare studier indikerar föreliggande studie att personer med demens självständigt kan ta kommunikativa initiativ under gruppsamtal. Föreliggande studie indikerar även att både generiskt och personligt reminiscensmaterial kan utgöra ett stöd för personer med demens att självständigt delta i gruppsamtal. Det finns begränsad forskning om hur personer med demens tar kommunikativa initiativ i form av frågor i social interaktion varför ett behov av vidare forskning föreligger. Föreliggande studie indikerar att CIRCUS har god potential att användas som gruppintervention för personer med demens för att stimulera till samtal om deras liv och personliga erfarenheter, vilket skulle kunna främja livskvaliteten hos personer med demens. / Dementia means a progressive deficit in cognitive functions such as language, memory and executive functions. As the disease progresses the communication difficulties for people with dementia increases, which can lead to impaired quality of life. Group activities and cognitive stimulation is beneficial to the quality of life for people with dementia. Conversation support based on reminiscence therapy can help people with dementia to participate in conversations. Information and communication technology have shown positive results in relation to communication in dementia. In previous studies, people with dementia have shown difficulties regarding initiation in communicative situations, which justifies the present study. The present study aimed to contribute with knowledge regarding whether and how people with dementia take communicative initiatives by asking questions during group conversations. Four people with dementia were recruited in a dementia residence. The group sessions consisted of eight conversation sessions, four with CIRCUS and four with non-technological conversation support. The material consisted of a total of 6 hours 39 minutes and 50 seconds. The analysis consisted of a mapping of the interactional phenomena which consisted of including questions, topic-initiating questions and conversation-elaborating questions. The conversation phenomena were transcribed and analysed on the basis of conversation analytic principles. Interviews were conducted to map the participants' experiences of the conversation sessions. The results showed that people with dementia actively take communicative initiatives in the form of questions in the interaction with each other during group conversations with CIRCUS and with non-technological conversation support. The sessions with CIRCUS made it easier for people with dementia to hold conversations with more personal content and to independently participate in the conversations. The participants appreciated the conversation sessions and to talk based on the personal photographs, but also the social interaction that arose in the conversations about the photographs from the common accommodation. Unlike previous studies, the present study indicates that people with dementia independently can take communicative initiatives during group conversations. The present study indicates that both generic and personal reminiscence material can support people with dementia to independently participate in group discussions. There is limited research on how people with dementia take communicative initiatives in the form of questions in social interaction, why a need for further research exists. The present study indicates that CIRCUS has good potential to be used as a group intervention for people with dementia to stimulate conversation about people with dementia's life and personal experiences, which could promote the quality of life for people with dementia.

No description available.

Effectuer une activité artistique ne va pas de soi. Cependant, aujourd’hui en France, le système scolaire développe des ateliers qui invitent les jeunes à se mettre,notamment, en piste. Les arts du cirque contemporain participent d’une est/éthique et d’une pratique du déséquilibre et du risque, qui en font sa particularité. C’est à la découverte d’une recherche-Action menée grâce à une intervention circassienne auprès de jeunes d’un lycée professionnel du Nord de la France, que ce travail convie. Le dispositif, faisant partie d’un projet Interreg et expérimenté lors de deux ateliers interculturels franco-Anglais a permis d’interroger les enjeux corporels, psychologiques, sociaux, psychiques et affectifs d’une pratique effectuée par un troisième groupe français. L’approche ethnographique sensible a mis en avant la souffrance de vie de ces jeunes et leur relation à l’école, faisant apparaître, a contrario, le rôle éducatif de la pratique de cirque dans son rapport au « vivre ». / Doing an artistic activity is not easy. Nevertheless, to day in France, the scholar system creates workshops to invite the youth to get on track. The contemporary circus arts develop an aes/ethics and a practice based on unbalance and risk, that makes it particular. This study aims to discover up an action-Research thanks to a circus intervention to students in a professional high school in Northern France. This device, belonging to an Interreg Project and experimented during two intercultural French/English workshops, allowed to question the bodily, psychological, social, psychic and affective issues of a practicing third French group. The sensitive ethnographic approach highlighted their suffering life and their link to the school, enlightening, by contrast, the educative role of the circus practice within the relationship to “living”

