Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Boron, among micronutrients, is one that appears most often deficient in the soil, mainly due to the low availability of land and lack of knowledge of application and crop response to their application. As to the low availability in the soil, this condition is aggravated when the water shortage, since the mechanism involved in the contact with the root of boron is the mass flow that is directly proportional to the hydraulic conductivity. Regarding response to nutrient culture, it is believed that the optimal range between toxic and is very narrow. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of boron in watermelon crop irrigated with different irrigation in the municipality of Pentecost - CE. The statistical design was randomized block split plot with four replications. The plots were assessed four irrigation levels, 50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of potential evapotranspiration of the crop (ETpc) and subplots five levels, corresponding to 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3, 5, 4.5 kg ha-1 to B, taking with boric acid source. The boron contents in watermelon leaf tissue showed linear fit as a function of increasing doses and decreased linearly as a function of irrigation levels, ranging from 102.39 to 168.20 mg kg-1 and negatively correlated with productivity, indicating toxicity. Foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn were not affected by irrigation and boron levels. Since sulfur and copper, influenced by irrigation and B levels, respectively. It was demonstrated effect of boron on the increased production of MSPA. The stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and photosynthesis were not affected by factors, demonstrating that the blades did not impose on plants water scarcity, and that with the variables analyzed was impossible to pinpoint the influence of boron gas exchange. The crop transpiration was significantly affected by irrigation. / O boro, dentre os micronutrientes, à aquele que mais frequentemente se apresenta deficiente no solo, devido principalmente à baixa disponibilidade dos solos e a falta de conhecimento do requerimento e da resposta das culturas a sua aplicaÃÃo. Quanto à baixa disponibilidade no solo, tal condiÃÃo seria agravada, quando da escassez hÃdrica, uma vez que o mecanismo envolvido no contato do boro com a raiz à o fluxo de massa, que à diretamente proporcional à condutividade hidrÃulica do solo. A respeito da resposta da cultura ao nutriente, acredita-se que a faixa entre o nÃvel ideal e o tÃxico seja muito estreita. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicaÃÃo de doses crescentes de boro na cultura da melancia irrigada com diferentes lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo, no municÃpio de Pentecoste â CE. O delineamento estatÃstico foi blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetiÃÃes. Nas parcelas foram avaliados quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo, 50%, 75%, 100% e 125% da evapotranspiraÃÃo potencial da cultura (ETpc) e nas subparcelas cinco doses, correspondentes a 0,5, 1,5, 2,5, 3,5, 4,5 kg ha-1 de B, tendo com fonte o Ãcido bÃrico. Os teores de boro no tecido foliar da melancia apresentaram ajuste linear crescente em funÃÃo das doses e linear decrescente em funÃÃo das lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo, variando de 102,39 a 168,20 mg kg-1 e correlacionando negativamente com a produtividade, indicando toxidez. Os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe e Zn, nÃo foram influenciados pelas lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo e doses de boro. Sendo o enxofre e o cobre, influenciados pelas lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo e doses de B, respectivamente. Foi demostrado efeito do boro sobre o incremento da produÃÃo de MSPA. A condutÃncia estomÃtica, concentraÃÃo interna de CO2 e a fotossÃntese nÃo foram influenciadas pelos fatores, demostrando que as lÃminas nÃo impuseram sobre as plantas uma escassez hÃdrica, e que com as variÃveis analisadas foi impossÃvel precisar a influencia do boro nas trocas gasosas. A transpiraÃÃo da cultura foi influenciada significativamente pelas lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A melancieira (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai), cucurbitÃcea cultivada em vÃrias partes do Brasil e do mundo, tem grande importÃncia socioeconÃmica para o Nordeste brasileiro. Nessa RegiÃo, o cultivo sob irrigaÃÃo vem crescendo e permitindo ao produtor ofertar frutos de melhor qualidade, no momento em que o preÃo à mais atrativo no mercado consumidor. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influÃncia de diferentes frequÃncias de irrigaÃÃo e fertirrigaÃÃo com nitrogÃnio e fÃsforo no desempenho produtivo da cultura da melancia, realizaram-se trÃs experimentos no sÃtio Paraguai, municÃpio de Cruz, CearÃ, no perÃodo de 12 de outubro a 20 de dezembro de 2010. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes. No experimento com irrigaÃÃo os tratamentos consistiram na aplicaÃÃo de diferentes frequÃncias de irrigaÃÃo, sendo: DM - diariamente (100% de manhÃ); DT - diariamente (100% de tarde); DMT - diariamente (50% de manhà e 50% de tarde); 2D - a cada dois dias; 3D - a cada trÃs dias e 4D - a cada quatro dias. Nos experimentos com diferentes frequÃncias de fertirrigaÃÃo nitrogenada e fosfatada, os tratamentos empregados foram: 2F - 2 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo; 4F - 4 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo; 8F - 8 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo; 16F - 16 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo; 32F - 32 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo e 64F - 64 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo. Avaliou-se a produtividade comercial (PC); massa (MF); diÃmetro polar (DP) e equatorial (DE); espessura da casca (EC) e teor de sÃlidos solÃveis (SS) dos frutos. Avaliou-se ainda a receita lÃquida para cada tratamento em todos os experimentos. Os tratamentos com frequÃncia de irrigaÃÃo influenciaram significativamente todas as variÃveis, sendo que a irrigaÃÃo diÃria (DMT - 50% de manhà e 50% de tarde) foi responsÃvel pela maior produtividade (69,79 t ha-1). Esse tratamento tambÃm foi responsÃvel pelo maior retorno econÃmico que foi de R$ 6.052,20. As diferentes frequÃncias de fertirrigaÃÃo com nitrogÃnio tambÃm influenciaram significativamente todas as variÃveis, com exceÃÃo da espessura da casca, a maior produtividade (80,69 t ha-1) foi obtida com o tratamento 64F - 64 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo, assim como a maior receita lÃquida (R$ 8,799,00). As distintas frequÃncias de fertirrigaÃÃo com fÃsforo influenciaram significativamente as variÃveis: produtividade comercial e espessura da casca, sendo que a maior produtividade (67,54 t ha-1) tambÃm foi obtida com o tratamento 64F - 64 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo. No entanto, a maior receita lÃquida (R$ 3.427,41) foi obtida para o tratamento 32F - 32 fertirrigaÃÃes no ciclo. / The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai), cucurbit grown in various parts of the world, has great socioeconomic importance for the Brazilian Northeast. In this region, the irrigated watermelon cultivation has been increasing, allowing the producer to offer high quality fruits, right when prices are most attractive at the consumer market. Aiming to evaluate the influence of different frequencies of irrigation and (nitrogen and phosphorus) fertigation on watermelon crop growth performance, three experiments were performed on the Paraguai farm, at the Cruz municipality, state of CearÃ, in the period from October 12th, 2010 to December 20th, 2010. The statistical design was that of randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments, in the irrigation experiment, consisted of applying different irrigation frequencies, being: DM (daily, 100% in the morning); DT (daily, 100% in the afternoon); DMT (daily, 50% in the morning and 50% in the afternoon); 2D ( irrigation once every two days); 3D (irrigation once every three days); 4D (irrigation once every four days). The treatments, in experiments with different frequencies of nitrogen and phosphorus fertigation, were: 2F (2 fertigations per cycle); 4F (4 fertigations per cycle); 8F (8 fertigations per cycle); 16F (16 fertigations per cycle); 32F (32 fertigations per cycle) and 64F (64 fertigations per cycle). We evaluated the commercial yield (PC), mass (MF), polar diameter (DP), equatorial diameter (DE), shell thickness (EC) and soluble solids (SS) of the fruit. We also evaluated the net revenue for each treatment in all experiments. The irrigation frequency treatments significantly influenced all variables, with the DMT irrigation (daily, 50% in the morning and 50% in the afternoon) accounting for the highest yield (69.79 t ha-1). This treatment also had the highest economic return, with R$ 6,052.20. The different nitrogen fertigation frequencies also significantly influenced all variables except the shell thickness, the highest yield (80.69 t ha-1) being obtained with 64F (64 fertigations per cycle), as well as the highest net revenue (R$ 8,799,00). The different phosphorus fertigation frequencies also significantly influenced the commercial yield and shell thickness variables, with the highest yield (67.54 t ha-1) being obtained with 64F (64 fertigations per cycle) treatment. However, the highest net revenue (R$ 3,427.41) was obtained for the 32F (32 fertigations per cycle) treatment.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / In applications of the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm parameters for physical processes adjusted for other regions of the planet are commonly used. Therefore, there is a need for validation of the estimates made with the algorithm compared with other conventional methods of estimating evapotranspiration. Thus, this study main goal was to evaluate the satellite-based algorithm to estimate evapotranspiration of irrigated watermelon using as comparative methods: soil water balance and eddy correlation. The studied area was a plot of 1 ha located in the irrigated district of the low Acaraà River. Foliar coverage was obtained from digital images taken from a camera. Sensors were installed from the soil surface to a height of 1.5 m for monitoring the temperature in the air. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of the soil was obtained using the instantaneous profile method. The water balance in the soil was done on days 17, 18 and 19 December, 2008, in the 0 to 30 cm depth using soil moisture capacitive sensors. To evaluate the components of net radiation and evapotranspiration using the method of eddy correlation, a micrometeorological tower was installed in the center of the studied area, where latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and evapotranspiration were determined. With climate data from a meteorological station nearby and using the FAOÂs methodology, net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flow (G) were determined. The SEBAL algorithm was applied in two Landsat5 satellite images acquired in 17/12/2008 and 02/01/2009 for estimating the net radiation and daily evapotranspiration. The measured temperature at the soil surface and in the air at 10 cm high was over 40  C near noon time. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function found was of the form K (θ) = 0.089 e28, 53θ and K (θ) = 0.0469 e48, 773θ, respectively for 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm. The evapotranspiration obtained from soil water balance with capacitive sensors in the study period was 9.37; 12.18 and 11.27 mm day-1, respectively in 17; 18 and December 19, 2008. For the radiation balance it was found that the latent heat flux was underestimated by using the method of eddy correlation with maximum values of the order of 150 W m-2. The sensible heat flux was always larger than the LE during the day, with maximum values near 300 W m-2. The energy balance done but accounting H + LE and Rn â G produced a residual error of around 60%. The daily average values of ETc (eddy correlations) for part of the experimental period were in the range of 0.91 to 1.18 mm day-1, with an average of 0.96 mm day-1. The satellite image that was applied to SEBAL algorithm presented many clouds, affecting the estimation of the components of radiation balance and evapotranspiration. In the area of watermelon, SEBAL estimates of evapotranspiration for dates 17/12/2008 and 02/01/2009 were 6.5 and 4.0 mm day-1, respectively. For validation, the ETo obtained by Penman-Montheith method at the time of satellite overpass was 0.53 mm h-1, while Etc obtained with SEBAL, eddy correlation and soil-water balance was 0.78; 0.11 and 0.55 mm h-1, respectively. / Nas aplicaÃÃes feitas com o SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land), estÃo sendo utilizadas parametrizaÃÃes de processos fÃsicos ajustados para outras regiÃes do planeta. Portanto, existe uma necessidade de validaÃÃo das estimativas feitas com o algoritmo comparando com outros mÃtodos usuais de estimativa de evapotranspiraÃÃo. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o algoritmo SEBAL na estimativa da evapotranspiraÃÃo da melancia irrigada usando como mÃtodos comparativos o balanÃo hÃdrico no solo e mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas (eddy correlation). A Ãrea estudada foi um lote de 1 ha localizado no PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo AcaraÃ. A cobertura Foliar foi obtida a partir de fotografias digitais. Foram instalados sensores a partir da superfÃcie do solo atà a altura de 1,5 m para monitoramento da temperatura no ar. Para fazer o balanÃo hÃdrico no solo foi encontrada a funÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica nÃo saturada atravÃs da metodologia do perfil instantÃneo. O balanÃo hÃdrico no solo foi feito nos dias 17, 18 e 19/12/2008 na camada de 0 a 30 cm usando sensores capacitivos de umidade. Para avaliar os componentes do balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo atravÃs do mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas foi instalada uma torre micrometeorolÃgica no centro da Ãrea, onde o fluxo de calor latente (LE), o fluxo de calor sensÃvel (H) e a evapotranspiraÃÃo foram determinados. Com dados climÃticos de uma estaÃÃo meteorologia prÃximo a Ãrea e usando a metodologia da FAO foi estimado a radiaÃÃo lÃquida (Rn) e o fluxo de calor no solo (G). O algoritmo SEBAL foi usado nas imagens do TM-Landsat 5 dos dias 17/12/2008 e 02/01/2009 para estimar o balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria. A temperatura na superfÃcie e a 10 cm de altura prÃximos ao meio dia foi superior a 40ÂC. A funÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica no solo nÃo saturado para camada de 0 â 15 e 15 â 30 cm foi: K(θ) = 0,089e28,53θ e K(θ) = 0,0469e48,773θ, respectivamente. A evapotranspiraÃÃo obtida atravÃs do balanÃo hÃdrico com sensores capacitivos nos dias analisados foi 9,37; 12,18 e 11,27 mm dia-1, respectivamente em 17; 18 e 19 de dezembro de 2008. No balanÃo de energia observou-se que o fluxo de calor latente foi subestimado usando o mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas apresentando valores mÃximos no dia nunca superiores a 150 W m-2. O fluxo de calor sensÃvel esteve sempre maior que o LE durante o dia, apresentando valores mÃximos prÃximos a 300 W m-2. O erro de fechamento da equaÃÃo do balanÃo de energia obtido atravÃs do equacionamento entre H + LE e Rn â G foi de cerca de 60%. Os valores mÃdios diÃrios da ETc (correlaÃÃes turbulentas) para parte do perÃodo experimental estiveram na faixa de 0,91 a 1,18 mm dia-1, com mÃdia de 0,96 mm dia-1. As imagens de satÃlites em que foi usado o algoritmo SEBAL apresentaram nuvens comprometendo a estimativa dos componentes do balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo. Na Ãrea da melancia, a evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria usando o SEBAL nos dias 17/12/2008 e 02/01/2009 foi 6,5 e 4,0 mm dia-1, respectivamente. Na anÃlise comparativa, a ETo na hora da passagem do satÃlite foi de 0,53 mm h-1, enquanto a ETc foi de 0,78; 0,11 e 0,55 mm h-1 estimada com o SEBAL, mÃtodos das correlaÃÃes turbulentas e balanÃo hÃdrico, espectivamente.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de sementes de melancia de duas cultivares (Crimson Sweet e Charleston Gray) realizou-se um experimento no LaboratÃrio de AnÃlises de Sementes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido (UFERSA) durante os meses de dezembro de 2009 a junho de 2010. Utilizou-se quatro lotes de sementes de melancia de duas cultivares, Charleston Gray e Crimson Sweet. Para o recobrimento com fÃsforo as sementes foram agitadas no interior de um saco plÃstico junto à fonte de fÃsforo empregada em suas respectivas doses, para que estas aderissem Ãs sementes. ApÃs a aplicaÃÃo das fontes de fÃsforo Ãs sementes procedeu-se o recobrimento na dose de 0,8 ml / 100g de sementes com o auxÃlio de uma seringa utilizando-se o polÃmero ColorSeed HE Rigrantec de cor vermelha para a cultivar Charleston Gray e de cor azul para a cultivar Crimson Sweet. As fontes de fÃsforo utilizadas foram a fitina e o fosfato bicÃlcico. Logo apÃs a secagem do polÃmero, foram efetuados aos testes para avaliaÃÃo do vigor e desenvolvimento