L'expansion des surfaces urbaines a de fortes conséquences sur la composition des communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs. Néanmoins, les effets de l'urbanisation sur l’interdépendance entre ces deux communautés et leurs conséquences évolutives restent peu étudiés. Premièrement, nous avons cherché à identifier le long d'un gradient d'urbanisation les facteurs affectant les communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs. Deuxièmement, nous avons testé l'existence de divergences évolutives intra-spécifiques pour les caractéristiques reproductives de plantes d'origine urbaine et rurale. Dans ce but, nous avons combiné l'analyse de données issues de programmes de sciences participatives en région de l'Ile-de-France et nous avons également mis en place une expérience de transplantation réciproque impliquant quatre espèces végétales fréquentes dans cette région. Nos résultats révèlent que la morphologie florale est le facteur le plus souvent impliqué dans l'observation des familles d'insectes sur les fleurs le long du gradient. Les familles d'insectes ayant une affinité positive aux surfaces imperméables préfèrent les corolles tubulaires, tandis que les familles ayant une affinité négative préfèrent les corolles évasées. L'urbanisation modifie la composition des communautés végétales, en sélectionnant notamment des espèces autogames et non-entomophiles. Nos résultats indiquent une perte fonctionnelle de pollinisateurs en milieu urbain. Une analyse détaillée de l’espèce Cymbalaria muralis suggère que les plantes auraient un plus grand bénéfice reproductif à allouer plus de ressources à la production de fleurs sur les sites de plantation urbain. En conséquence, les plantes d'origine urbaine ont tendance à produire plus de fleurs que celles d’origine rurale, au détriment de la production d'ovules par fleur et de la coloration des corolles. Cette divergence évolutive pourrait s'expliquer par des changements dans le comportement des pollinisateurs induits par une fragmentation accrue de l'habitat dans les zones urbaines. Cette thèse révèle que les changements induits par l'urbanisation dans l'abondance, le comportement ou les affinités florales fonctionnelles des pollinisateurs peuvent servir d'agents de sélection sur les espèces végétales spontanées. / The expansion of urban areas is known to impact the composition of plant and pollinator communities. However, the effects of urbanization on the interdependency between both communities, and the subsequent evolutionary consequences, are still poorly studied. First, we tried to identify along an urbanization gradient which factors shape plant and pollinator communities. Second, we tested the existence of intra-specific evolutionary divergences of plant reproductive characteristics between populations from urban and rural origins. For these purposes, we combined the analysis of data collected in the Ile-de-France region originating from citizen science projects, and we set up a reciprocal transplantation experiment involving four plant species commonly found in this region. We found that floral morphology was the most frequently implicated factor in the observation of insect families along the gradient. Insect families with positive affinity to impervious areas prefer tubular corollas, while families with negative affinity prefer non-tubular (open) corollas. Urbanization modifies the composition of plant communities, by selecting in particular autogamous and non-entomophilous species. Altogether, our results point towards a functional loss of pollinators along with urbanization. A detailed analysis of the species Cymbalaria muralis suggests a greater reproductive benefit in allocating more resources to flower production in urban plantation sites. As a consequence, plants from urban origin tend to produce more flowers compared to plants from rural origin, at the expense of ovule production per flower and flower coloration. This evolutionary divergence could be explained by shifts in pollinator behaviour induced by higher habitat fragmentation in urban areas. This thesis reveals that shifts in the abundance, in the behaviour or in the functional floral affinities of pollinators, induced by urbanization, could act as selection agents on spontaneous plant species.