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MadielSCF_DISSERT.pdf: 1874479 bytes, checksum: dc22e7d8884791a523682f62c1e8c32c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The use of increasingly complex software applications is demanding greater investment in the development of such systems to ensure applications with better quality. Therefore, new techniques are being used in Software Engineering, thus making the development process more effective. Among these new approaches, we highlight Formal Methods, which use formal languages that are strongly based on mathematics and have a well-defined semantics and syntax. One of these languages is Circus, which can be used to model concurrent systems. It was developed from the union of concepts from two other specification languages: Z, which specifies systems with complex data, and CSP, which is normally used to model concurrent systems. Circus has an associated refinement calculus, which can be used to develop software in a precise and stepwise fashion. Each step is justified by the application of a refinement law (possibly with the discharge of proof obligations). Sometimes, the same laws can be applied in the same manner in different developments or even in different parts of a single development. A strategy to optimize this calculus is to formalise these application as a refinement tactic, which can then be used as a single transformation rule. CRefine was developed to support the Circus refinement calculus. However, before the work presented here, it did not provide support for refinement tactics. The aim of this work is to provide tool support for refinement tactics. For that, we develop a new module in CRefine, which automates the process of defining and applying refinement tactics that are formalised in the tactic language ArcAngelC. Finally, we validate the extension by applying the new module in a case study, which used the refinement tactics in a refinement strategy for verification of SPARK Ada implementations of control systems. In this work, we apply our module in the first two phases of this strategy / A utiliza??o de aplica??es de software cada vez mais complexas est? exigindo um maior investimento no desenvolvimento de sistemas, garantindo uma melhor qualidade das aplica??es. Diante desse contexto, novas t?cnicas est?o sendo utilizadas na ?rea de Engenharia de Software, tornado o processo de desenvolvimento mais eficaz. Destacam- se, como exemplo dessas novas abordagens, os M?todos Formais. Estes m?todos utilizam linguagens formais que t?m sua base fundamentada na matem?tica, apresentando uma sem?ntica e sintaxe bem definidas. Uma dessas linguagens ? Circus, que possibilita a mo- delagem de sistemas concorrentes. Esta linguagem foi desenvolvida a partir da uni?o dos conceitos das linguagens formais Z (que permitem a modelagem de dados complexos) e CSP Communicating Sequential Processes (que permitem a modelagem de sistemas con- correntes). Adicionalmente, Circus tamb?m possui um c?lculo de refinamento associado, que pode ser utilizado para desenvolver software de forma precisa e gradual. Cada etapa deste c?lculo ? justificada pela aplica??o de uma lei de refinamento (possivelmente com a prova de certas condi??es chamadas de obriga??es de prova). Algumas vezes, as mesmas leis podem ser aplicadas da mesma forma em diferentes desenvolvimentos ou mesmo em partes diferentes de um ?nico desenvolvimento. Uma estrat?gia para otimizar esse c?l- culo ? formalizar estas aplica??es como t?ticas de refinamento, que podem ser utilizadas como uma simples regra de transforma??o. A ferramenta CRefine foi desenvolvida para realizar o suporte a este c?lculo de refinamento de Circus. Entretanto, antes deste traba- lho, essa ferramenta n?o fornecia suporte para as t?ticas. A proposta desta disserta??o ? oferecer um suporte ferramental para a utiliza??o das t?ticas no c?lculo de refinamento de programas Circus. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um novo m?dulo em CRefine, que auto- matiza o processo de defini??o e aplica??o das t?ticas de refinamento. Nesta extens?o as t?ticas s?o formalizadas na linguagem de t?ticas para sistemas concorrentes, ArcAngelC. Por fim, validamos a extens?o, aplicando o novo m?dulo a um estudo de caso, que utiliza as t?ticas em uma estrat?gia de refinamento para verifica??o de implementa??es SPARK Ada de sistemas de controle. Nesta disserta??o, aplicamos o novo modulo ?s duas fases iniciais desta estrat?gia.

