Map Kibera project and it’s Voice of Kibera reporting initiative present an example of new media applying the principle of crowd sourcing to foster social change and provide voice to community of Kibera, Kenya. The aim of this study was to analyses, firstly, how the concept of participatory communication has been applied during the implementation of the project. As a basis for this approach an Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change was applied during the analysis of articles being produced on two project blogs to identify what steps have been implemented and what new aspects could be brought. Secondly, it was important to understand what social change the implementation of such project could bring to community it serves for. Finally, in order to develop a strategy for sustainability possible barriers/limitations of citizen/actor engagement were identified. Research tools used for this analysis were qualitative semi-structured interviews with project team members as well as participants/non participants of the project combined together with quantitative content analysis applied on articles produced on Map Kibera and Voice of Kibera blogs.Most important findings indicate that the application of IMCFSC took place almost fully but was applied on a particular community – project team. At the same time the use of crowd sourcing platform and reporting gave citizens of Kibera an opportunity to create their own agenda and provide a real picture of the area thus gaining a “voice” and possibility to speak out loud to broader communities. Nevertheless it is important to mention that the access to information created during the project was possible mostly in the offline form (printed materials, maps) and via mobile phones thus indicating to such barriers as the lack of such ICT tools as computers and also to the need to co-operate more closely to broader community of Kibera to avoid possible misconception of the work of the project. These findings are important to consider when planning implementation of similar projects in other communities located in different geographical, political and social settings.

新加坡是個經濟繁榮、法治嚴明、資訊科技發達的城市國家，主流平面及電子媒體由報業控股公司（SPH）及新傳媒（Media Corp.）兩大集團壟斷，奉行「政府說了算」的新聞學意理，網路使用普及後，公民媒體乘勢興起。 Mr. Brown Show是由新加坡人民製作的政治諷刺播客（podcast），主要作者為資深部落客李健敏（Mr. Brown），持續發聲已逾三年，廣受歡迎。播客內容多為重現新聞時事的幽默短劇，以人民的觀點針砭時政，實踐公民新聞學（citizen journalism）。 筆者以播客發聲至今顯著性高的新聞議題為指標，選出四大議題共二十三則播客，將之謄寫、節譯為文字稿，以主流媒體（如《海峽時報》）報導為事件背景，對照播客內容，呈現Mr. Brown Show觀點，並歸納製作群的慣用表述策略，如文字遊戲、雙關語、偽裝角色等，申論政治諷刺拓展公民新聞學實踐的範疇。 Mr. Brown Show以播客為載具，網路為傳播平台，正好規避當局對傳統媒介的管制，更甚者，當局未干涉播客的諷刺評論，Mr. Brown Show為另類媒介提供生存線索，並拓寬當前播客的使用目的。 傳播科技帶來新媒體發展的可能性，本文取Mr. Brown Show為個案，以小窺大，除了看它如何利用播客實踐公民新聞學，也探討新媒體對統治當局的挑戰。 / This study examines the production of podcast by a Singaporean blogger Lee Kin Mun, a.k.a. Mr. Brown. He and his team have been utilizing the outcome of a technological convergence — podcast, in a most creative way to express their political views. By its own unique style of satire, Mr. Brown Show has survived in this city state’s closely regulated Internet sphere. In addition, it emerged as a good example of citizen journalism, providing survival tips for local alternative media. It remains to be seen, however, in what way Mr. Brown Show or its likes can make a difference on Singapore’s online democracy.

This diploma thesis aims to explore the increasing activity of internet users who intensively create, publish and spread their own content. The majority of this content is related to news and traditional forms of mass media organizations, which now must contend with the new means in which to disseminate information. The theoretical portion of this thesis describes the development of network media and strives for ground active user participation in media discourse and a historical context. Kinds of user-created contents will be introduced, defining their characteristics and analyzes these users who are called "prosumers" or "produsers" in the Web 2.0 era. Attention is also focused on user-generated content accessed by news websites and citizen journalism. The second part analyzes how the foremost world news media use and benefit from user-generated content. Examined media are iReport CNN, uReport Fox News and Have Your Say BBC. The text also analyzes the Czech news media, especially ČT24 news channel and main Czech news websites. The thesis closes with a comparison between Czech and world media and offers analysis of different media organizations approaches to user-generated content. Both parts of the thesis focus on web and television news service.