El presente trabajo de investigación analiza la viabilidad de la propuesta de un modelo de negocio basado en la venta wearables o tecnología vestible posicionado en seguridad personal, apoyado con el establecimiento de una tienda física. Las cifras de inseguridad en el Perú son muy elevadas, más del 80% de los peruanos ven la inseguridad uno de los principales problemas del Perú. En la actualidad hay medios tecnológicos dirigidos a aumentar el bienestar de la vida de las personas, entre ellos, los wearables. Un mercado con tasas de crecimiento proyectadas del 11%, que puede dinamizarse en los próximos años, y que en mercados emergentes ya destaca el interés por los que se dirigen a funcionalidades de seguridad. Para analizar esta oportunidad se realiza una investigación, utilizando datos primarios y secundarios, estudiando los diferentes factores y aspectos referentes a la inseguridad ciudadana que afectan a la población peruana. Se analiza el uso de la tecnología como medio por el que los usuarios obtienen soluciones a sus problemas. Percibiendo el crecimiento de la tecnología wearable como una oportunidad de mercado. Desarrollando una idea de negocio en torno a un modelo sólido y atractivo. Sustentado por la creación de valor para el consumidor resolviendo el problema de la inseguridad a través de la tecnología. Por medio del análisis del mercado y la determinación del consumidor se llega al planteamiento de estrategias de marketing y operacionales. El trabajo finaliza con una evaluación económica financiera del proyecto. / This work seeks to analyze the viability of a business based on a wearables store and positioned in personal security. Public insecurity figures in Peru are so big and more than 80% of Peruvians see public insecurity one of the central issues in the country. There are technological means to enhance the welfare of people, including wearables. Wearables market project growth rates of 11% which could be boosted in the coming years and there is already a great interest n those targeting security features. This carry out an investigation to analyze this opportunity using primary and secondary data and studying factors and issues relating to public insecurity. The use of technologies to obtain solutions also is analyzed. The growth of wearable technology is identified as a market opportunity, so the business idea develops around a solid and attractive model. The costumer value creation is aimed solving the public insecurity through technology. The market analysis and costumer segmentation help to raise marketing and operational strategies. Finally, the financial economic evaluation validate the project. / Trabajo de Investigación

El presente trabajo trata de la idealización y estructuración de un aplicativo móvil cuya finalidad es devolverle la sensación de seguridad a quien la utilice. Esta aplicación fue diseñada pensando en los ciudadanos de Lima metropolitana y su constante temor a ser víctimas de algún acto delictivo. En la última década, el 95% de ciudadanos limeños se sienten inseguros dentro de su día a día, sintiendo desconfianza por las autoridades y su entorno social. La aplicación YARA busca remediar la poca falta de alternativas de prevención contra delitos que existe en la actualidad, ofreciendo un dispositivo que brinde las herramientas necesarias para que los ciudadanos se mantengan siempre precavidos y alertas para evitar estas situaciones. Para la estructuración de este proyecto, se tomó en cuenta las necesidades más importantes que los ciudadanos limeños buscan satisfacer con respecto a la inseguridad ciudadana. Necesidades tales como nivel de inseguridad de las zonas, acceso rápido a las líneas de emergencia disponibles, ayuda colectiva de la comunidad limeña, entre otras más que formarán y fortalecerán una cultura de prevención ante actos delictivos, con colaboración de la comunidad y las autoridades. / This paper is about the idealization and structuring of a mobile application whose purpose is to restore the feeling of security to the users. This application was designed with for Lima citizens in mind and their constant fear of being victims of some criminal act. In the last decade, 95% of Lima citizens feel insecure within their daily lives, feeling distrust of the authorities and their social environment. YARA is an application which seeks to remedy the little lack of crime prevention alternatives that currently exists, offering an app that provides the necessary tools so that citizens always remain cautious and alert to avoid these situations. For the structuring of this project, the investigation takes the most important needs that Lima citizens seek. Needs such as the insecurity’s level in the areas, quick access to the emergency lines, collective help from the Lima community, among others that will form and strengthen a culture of prevention against criminal acts, with the collaboration of the community and the authorities. / Trabajo de investigación