Submitted by Glauber Assunção Moreira (glauber.a.moreira@gmail.com) on 2018-08-23T15:05:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CLÁUDIO REVISADA.pdf: 3928020 bytes, checksum: 2c7d9abd0c81ee94843524ab3e45548e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marly Santos (marly@ufba.br) on 2018-08-27T19:33:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CLÁUDIO REVISADA.pdf: 3928020 bytes, checksum: 2c7d9abd0c81ee94843524ab3e45548e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T19:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CLÁUDIO REVISADA.pdf: 3928020 bytes, checksum: 2c7d9abd0c81ee94843524ab3e45548e (MD5) / Essa dissertação é o resultado de uma pesquisa que apresenta o circo moderno como uma empresa de entretenimento desde a sua concepção, revela sobre a sua configuração no Brasil, estruturada num grupo familiar ou mais, como base de sua sustentação. O trabalho expõe o empresário circense como o responsável pela organização e desenvolvimento de estratégias de marketing e propaganda eficazes para a manutenção da empresa circo, exibe um histórico sobre o palhaço do circo e sua evolução ao longo do tempo, tudo isso com o intuito de traçar um paralelo entre as características do circo no Brasil e a empresa de entretenimento Pinduca Show de atrações, fundada e administrada pelo palhaço Pinduca e seus filhos, na cidade de Salvador entre as décadas de 1970 a 1990. / This dissertation is the result of a survey that shows the modern circus as an entertainment company since its inception, says on its settings in Brazil, in a structured family group or more, as the basis of their support. Exposes the circus business as responsible for organizing and developing marketing strategies and effective advertising for the maintenance of circus company, displays a history of the clown in the circus and its evolution over time, in order to draw a parallel between the characteristics of the circus in Brazil and entertainment company Pinduca Show Attractions, founded and run by clown Pinduca and their children in the city of Salvador from the 1970s to 1990.

At safety-critical, mission-critical and business-critical systems the high cost of failure makes required the use of methods and techniques to ensure application reliability. In this context, formal languages, as Circus or specific languages versions like Safety-Critical Java, were created to facilitate the verification and validation of applications so consequently assisting to increase the overall reliability. Despite of the reliability increase, the modeled systems in formal languages can not be executed subsequently has to be implemented in a traditional programming language. It is in this process of free translation where occur most mistakes that end up not ensuring that the generated code conforms to the specification. Based on that premise, this paper propose to expound a strategy of translation from models written in Circus language to executable programs in SCJ language. Among the main objectives and contributions include the creation of EBNFs of the two languages and the detailed description of the translation of all elements between the two languages. / Em sistemas críticos de segurança, missão ou negócios o alto custo das falhas faz com que sejam necessários o uso de métodos e técnicas para garantir a confiabilidade da aplicação. É neste contexto que foram criadas linguagens formais como o Circus ou versões específicas de linguagens como o Safety-Critical Java para facilitar a verificação e validação das aplicações criadas e aumentar consequentemente a confiabilidade geral da aplicação. Apesar de aumentar a confiabilidade, os sistemas modelados em linguagens formais não podem ser executados e então precisam ser implementados em uma linguagem de programação tradicional. É nesse processo de livre tradução do sistema especificado onde ocorrem a maioria dos erros que acabam por não garantir que o código gerado esteja de acordo com a especificação. Baseando-se nessa premissa o presente trabalho propõem-se a apresentar uma estratégia de tradução de modelos escritos na linguagem Circus para programas executáveis na linguagem SCJ. Entre os principais objetivos e contribuições do trabalho estão a criação das EBNFs das duas linguagens e a descrição detalhada da tradução de todos os elementos entre as duas linguagens.

Multi-species functional response models are required to model the predation of generalist preda- tors, which consume more than one prey species. In chapter 2, a new model for the multi-species functional response is presented. This model can describe generalist predators that exhibit func- tional responses of Holling type II to some of their prey and of type III to other prey. In chapter 3, I review some of the theoretical distinctions between Bayesian and frequentist statistics and show how Bayesian statistics are particularly well-suited for the fitting of functional response models because uncertainty can be represented comprehensively. In chapters 4 and 5, the multi- species functional response model is fitted to field data on two generalist predators: the hen harrier Circus cyaneus and the harp seal Phoca groenlandica. I am not aware of any previous Bayesian model of the multi-species functional response that has been fitted to field data. The hen harrier's functional response fitted in chapter 4 is strongly sigmoidal to the densities of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, but no type III shape was detected in the response to the two main prey species, field vole Microtus agrestis and meadow pipit Anthus pratensis. The impact of using Bayesian or frequentist models on the resulting functional response is discussed. In chapter 5, no functional response could be fitted to the data on harp seal predation. Possible reasons are discussed, including poor data quality or a lack of relevance of the available data for informing a behavioural functional response model. I conclude with a comparison of the role that functional responses play in behavioural, population and community ecology and emphasise the need for further research into unifying these different approaches to understanding predation with particular reference to predator movement. In an appendix, I evaluate the possibility of using a functional response for inferring the abun- dances of prey species from performance indicators of generalist predators feeding on these prey. I argue that this approach may be futile in general, because a generalist predator's energy intake does not depend on the density of any single of its prey, so that the possibly unknown densities of all prey need to be taken into account.