This diploma thesis discusses the process of communication in new media environment and demonstrates it on the example of YouTube Beauty community which can be seen as an autonomous, independent space for expression and sharing of information. It introduces the specifics of communication in the environment of Beauty community and its characteristics. It discusses some theoretic concepts connected with communication in the environment of new media and also with the Beauty community, for example Web 2.0, citizen journalism, prosumption or the concept of internet as a new space of public discussion. It also discusses concept of political economy about how external especially commercial factors influence communication process and content of traditional media and connects it with influences of external commercial factors on communication in Beauty community. In qualitative research are explored factors that impact communication in this environment and also potential impact of external commercial factors on communications and its contents.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-10T16:05:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPPJM - ADRIAN DE ALEXANDRI..pdf: 4330038 bytes, checksum: 071dced9fb0ccb79a5e8b28306abfa61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-10T16:06:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPPJM - ADRIAN DE ALEXANDRI..pdf: 4330038 bytes, checksum: 071dced9fb0ccb79a5e8b28306abfa61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-10T16:07:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPPJM - ADRIAN DE ALEXANDRI..pdf: 4330038 bytes, checksum: 071dced9fb0ccb79a5e8b28306abfa61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T16:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPPJM - ADRIAN DE ALEXANDRI..pdf: 4330038 bytes, checksum: 071dced9fb0ccb79a5e8b28306abfa61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / In the digital age, journalism allows the citizen to appropriate numerical tools and be a news producer, socially and economically impacting the place where he lives. Thus, participatory and hyperlocal journalism, with the use of georeferencing technologies, are being applied in a rural region of Brazil - Gonçalves (MG). From bibliographic research, field research and interviews, a website was created and implemented in the city. A public agenda is thus revealed and, supported by these tools, can achieve benefits for the society of its surroundings to the point that, starting from the connection, start a process with parameters of smart city. / Na era digital, o jornalismo permite que o cidadão se aproprie de ferramentas numéricas e seja um produtor de notícias, impactando social e economicamente o lugar onde vive. Assim, o jornalismo participativo e o hiperlocal, com o uso de tecnologias de georreferenciamento, estão sendo aplicados em uma região rural brasileira – Gonçalves (MG). A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas, um site foi criado e implementado na cidade. Uma agenda pública é desta forma revelada e, amparada por estas ferramentas, pode lograr benefícios para a sociedade do seu entorno a ponto de, a partir da conexão, iniciar um processo com parâmetros de cidade inteligente.

在這個新媒體時代，人人都有機會成為公民記者。本研究旨在探討一群不為金錢、不僅是為了組織發言的高參與度公民記者，試圖了解其形貌，以及持續不斷發文的原因。採用人本心理學之父Maslow的動機階層理論做為研究梗概，以PeoPo公民新聞平台中的公民記者為研究對象，從符合研究條件的公民記者中，隨機挑選八位公民記者進行探究。 本研究採用文本分析及深度訪談做為研究方法。透過文本分析，分析八位高參與度公民記者在平台上發表的所有報導，了解發文頻率、型態、文章與Tag分類、節目採用與讀者回應狀況…等五個類目，並輔以半結構式深度訪談，達到主客對照，進行探討。 經由研究後發現，這群高參與度公民記者有三個特色：（1）中壯年；（2）上班族；（3）社區大學成員、課程培訓學員、志工。他們對於報導公民新聞保持著相當積極的態度，主要採用影音方式呈現，其新聞常受到媒體採用，且有一定的讀者回饋。在製作公民新聞的過程中，「歸屬和愛」、「自尊」、「自我實現」三個需求，是高參與度公民記者最主要的參與動機，其中，「自我實現」更以Z理論中「健康型自我實現」為主。 / Everyone has the opportunity to become citizen journalists in this new media age. This study focused on a group of PeoPo’s citizen journalists who participate highly not just for money or organization. In order to figure out the “shape” and reasons why they keep posting on PeoPo, the study based on the Maslow’s Theory of Needs Hierarchy. This research used Contextual analysis and Semi—Structured Depth Interview as approaches. Contextual analysis helped to figure out their report on PeoPo, and to understand posting frequency, patterns, articles and Tag classification, media adopted and audience response. Also, the research interviewed eight PeoPo’s citizen journalists by simple random sampling to realize the group. Through the research found that these high participatory citizen journalists has three common characteristics: (1) middle age; (2) white-collar workers; (3) members of the community college, course trainees, and volunteers. They maintain a positive attitude toward reporting and always use video to present. Their reports usually are adopted by media and obtain audience feedback. These high participatory citizen journalists in the process have three major needs, included" belongingness and love needs"," esteem-needs "and “healthy-self-actualization needs”. Keywords: High participatory citizen journalists, Motivation of report, PeoPo, Citizen journalism