Orientador: Plácida L. V. Amorim da Costa Santos / Banca: Maria Helena T.C. de Barros / Banca: Maria Cândida Soares Del-Masso / Resumo: Com o início do novo milênio, o Brasil passa por profundas transformações na sociedade. Estima-se que, em 2025, a cada cinco brasileiros um terá 60 anos. Os jovens de hoje estão preparados para lidarem com as novas tecnologias. No entanto, as gerações anteriores, consideradas atualmente da Terceira Idade, não tiveram esta formação e estão vivendo numa sociedade altamente informatizada. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: Caracterizar o usuário potencial da Terceira Idade, quanto ao uso da Internet nos grupos da UNATI-UEL e do SENAC-Londrina; Identificar a utilização da Internet por usuários da Terceira Idade; Verificar se a Terceira Idade está familiarizada com a Internet e Detectar os sentimentos e aspirações dos usuários da Terceira Idade diante da Internet. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi de estudo de caso, sob um enfoque quantitativo-qualitativo. Utilizamos questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas, diferentes para cada instituição estudada. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem concluir que: 1) ambos os grupos pesquisados compreendem a importância da utilização da Internet nos dias de hoje; 2) esta oferece maior facilidade e comodidade na realização de suas tarefas diárias; 3) traz informação e estimula a criatividade. / Abstract: With the beginning of the new millennium, the Brazilian society is being transformed. It is believed that, by the year 2025, one in five Brazilian citizens will be 60 years old. The youngsters are prepared to deal with new technologies but the previous generations, which are currently considered to be the elderly, are not. In fact, they live in a society which is highly technological. Based on these facts, the purposes of this research are: to characterize the potential elderly user as for the use of the Internet in UNATI - UEL and SENAC - Londrina groups; to identify the use of the Internet by the elderly; to verify if the elderly are familiarized with the Internet and to detect their feelings and aspirations towards the Internet. The methodology used in this research was the case study under a qualitative-quantitative focus. A different questionnaire with open-ended and multiple choice questions was used for each institution studied in this research. The results obtained led us to the following conclusions: 1) both groups understand the importance of the use of the Internet nowadays; 2) it is easier and more comfortable for them to accomplish their daily tasks with the Internet; 3) the Internet brings information and stimulates creativity. / Mestre

The topic of this thesis is political socialization of selected former members of the Czech-German Youth Forum towards political participation and democratic citizenship. Four former members whose terms in office were between 2007 and 2009, but are still politically active were chosen. The objective of the thesis is to learn what competencies, values and thinking the Czech-German Youth Forum passed on the respondents for their further political participation and what the contextual and organisational circumstances were like within this process. In the theoretical part, selected factors of political participation towards democracy and political socialization of the youth during generally beneficial work in civil society organizations were presented. In the empirical part, qualitatively-acquired data were analyzed as they were obtained by means of interview. In the closing part, the findings were related to the theoretical framework of the thesis.

The thesis is devoted to amateur ornithologists and their role in citizen science. In it's theoretical part it focuses mainly on citizen science, its features, history and present of ornithology and characterization of amateur ornithologist. The empirical part uses methods of qualitative research, which is based on semi-structured interviews with professional and amateur ornithologists who participate or deal with projects of citizen science. The research problem is formulated as follows: Amateur ornithologists, their role and involvement in civil science and cooperation with professional ornithologists from the perspective of both amateur and professional ornithologists. It uses a thematic analysis to process the interviews on which several topics are based, for example: amateur ornithologist and its concept, relationships between amateur and professional ornithologists and their cooperation, relationship of amateur ornithologists to nature, their self-education, citizen science from the perspective of amateur and professional ornithologists, data and their quality. Research suggests that the difference between amateurs and professionals lies mainly in their relationship to science, which affects other aspects of their relationship to each other and to citizen science.

