O fluxo de veículos de carga em centros urbanos ocasiona degradação no tráfego das vias utilizadas e na área de entorno de seus destinos. Os veículos de grande porte trafegam em geral com menor velocidade, necessitam de áreas maiores para conversões e, para não interferir no fluxo das faixas de rolamento, necessitam de locais apropriados para as operações de carga e descarga. Esta dissertação propõe um método de avaliação da interferência dos veículos de carga nas vias urbanas, para cidades brasileiras de pequeno e médio porte. O método se baseia na coleta de dados junto aos órgãos públicos e privados envolvidos com o problema. Para a aplicação do método é necessária a identificação dos veículos utilizados, das quantidades por viagem e volumes totais movimentados pelas empresas, das características geométricas e de tráfego das vias urbanas e das formas de carregamento e descarregamento dos veículos. As áreas necessárias à conversão dos veículos são comparadas com as existentes nas vias trafegadas, com o auxílio de um SIG - Sistema de Informações Geográficas e um método de computação gráfica das trajetórias dos pontos críticos. A interferência no tráfego das vias, próximas a pontos de carga e descarga, é estudada de acordo com a configuração geométrica desses pontos. Para a avaliação quantitativa dos impactos sobre os fluxos de tráfego utiliza-se o software Integration. Um exemplo em pequena escala de uso do método proposto é apresentado, e algumas soluções são sugeridas. Essa aplicação do método apresenta as restrições do cenário operacional atual e os efeitos positivos de algumas alternativas de reformulação do tráfego de veículos de carga. / The cargo vehicle flow in urban centers causes traffic degradation on the roads used and at the destination surroundings. Heavy vehicles travel in general at lower speeds, need larger areas for conversions and, in order to not interfere in the traffic flow lanes, need appropriate docks for loading and unloading. This dissertation proposes method to evaluate the interference of cargo vehicles on urban roads, of medium and small size Brazilian cities. The method is based on data collection at public and private organizations involved with the problem. The application of the method requires the identification of the vehicles used in the operation, the quantities per haul and total volumes of goods transported by the companies, the geometric characteristics and traffic volumes of the road network and the forms of loading and unloading the vehicles. The areas needed for vehicle turns are compared with the existent along the roads traveled, with the aid of a GIS (Geographic Information System) and a graphical computation method. The traffic interference close to the loading and unloading docks is studied in accordance to the geometric configuration of these points. To quantify the impact on the traffic flow the Integration software is used. A small scale example of the proposed methods utilization is presented, and some solutions are suggested. This application of the method presents the constraints of the present operational scenario and the positive effects of some alternatives of cargo vehicle flow reformulation.

Two-echelon vehicle routing problems which contain synchronization between vehicles can be deeply impacted by time uncertainty, because one vehicle's delay can propagate to other vehicles. In this paper, we evaluate the deterministic solution of such a problem based on simulated travel time scenarios. The information obtained by simulation is incorporated in the optimization procedure iteratively. Computational results show that the degree of synchronization in an instance is directly correlated with the potential improvements by reoptimization. We present findings on the number of travel time scenarios required to obtain a representative picture of the stochastic solutions. In addition, we demonstrate that time dependent travel times can be aggregated on a city-wide level and linearized as a function of free flow times without major loss of reliability.

One of the biggest problems of today is transport, especially in the cities. The transport has many negative effects, like congestions, pollution and others. The solutions of this situation are very hard and they have no integrated methodology. This doctoral thesis has two theoretic objectives: 1. set up new concept of city logistics, which means the integration of several disciplines, important for integrated admission to soluted problems 2. validate the pertinence of simulation in the new koncept of city logistics, created in objective 1 The thesis has also one concrete objektive, which is the validation of effectiveness of one project. The investigated project is removal of the train station in Brno.