Le monde du cirque contemporain, qui a émergé en France à la fin des années 70, et qui a toujours entretenu une certaine marginalité, révèle les rapports ambivalents qu'entretient notre société à l'égard du handicap. Nous avons adopté une approche relationniste du handicap pour réaliser une étude exploratoire quantitative, puis une étude qualitative de onze associations circassiennes. Nous avons mis à jour quatre types de rapports à la différence : certaines associations organisent un Regroupement et Mise à distance des différences, qui sépare les personnes qui ont des limitations de capacités intellectuelles des autres pratiquants, par la création d'un véritable secteur de cirque spécialisé; une majorité d'associations accepte également la participation de personnes qui ont peu d'incapacités dans des pratiques de cirque normalisées, par un processus d'assimilation, traduisant une hiérarchisation des comportements; dans certaines associations professionnelles, quelques artistes aux corps hors-normes sont mis en avant, par leurs différences corporelles créatives; seule une des associations étudiées propose une forme originale de participation, acceptant des personnes ayant tous types de capacités et incapacités pour des pratiques inclusives, révélant une mixité créative. Le cirque contemporain a ainsi mis en place un secteur spécialisé, qui reproduit le détour ségrégatif organisé par les secteurs médico-sociaux et psychiatriques. Il propose un simulacre d'intégration hors du monde du handicap, tout en instituant une mise à distance de la différence. Cette participation au processus de ségrégation est masquée par la mise en avant d'artistes ayant des incapacités motrices et l'utilisation créative de leurs différences corporelles, à condition qu'ils démontrent un contrôle exceptionnel du corps. Une unique association combine l'organisation de pratiques inclusives et le rejet affirmé de sa propre institutionnalisation. Pour les autres, ni le statut associatif, ni la posture de marginalité, ne produisent des formes originales de participation pour les personnes ayant des limitations de capacités. On assiste à une polarisation du rapport à la norme, la marginalité « négative » des personnes « handicapées » – au sens d'un manque de contrôle des comportements – est encadrée par une prise en charge globale alors que la marginalité« positive » des différences corporelles est encadrée comme une œuvre, par une mise en piste spectaculaire, symbole de la marginalité renouvelée du cirque contemporain. / The contemporary circus emerged in France during the late 70s and so far it has taken up a marginal position. Itsframework reveals the ambivalent relationship between society and disability.A research approach in which disability is the result of interaction between individuals and their environments wasadopted. We conducted a wide angle quantitative study about circus associations throughout France, followed by aqualitative study centered on eleven circus associations. We established four relationship patterns with respect todissimilarities: some associations organize a Clustering and segregation, that separates people with intellectual disabilitiesfrom other participants, with the creation of a specialized circus programs; a majority of associations also accepts theparticipation of people who carries low impact disabilities in normalized circus practices, by a process of assimilation,reflecting a Behavioral prioritization ; in associations that regroup professional performers, few artists with unconventionalbody types are emphasized by their Creative corporal dissimilarity ; only one among all organizations studied offers anoriginal pattern of participation, where people with all types of abilities and disabilities are united in inclusive practices, bythe virtue of a creative mosaic.Contemporary circus has established specialized programs that reproduce the segregation utilized in the medicosocialand psychiatric sectors. It proposes a simulated integration aimed to the world outside of the disability, whileestablishing a distancing of the difference. Recurrent highlighting of artists with physical disabilities that creatively usestheir corporal differences and demonstrates exceptional body control masks this participation in the process of segregation.A single organization combines inclusive practices and affirmatively rejects its own institutionalization. For others,neither association status nor the posture of marginality produces original forms of participation for people withdisabilities.Norm is polarized: “Negative” marginality of the “disabled” – those that have a lack of behavioral control – isframed by a global care, while the “positive” marginality of corporal differences is framed as a fine art piece by spectacularstaging, the symbol of the renewed marginality of the contemporary circus.