das plÃntulas e a influÃncia da fonte de fÃsforo e dosagem destas nas cultivares de melancia. As variÃveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de germinaÃÃo, primeira contagem da germinaÃÃo (PC), envelhecimento acelerado (EA) e Ãndice de velocidade de emergÃncia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as mÃdias dos dados quantitativos (doses) foram ajustadas mediante teste de regressÃo. A germinaÃÃo da cultivar Crimson Sweet, apÃs o teste de envelhecimento acelerado, mostrou que as sementes submetidas ao recobrimento com o fosfato bicÃlcico apresentaram maiores valores quando comparados Ãs sementes recobertas com fitina. Os dados de primeira contagem sugerem que concentraÃÃes mais elevadas de P nas sementes, por via exÃgena, proporcionam maior disponibilidade de energia para as atividades metabÃlicas da semente, o que levaria ao maior crescimento inicial das plÃntulas e ao desenvolvimento maior e mais rÃpido do sistema radicular, resultando no aumento da absorÃÃo de nutrientes e, conseqÃentemente, na capacidade produtiva da planta. / With the objective of evaluate the performance of seed of two cultivars of watermelon (Charleston Gray and Crimson Sweet) conducted an experiment in the Laboratory of Seeds Analysis of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Ãrido (UFERSA) during the months of December 2009 to June 2010. Was used four seed lots of two watermelon cultivars Charleston Gray and Crimson Sweet. For the phosphorus coating the seeds were agitated inside a plastic bag near the source of phosphorus used in their respective dose, so that they adhere to the seeds. After the application of phosphorus sources for seeds proceeded to the coating at a dose of 0,8 ml / 100 g of seeds with a syringe using the polymer ColorSeed HE Rigrantec  red for the cultivar Charleston Gray and blue for the cultivar Crimson Sweet. The sources of phosphorus and phytin were bicalcium phosphate. Immediately after drying the polymer, we proceeded to test for evaluation of existing and development of plants and the influence of phosphorus source and dosage in these cultivars of watermelon. The variables analyzed were: germination, first count germination (CP), accelerated aging (EA), plus the weight of thousand seeds and uniformity test for standardization of the lots and the variables of seedling growth, seedling emergence and emergence speed index. The experimental design was completely randomized and averages of quantitative data (doses) were adjusted by regression testing. The germination of the cultivar Crimson Sweet watermelon after the accelerated aging test showed that the seeds subjected to coating with the bicalcium phosphate showed higher values when compared to coated seeds phytin. Data from the first count in this experiment suggest that higher concentrations of P in seeds, exogenously, will provide greater availability of energy for metabolic activities of the seed, which would lead to greater initial seedling growth and development of the largest and fastest root system, resulting in increased absorption of nutrients and, consequently, the productive capacity of the plant.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-19T17:58:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Débora Regina Marques Pereira - 2017.pdf: 1833772 bytes, checksum: 3edea402abfa0ffe13fdf0d504dee5fe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T13:05:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Débora Regina Marques Pereira - 2017.pdf: 1833772 bytes, checksum: 3edea402abfa0ffe13fdf0d504dee5fe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T13:05:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Débora Regina Marques Pereira - 2017.pdf: 1833772 bytes, checksum: 3edea402abfa0ffe13fdf0d504dee5fe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is traditionally grown by direct sowing, however, due to the high value of the seeds of improved materials, the production of seedlings appears as an interesting alternative. In order to evaluate the agronomic performance of the watermelon by direct sowing and transplanting of seedlings, two experiments were conducted under field conditions in the Horticulture Sector of the Agronomy School of the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás. (DBC) with four replications in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (two hybrids: Manchester and Talisman and four types of crops: no-tillage, seedlings with (15, 20 and 25 days).) In the second experiment The treatments were composed of three stages of no-tillage and three ages of seedlings (15, 20 and 25 days). When the F test (5%) was significant for Age variation, regression analysis was performed, and when Tukey test (5%) was applied. The comparison of the planting method (direct sowing versus seedling age) was performed through orthogonal contrasts. The number of leaves (NF), height and dry mass (DM) per seedlings were evaluated. The length of the branches was evaluated at 34, 55 and 75 days after transplanting (DAT), and the incidence of diseases was monitored. In the second experiment, the beginning of flowering was also evaluated, and in both experiments the average cycle of each treatment was determined. In the harvesting phase, fruit length and width, mass, white part thickness and soluble solids content were evaluated. Seedlings with greater age (25 days) presented superiority in relation to number of leaves and dry mass on the day of transplanting. Variables indicating productivity (mass) and fruit quality (soluble solids content, white thickness, fruit length and width) were not influenced by the treatments. There was no significant difference for viral and fusariosis infections. The treatment of direct seeding presented plants with an earlier cycle in both the 2015 and 2016 crops, followed by