This dissertation explores the relationship between remembrance and citizen humanities. Combining the study of three qualitative empirical sources (an explorative comparison of five citizen humanities projects, an autonetnography conducted in one of the projects and the observation and analysis of the interaction of the online community in said project) the epistemic culture in citizen humanities and how remembrance is enacted in this context are addressed. The findings indicate that the participatory epistemic culture inherent to the citizen humanities allows a limited number of participants to transcend the roles that are assigned as mere data collectors, pursuing their own independent research projects. In this context, remembrance takes place in two levels, first by creating cultural mnemonic manifestations in the form of searchable metadata, transcribed data, digitized objects, images and rerecorded stories and second, by the act of creating knowledge and sharing it with the community. Finally, it is suggested that in the context of the citizen humanities, the traditional dichotomy of history vs. memory is challenged by the figure of the citizen historian, as this subject creates historical knowledge but also enacts mnemonic practices exemplified by the creation of cultural mnemonic manifestations and by recalling, recognizing, and localizing memories, both their own and from others.

Unpaved forest roads are adversely affecting coldwater streams through excessive erosion and the subsequent sedimentation of adjacent waterways. To help identify areas of concern, Trout Unlimited (TU) in the Southern Appalachian region developed a Community Science initiative to gather data on sediment sources and stream-road crossings. Volunteers were recruited and trained to monitor road and trail conditions and collect and submit data using a Survey123 application on their cell phones. Analysis of the contributed data reveals statistical connections between drainage type and both erosion level and stream sedimentation. The contributed data were also included as a calibration for the lite version of the Geomorphic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP-Lite), a GIS-based road sediment contribution model. The analysis found statistically significant differences between Basic and Calibrated models at one of two sites, and substantial increases in sediment delivery from the Alternate model at both sites.

Technology has supported the progression of several areas of society and its application extends even within government. More societies and local governments around the world are putting the capabilities of new technologies to use to improve the way they govern and deliver services to citizens. This has effectively changed the relationship between citizens and their elected officials. As government operations become increasingly digital it is important that aspects of good governance do not get lost along the way.The notion of accountability in democracies is often linked to the idea of good governance. Good governance requires that authorities within democratic societies are answerable to their subjects or constituents with every decision they make on their behalfThis exploratory study examines how accountability is being upheld within e-government services today with the focus on e-health. The study makes use of Boven’s framework for assessing public accountability to evaluate e-health platforms available to citizens of the city of Stockholm. The results of the study indicate that while most e-government platforms communicate the possibility for adjustment in conduct, there is little indication that adjustment in behavior or processes is made as a result of influence from the users (citizens). The results also show that information on accountable actors is not readily available to users of e-government platforms.

Participation as a way to ensure equal accessibility to democracy has gained importance alongside the concept of sustainability. At the same time, it has become clear that not everyone has equal opportunity to participate in these participatory events, creating power issues that leave out the voices of certain societal groups from the political context. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to research how this issue can be solved, by looking at how local governments are working to ensure that everyone is given equal opportunity to participate when it is of relevance to them. The purpose is also to specifically research how social vulnerability and marginalisation is taken into consideration in the participatory process. The researched questions used to fulfil this purpose is: 1) How do local municipalities work to ensure equal accessibility to participatory events? 2) How is social vulnerability or marginalisation taken into consideration in the participatory process? 3) Can the strategies used by the municipality be argued to increase citizens’ accessibility to democracy? To answer these questions this study uses a case study design and a combination of two methods: interviews and text analysis. The data material consists of interviews with public officials and politicians at Örebro municipality along with the guidelines and handbooks developed by the municipality about their work with participatory events. The study concludes that Örebro municipality uses a number of different strategies that arguably enables them to have a more inclusive participatory process. They for example uses target group analysis, adapts the event to the group it concerns, take language, place of event, method of announcement into consideration and adapts the language to make the event more accessible. The study could conclude that through these strategies, along with directed efforts towards socially vulnerable and marginalised groups, the municipality appears to take these aspects in to consideration and therefore enhance the possible for more citizens to participate. The questions whether the strategies used by the municipality could increase citizens accessibility to democracy through participatory events generated a more ambivalent discussion and could not be giving a clear answer. There were aspects that to a certain degree could indicate that it was made possible through the strategies used by the municipality. But other aspect such as the ambiguity related to the purpose and definition of the participatory events contradicted this and showed that there exists a tension between wanting to enforce decisions and including citizens perspectives and input.