本內容分析研究主流報紙海峽時報和公民新聞網The Online Citizen在新加坡同性戀議題上的報導。本文圍繞兩個重要事件，研究這兩個新聞媒體如何報導同性戀相關新聞。1）前總理吳作棟在2003年接受時代雜誌採訪時表示，公共機關會為同性戀者提供平等的就業機會。2）新加坡政府於2006年檢討《新加坡刑法典》並決定保留視男同性戀者之間的性行為違法的第377A條。本研究試圖了解政府面對同性戀課題態度上的轉變如何影響傳統媒體對於同性戀相關新聞的呈現。卡方檢定結果顯示，海峽時報的新聞焦點、新聞欄目、故事類型、故事主題、新聞來源數量、主要新聞來源的身份以及對同性戀抱持的態度，在兩個重大事件中有顯著的差異。另外，該研究還發現支持同性戀的新聞語氣多數源於普通人，而反同性戀的新聞語氣往往來自官方。本文也發現新聞媒體與對同性戀抱持的態度，兩者存在重要的關係。最後，海峽時報在報導同性戀相關課題時，相較The Online Citizen，主題更多元。另一方面，後者和前者比起來，故事框架更加多樣化。 / This content analytic study investigated the reporting approaches of a mainstream newspaper — Straits Times and a citizen journalism site — The Online Citizen on homosexual issues in Singapore. This paper examines the reporting pattern of these two news outlets in the coverage of homosexuality surrounding two important issues — (1) the interview by Time magazine with former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong conducted in 2003, in which he openly commented about nondiscriminatory policies towards the gay people in the country for the first time. (2) The initiation to review the Penal Code in 2006 whereby Section 377A was not repealed after gay supporters petitioned to abolish the law that criminalizes homosexuality. The purpose is to find out how gays were represented in the media with the shift in politics of homosexuality. Using Chi-square tests, the results indicated that there is significant relation between news focus, news section, story type, topic, number of sources, identity of dominant news sources and attitude with time for the Straits Times. In addition, this paper found evidence that pro-gay news tone were likely to come from official source whereas anti-gay news tone tended to originate from ordinary source. Significant relations were also found between attitude and news outlets. Lastly, Straits Times was better diversified in terms of topics of gay-related stories while The Online Citizen was more diversified with regards to story frames.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Journalism) -- Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. / Explores the themes derived from the six tenets of the hacker ethic in blog posts about the Gautrain project over a one-year period. It also describes how citizen journalists express the six tenets of the hacker ethic when blogging about the Gautrain project.

The digitization of media has undermined much of the social authority and economic viability on which U.S. journalism relied during the 20th century. This disruption has also opened a central tension for the profession: how to reconcile the need for occupational control against growing opportunities for citizen participation. How that tension is navigated will affect the ultimate shape of the profession and its place in society. This dissertation examines how the leading nonprofit actor in journalism, The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, has sought to help journalism innovate out of its professional crisis. This case study engages a series of mixed methods—including interviews, textual analysis, and secondary data analysis—to generate a holistic portrayal of how the Knight Foundation has attempted to transform itself and the journalism field in recent years, particularly through its signature Knight News Challenge innovation contest. From a sociology of professions perspective, I found that the Knight Foundation altered the rhetorical and actual boundaries of journalism jurisdiction. Knight moved away from “journalism” and toward “information” as a way of seeking the wisdom of the crowd to solve journalism’s problems. This opening up of journalism’s boundaries created crucial space in which innovators, from inside and outside journalism, could step in and bring change to the field. In particular, these changes have allowed the concept of citizen participation, which resides at the periphery of mainstream newswork, to become embraced as an ethical norm and a founding doctrine of journalism innovation. The result of these efforts has been the emergence of a new rendering of journalism—one that straddles the professional-participatory tension by attempting to “ferry the values” of professional ideals even while embracing new practices more suited to a digital environment. Ultimately, this case study matters for what it suggests about professions in turbulent times. Influential institutions can bring change to their professional fields by acting as boundary-spanning agents—stepping outside the traditional confines of their field, altering the rhetorical and structural borders of professional jurisdiction to invite external contribution and correction, and altogether creating the space and providing the capital for innovation to flourish. / text

This thesis seeks to investigate the role that blogs play in contemporary South African journalism through examining six blogs in the South African blogosphere and their content choices. This thesis draws on four key theoretical frameworks around which the research questions have been formulated: New Media and Journalism, Journalistic Blogging, Audiences and the Public Sphere. There are three key research questions: 1. What is the role played by blogging in contemporary South African journalism? 2. To what extent has the blogosphere become a Public Sphere? 3. How have blogs influenced/changed/impacted on the style and content of South African journalism? The qualitative data collected through blog observation, interviews with blog owner/ editors and concluded focus group discussions with blog readers, is designed to help reveal the role blogs and bloggers play in contemporary South African journalism, and through discussions with the audience and monitoring conversations online, help explore the possibilities of a public sphere. The conclusion of this thesis is that blogs do play a role in contemporary South African journalism and can serve as an effective public sphere. Defining what it means to be a journalist and recognising the differences between blogger and journalist is an issue that needs to be effectively understood before a conclusive agreement is to be reached in the blogger/journalist debate. However, for now the relationship between South African news agents and South African bloggers is promising. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.