seedlings with 15 days. The cultivation of watermelon by direct seeding shows less cycle, but did not influence the characteristics as in the indicative of production and quality of the fruits. / A melancia [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] é tradicionalmente cultivada por semeadura direta, porém, em função do alto valor das sementes de materiais melhorados, a produção de mudas surge como uma alternativa interessante. Com objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico da melancia por semeadura direta e transplantio de mudas, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em condições de campo, no Setor de Horticultura da Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás. No experimento realizado em 2015 foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso (DBC) com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (dois híbridos: Manchester e Talisman e quatro tipos de cultivos: semeadura direta, mudas com (15, 20 e 25 dias). No segundo experimento realizado em 2016 utilizou-se também o DBC com seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três etapas de semeadura direta e três idades de mudas (15, 20 e 25 dias). Quando o teste F (5%) foi significativo para fonte de variação idade, realizou-se a análise de regressão, e quando houve efeito da variedade foi aplicado teste de Tukey (5%). A comparação do método de plantio (semeadura direta versus idade de muda) foi realizada através de contrastes ortogonais. Foram avaliados o número de folhas (NF), altura e massa seca (MS) por plântula. Avaliou-se o comprimento das ramas aos 34, 55 e 75 dias após o transplantio (DAT), e foi monitorada a incidência de doenças. No segundo experimento avaliou-se também o início do florescimento, e em ambos os experimentos determinou-se o ciclo médio de cada tratamento. Na fase de colheita avaliou-se: comprimento e largura do fruto, massa, espessura da parte branca e teor de sólidos solúveis. Mudas com maior idade, (25 dias), apresentaram superioridade em relação a número de folhas e massa seca no dia do transplantio. Variáveis que indicam produtividade (massa) e qualidade dos frutos (teor de sólidos solúveis, espessura da parte branca, comprimento e largura do fruto) não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. Não houve diferença significativa para as infecções de viroses e fusariose. O tratamento de semeadura direta apresentou plantas com ciclo mais precoce tanto na safra de 2015 quanto em 2016, seguido de mudas com 15 dias. O cultivo de melancia por semeadura direta apresenta menor ciclo, mas não influencia nas características quanto em indicativas de produção e qualidade dos frutos.

Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / The use of egusi melon in soup has been domesticated and egusi has predominantly been regarded as a secondary crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional characteristics of egusi seed (Citrullus lanatus subsp mucosospermus) hydrocolloid and oil in instant egusi soup. An instant production of egusi soup by adding boiling water to an instant soup mix will promote the availability of this nutritious seed as a healthy meal option. Egusi oil was successfully extracted from egusi seed using supercritical carbon dioxide method. The percentage oil yield which measures the amount of oil derivable from egusi seed ranged from 46-53% w/w. There was a significant difference in the oil yield as pressure and temperature are increased at a constant CO2 flow rate of 30 g/h. The proximate composition of egusi oil was determined using standard AOAC method. The moisture contents were 1.3, 2.0 and 1.9% w/w, respectively for EO1 (60oC and 450 bar), EO2 (55oC and 600 bar) and EO3 (75oC and 600 bar). EO1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower in moisture content compared to EO2 and EO3. The fat content was 99.1% w/w (EO1), 98.3% w/w (EO2) and 98.9% w/w (EO3), with no significant difference in the three oil samples. The fatty acid composition was analyzed using gas chromatography. The fatty acid content of egusi oil was high in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, which was identified as linoleic (62%) and oleic (15%) acids. The saturated fatty acid (undecylic, myristic, palmitic and stearic) composition of egusi oil differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with EO1, having the lowest compared to EO2 and EO3. The index of atherogenicity (IA %) were significantly low 0.35, 0.38 and 0.38% w/w for EO1, EO2, and EO3, respectively. The thrombogenicity index (IT %) were 0.08, 0.09 and 0.09% w/w for EO1, EO2, and EO3, respectively with no significant difference. Peroxide Value (PV) measured using auto titrate Titrino plus, ranging from 11.60 for EO1 milliequivalents peroxide/kg to 12.60 for EO2 and 11.89 milliequivalents peroxide/kg for EO3. The oxidative stability index (OSI) was measured using Methrohm Rancimat at 120°C, expressed as the induction time of oxidation was 10.2, 11.5 and 5.3 h for EO1, EO2, and EO3, respectively, with E03 significantly higher than EO1 and EO2 (p ≤ 0.05). The iodine number, determined by AOAC direct titration method was high and ranged from 95 g/100 g for EO1 to 129 g/100 g for EO3, with EO3 being significantly high (p ≤ 0.05). The nutritional and functional properties of defatted egusi flour and hydrocolloid extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was also successfully achieved. Proximate analysis of defatted egusi (DEF) flour after supercritical extraction was carried out according to standard AOAC procedures. The moisture content of DEF ranged from 5.3 to 10.1% w/w, crude protein 48.3 to 60.4% w/w, crude fibre 3.4 to 4.5% w/w) and ash 5.3 to 6.8 % w/w). The protein content of defatted egusi flour differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) between samples. The amino acid compositions of DEF showed glutamic acid had the highest concentration of 12.9, 11.8 and 9.8 mg/100 g for DEF1, DEF2, and DEF3, respectively with a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) across the samples. In functionality, the water absorption and solubility index at a low temperature of 50oC ranged between 52.5 to 57.6% w/w and 68.0 to 73.3% w/w respectively for DEF1 to DEF3, which significantly differed between samples. The final viscosity of defatted egusi flour ranged from 126.7 to 126.3 cP, which differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) between samples. Egusi flour is high in protein 60% w/w and carbohydrate 25% w/w was treated with hot water to extract its hydrocolloid. Functional properties of egusi hydrocolloid for the three defatted flour shows a stable emulsifier as the breakdown viscosity remained constant at (8.00 cP). Breakdown viscosity of egusi hydrocolloid confirmed its stability.

Os microrganismos endofíticos vêm sendo estudados na busca de novas espécies e pela sua importância nas aplicações biotecnológicas. Podem ser isolados de sementes, raízes, folhas e em frutos de diversas espécies de plantas. Além disso, pouco se sabe a respeito desses microrganismos associados as folhas e frutos da melancia. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar bactérias e leveduras endofíticas e associadas às folhas e frutos de melancia, assim como avaliar o potencial biotecnológico dos isolados de leveduras. As amostras foram obtidas de frutos oriundos de Brasília-DF e de plantas de Formoso do Araguaia-TO. Para o isolamento dos microrganismos foram adotados diferentes procedimentos para folhas: fragmentação e trituração, testando-se quatro condições de desinfestação superficial e para os frutos: trituração, enriquecimento e filtração em membrana. A identificação e caracterização molecular foi realizada pela técnica de PCR colony para bactérias e pela extração do DNA genômico de leveduras e bactérias. O DNA dos isolados foi amplificado utilizando oligonucleotídeos P027F e R1357 para bactérias, e NL1 e NL4 para leveduras. Para os isolados de leveduras foram realizados os testes de antagonismo contra oito fungos fitopatogênicos e a capacidade de produzir ácido indolacético (AIA). De acordo com resultados, foram obtidos 380 isolados de bactérias e 240 leveduras endofíticas e associadas, com maior número de isolados no tecido foliar, sendo identificadas 71 bactérias e 92 leveduras. Foram identificados 12 gêneros de bactérias, com o gênero Pantoea sp. isolado em maior quantidade. Para os isolados de leveduras, foram identificados 5 gêneros, com destaque para a espécie Sporidiobolus pararoseus, obtida de folhas e frutos de melancia. Os isolados de leveduras associadas TAIL 04 (99% Saccharomyces cerevisiae) e TAIL 63 (99% Pseudozyma antarctica) apresentaram atividade de antagonismo para os fungos Sclerotinia sclerotirum, Alternaria sp., Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia solane e Pyricularia oryzae. Este também foi inibido pelos isolados TAIL 95 (99% Hannaella sinensis) e TAIL 66 (100% Sporidiobolus pararoseus) e apresentou maior inibição de 32,82% com o isolado S. cerevisiae (TAIL 04). Simultaneamente, os isolados S. cerevisiae (TAIL 04) e P. antarctica (TAIL 04) mostraram capacidade em produzir ácido indolacético (AIA) nas concentrações de 21,14 μg/mL e 15,79 μg/mL, respectivamente, em após 7 dias de incubação. Conclui-se que folhas e frutos de melancia possuem importantes bactérias e leveduras endofíticas e associadas de interesse biotecnológico, como promotores de crescimento da planta e como antagonistas, possibilitando o seu uso no desenvolvimento de bioprodutos. / Endophytic microorganisms have been studied in the identification of new species and for their importante in biotechnological applications. Can be isolated them from seeds, roots, leaves and in fruits of several plant species. Besides, the relation between these microorganisms and watermelon leaves and fruits is far from being well known. Therefore, the main of this work was to identify both endophytic and associated bacteria and yeasts to leaves and fruits of watermelon, as well as evaluate biotechnological potential applications of yeast isolate. The samples were obtained of fruits from Brasília-DF and plants from Formoso do Araguaia-TO. For the isolation of the microorganisms were used different procedures for the leaves: fragmentation and crushing, by testing four surface disinfection conditions and for the fruits: crushing, enriching and filtration in membrane. Molecular identification and characterization was realized by the colony PCR technique for bacteria and the extraction of genomic DNA from yeasts and bactéria. The DNAs of the isolates was amplified using oligonucleotides P027F and R1357 for bacteria and NL1 and NL4 for yeast. For the yeasts isolate tests of antagonisms for phytopathogenic and producers of indoleacetic acid (AIA) were carried out. A total of 380 bacteria and 243 endophytic and associated yeasts were isolated, obtaining a higher number of isolates from the watermelon leaf tissue and 71 bacteria and 92 yeasts were identified. Twelve genus of bacterias were identified, with the gener Pantoea sp. isolated in larger quantity. For yeasts isolated were identified five genus, with featured for the specie Sporidiobolus pararoseus obtained of leaves and fruits of watermelon. Associated yeasts isolates TAIL 04 (99% Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and TAIL 63 (99% Pseudozyma Antarctica) showed antagonistic activity for the fungi Sclerotinia sclerotirum, Alternaria sp., Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia sp., Didymella sp. and Pyricularia oryzae. This also was inhibied by TAIL 95 (99% Hannaella sinensis) and TAIL 66 (100% Sporidiobolus pararoseus) isolated and showed greater inhibition of 32,82% with S. cerevisiae (TAIL 04). Simultaneously, S. cerevisiae (TAIL 04) and P. Antarctica (TAIL 63) showed capacity to producer indoleacetic acid (IAA) in concentrations of 21,14 μg/mL and 15,79 μg/mL, respectively, in 7 days of incubation. It is concluded that watermelon leaves and fruits have importants endophytics and associated bacterias and yeasts of biotechnological interest as grownth promoters and antagonistics, making possible their use in the development of bioproducts.

O trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de avaliar a estabilidade e adaptabilidade da produtividade de frutos de genótipos de melancia em condição de várzea tropical e avaliar o efeito de épocas de semeadura sobre características agronômicas e de pós-colheita de cultivares de cebola na região Centro Sul do Estado do Tocantins. Para avaliar a estabilidade de genótipos de melancia foram implantados quatro experimentos em várzea no município de Formoso do Araguaia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados com três repetições. Para estudo de estabilidade e adaptabilidade, as características avaliadas foram peso médio e produtividade de frutos. No ano de 2012 foram avaliadas também o formato de frutos e ºBRIX. Para avaliação da adaptabilidade e estabilidade, utilizou-se os métodos de Annicchiarico (1992) e Centróide ampliado por Nascimento (2009). Visando atender o segundo objetivo, foram instalados três experimentos, sendo o primeiro semeado em 26 de maio, o segundo em 26 de junho e o terceiro em 26 de julho de 2015. Foram utilizadas as cultivares NUN 1205, Dulciana e Cimarron de cebola, todas de ciclo precoce. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e as características agronômicas avaliadas foram produtividade comercial de bulbo, altura de planta, massa média dos bulbos comerciais, comprimento do bulbo, diâmetro do bulbo e do pseudocaule, formato do bulbo e número de folhas. As características em pós-colheita analisadas foram pungência, acidez total, pH, formato e classificação dos bulbos. Como resultado, ficou evidente que as linhagens de melancia MCST#01, MCST#04, MCST#09 e MCST#12 foram classificadas como de adaptabilidade geral em ambientes de várzea. As linhagens MCST#01, MCST#03, MCST#04, MCST#05, MCST#06 e MCST#12 além de alta produtividade, possuem ºBRIX entre 9 e 10, não diferindo do padrão comercial Top Gun. As linhagens MCST#01, MCST#04, e MCST#12 são promissoras para cultivo comercial ou para o desenvolvimento de híbridos indicados para várzea. A época de semeadura afeta a produtividade, massa média de bulbos, altura de plantas, comprimento e diâmetro dos bulbos das cultivares de cebola. O mês de junho é a melhor época de semeadura, onde foram observadas as maiores produtividades. O formato e classificação dos bulbos colhidos atendem às exigências do mercado nas três épocas de semeadura para as três cultivares. A pungência das cultivares NUN 1205 e Dulciana foi classificada como média e a Cimarron de pungência alta independente da época de avaliação. / The study aimed at evaluate the stability and adaptability of fruit yield of watermelon genotypes in tropical lowland condition, and evaluate the effect of sowing dates on the agronomic and post-harvest characteristics of onion cultivars in South Central region of Tocantins state. To evaluate the stability of watermelon genotypes, four experiments were implanted in lowland, in Formoso do Araguaia municipality. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. To study the stability and adaptability, the characteristics were average weight and fruit yield. In the year 2012 it was also evaluated the fruit format and Brix. To evaluate the adaptability and stability, we used the methods of Annicchiarico (1992) and extended Centroid by Nascimento (2009). To meet the second objective, three experiments were conducted, the first seeded on May 26, the second on 26 June and the third on 26 July 2015. We used the following onion cultivars: NUN 1205, Dulciana and Cimarron, all early-cycle type. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications and the evaluated agronomic traits were commercial bulb yield, plant height, average weight of commercial bulbs, bulb length, bulb and pseudostem diameter, bulb size and number of leaves. The characteristics analyzed in post-harvest were pungency, total acidity, pH, format and classification of bulbs. As a result, it became clear that the watermelon lines MCST # 01, MCST # 04, MCST # 09 and MCST # 12 were classified as general adaptability in lowland environments. The lines MCST # 01, MCST # 03, MCST # 04, MCST # 05, MCST # 06 and MCST# 12 as well as high yield, have ºBrix between 9 and 10, not differing from standard commercial Top Gun. The lines MCST # 01, MCST # 04, and MCST # 12 are promising for commercial cultivation or for the development of lowland-suitable hybrids. The sowing time affects yield, average bulb weight, plant height, length and diameter of the bulbs of onion cultivars. The highest yields were observed in June. The format and classification of the harvested bulbs meet the market demands, in several sowing dates, for the three cultivars. The pungency of the cultivars NUN 1205 and Dulciana was classified as middle and as high for Cimarron cultivar, regardless the evaluation time.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Plant Protection)) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / Global withdrawal of synthetic fumigant nematicides like methyl bromide due to their eco-unfriendliness resulted in serious consequences in production of crops which do not have genotypes that are resistant to plant-parasitic nematodes. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one such crop, where infection by highly aggressive root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) invariably results into as high as 50% yield loss, with occasional total crop failures. Initial screening for nematode resistance in Cucumis species indigenous to South Africa suggested the possibility of the existence of nematode resistance, with the probability of these species being compatible with Citrullus species in inter-generic grafting technology. Uses of indigenous genera in Cucurbitaceae family as nematode-resistant seedling rootstocks in watermelon production could promote the South African watermelon industry as outlined in ISO 9001 certification guidelines to have competitive advantage in lucrative watermelon export markets. The objectives of this study were to determine the: (1) host-status and host-sensitivity of C. africanus and C. myriocarpus seedlings using a series of inoculation levels of M. incognita race 2 under various conditions, (2) host-status and host-sensitivity of C. africanus and C. myriocarpus seedlings using a series of inoculation levels of M. incognita race 4 and M. javanica, including the resistance form in these plant species, at least, under selected environmental conditions, (3) host-status and host-sensitivity of C. africanus and C. myriocarpus seedlings using a series of inoculation levels of M. incognita race 2 with multi-nematode xxviii infestations in order to establish whether the observed nematode resistance was sustainable when the plant was attacked by various pests at the root system level, (4) compatibility of inter-generic grafting of Citrullus and Cucumis seedlings in order to establish the potential uses of Cucumis species in olericulture, and (5) influence of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurode vaporariorum) infection on resistance of C. africanus to Meloidogyne species in order to establish whether the observed nematode resistance was sustainable when the plant was attacked by pests on complimentary organs. Reliability of measured variables was ensured by using statistical levels of significance (P ≤ 0.05) and coefficient of determination (R2), with validity being ensured by conducting experiments at the same location over two seasons or conducting one experiment during one season at two different locations, viz. the University of Limpopo and the Agricultural Research Council – Institute for Industrial Crops, and/or by setting up factorial treatments. Results consistently demonstrated that C. africanus and C. myriocarpus were non-hosts to M. incognita races 2 and 4 and M. javanica, without the test nematodes inflicting any damage to plants, which in plant-parasitic nematodes is described as nematode resistance. Quadratic relationships between RF values and log10(Pi + 1) transformations, in addition to confirming the density-dependent growth patterns of plant-parasitic nematodes, also suggested that chemical compounds responsible for suppression of nematodes in the two Cucumis species were different. The two Cucumis species were resistant to M. incognita races 2 and 4 and M. javanica, regardless of the environment under which the experiments were conducted. In field studies, the xxix two Cucumis species supported the ring nematodes (Criconema mutabile) and the spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus dihystera), without these exo-parasitic nematodes inflicting any damage to plants, which in plant-parasitic nematodes is described as tolerance. Interactions among Meloidogyne species, C. mutabile and H. dihystera were either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on whether Meloidogyne species were in the soil or inside the roots. Mechanisms of nematode resistance in the two Cucumis species were different, with C. africanus and C. myriocarpus depicting pre-infectional and post-infectional forms of resistance, respectively, without any sign of hypersensitivity in roots. When, seeds of Citrullus species were primed in water to hasten germination. Using the developed technology, survival of grafts improved from 36% to 100%, translating to relative improvement of 178%, with nematode-resistant rootstocks retaining their nematode resistant capabilities, while watermelon scions flowered earlier, with relatively higher fruit yield, without any deleterious effect on accumulation abilities of essential nutrient elements in leaves. Resistance of C. africanus to M. javanica was invariably broken by the greenhouse whitefly infection at high population levels, possibly through loss of non-structural carbohydrates, which are essential in synthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. Cucumis africanus and C. myriocarpus contain cucurbitacin B (C32H48O8) and cucurbitacin A [cucumin (C27H40O9), leptodermin (C27H38O8)], respectively, which have high demand for carbon and energy. Consequently, the efficacy of indigenous Cucumis species as nematode-resistant rootstocks in suppression of Meloidogyne species would be dependent upon the management of the xxx greenhouse whitefly population densities. In conclusion, C. africanus and C. myriocarpus have the potential for use as nematode-resistant rootstocks in the production of watermelon cultivars ‘Congo’ and ‘Charleston Gray’ in South Africa, where nematode population densities of M. incognita races 2 and 4 and M. javanica are widely distributed and are highly injurious to watermelons. Although nematode resistance in the two Cucumis species had attributes of sustainability, populations of the greenhouse whitefly broke the resistance. Proposed future research areas included influence of cucurbitacins in fruit quality of watermelons and protocols for mass culturing the nematode-resistant Cucumis rootstocks using tissue culture technology. / the National Research Foundation,the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and the Landbank Chair of Agriculture-University of Limpopo