Expanderande städer resulterar i ökande behov av godstransporter och för att behålla en fungerande godsdistribution kan åtgärder behöva vidtas. Trafikstockning och försämrad stadsmiljö är negativa effekter som kan förknippas med en dåligt fungerande godsdistribution. Citylogistik handlar om att kontrollera och optimera godstransporter i urbana områden (city) så att negativa effekter minimeras. Olika typer av citylogistiska åtgärder och koncept har identifierats. Till dem hör till exempel samdistribution, reglering av godstransporter och avancerade IT-system. Inom ramen för projektet SAMLIC, som startades i Linköping 2004, genomfördes pilotförsöket PILOT med det övergripande syftet att utvärdera ekonomisk potential med samdistribution i Linköpings city. Under PILOT omsattes ett samdistributionskoncept i praktiken. En databas med information om godsdistributionen under försöket upprättades för senare analys. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att formulera matematiska modeller över godsdistributionen i ett medelstort city, som kan ge underlag för utvärdering av citylogistiska koncept och i synnerhet samdistributionskoncept. De matematiska modeller som tagits fram är optimeringsmodeller för ruttplanering och metoder för att lösa optimeringsmodellerna har implementerats. För att utvärdera modellerna och metoderna har en fallstudie av Linköpings city gjorts, med datamaterial från PILOT. Modellerna ger möjlighet till effektiva analyser och jämförelser av citylogistiska koncept. Fallstudien visar dessutom att optimering av godsdistributionen i city innebär god förbättringspotential vilket ger ytterligare motiv till att använda modeller som verktyg. / Urbanization and city expansion result in an increasing need of transportation of goods, and in order to maintain efficiency, measures are needed. The aim of city logistics is to minimize negative impacts associated with city center goods distribution, such as traffic congestion and negative impacts on the living environment. Several city logistic measures have previously been suggested, such as freight consolidation, governance and advanced IT systems. Within the SAMLIC project started in 2004, a demonstration project known as PILOT was carried out in central Linköping, wherein the concept of freight consolidation was applied in reality. The objective was to evaluate the economic potential of freight consolidation. The aim of this thesis was to formulate mathematical models of the distribution of goods in a medium sized Swedish city. The models are to be used in the evaluation of city logistic measures, focusing on freight consolidation. The distribution problem is modelled as a vehicle routing problem, and methods for solving the resulting optimization problems have been implemented. Using data from PILOT, the models have been applied on Linköping with the purpose of evaluating the methods, as well as investigating the potential of using models for planning the distribution of goods. Conclusions involve that analyses of, and comparisons between, city lo-gistic measures can be efficiently made using mathematical models. The case study also indicates that goods distribution can be improved through the use of optimization methods, which further motivates mathematical modelling.

In this paper,we propose an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-VRP) and the Location Routing Problem (LRP).The 2E-VRP arises in two-level transportation systems such as those encountered in the context of city logistics. In such systems, freight arrives at a major terminal and is shipped through intermediate satellite facilities to the final customers. The LRP can be seen as a special case of the 2E-VRP in which vehicle routing is performed only at the second level. We have developed new neighborhood search operators by exploiting the structure of the two problem classes considered and have also adapted existing operators from the literature. The operators are used in a hierarchical scheme reflecting the multi-level nature of the problem. Computational experiments conducted on several sets of instances from the literature show that our algorithm out performs existing solution methods for the 2E-VRP and achieves excellent results on the LRP.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17873号 / 工博第3782号 / 新制||工||1578(附属図書館) / 30693 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 栄一, 教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 宇野 伸宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19290号 / 工博第4087号 / 新制||工||1630(附属図書館) / 32292 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 栄一, 准教授 宇野 伸宏, 准教授 QURESHI,Ali Gul / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21356号 / 工博第4515号 / 新制||工||1703(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 QURESHI,Ali Gul, 准教授 SCHMOECKER,Jan-Dirk / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

We have conducted a study that is intended to investigate and understand how logistics companies in city logistics handle increased e-commerce challenges and describe what actions they take. To be able to do that, two question formulations have been formulated that goes: “What challenges, caused by an increased e-commerce, exist for logistics companies within city logistics?” and “What are logistics companies doing to address the challenges that exist and that are caused by increased e-commerce?”. Further is the theoretical frame of references presented where challenges and innovations for logistics companies in city logistics is a central point. We have used a qualitative approach, where semi-structured interviews have been used to get the essential information to be able to analyze towards our theoretical frame of references. Headliners that are found in the theoretical frame of references reappear in both the empirical material and the analysis to get a common thread throughout the study. In the analysis, we have our question formulations as headliners to really analyze challenges and innovations. Our study has contributed to an increased understanding of how logistics companies handle an increased e-commerce challenge and describe what actions they take. We have noted that the increased e-commerce has led to challenges for logistics companies in city logistics. We concluded that e-commerce has become more complex with shorter lead time, more but smaller packages and higher demands from consumers have been added, which is considered a challenge for logistics companies. The study shows the main challenges that increased e-commerce brought. The study also shows various innovations and actions by logistics companies within city logistics. / Vi har gjort en studie som är ämnad att undersöka och förstå hur logistikföretag inom citylogistik hanterar ökade e-handelsutmaningar samt beskriva åtgärder de vidtar. För att kunna göra det har vi utgått från två frågeställningar som lyder: “Vilka utmaningar, orsakade av ökad e-handel, finns för logistikföretag inom citylogistik?” och “Vad görlogistikföretag inom citylogistik för att hantera de utmaningar som finns och som är orsakade av ökad e-handel?” Vidare presenteras det teoretiska referensram där utmaningar och innovationer för logistikföretag inom citylogistik är en central del. Vi har använt oss utav ett kvalitativt angreppssätt där vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer för att få den väsentliga informationen för att kunna analysera gentemot vår teoretiska referensram. Rubriker som finns i den teoretiska referensramen återkommer i både det empiriska materialet och analysen för att få en röd tråd genom hela studien. I analysen har vi däremot våra frågeställningar som huvudrubriker för att verkligen analysera utmaningarna och innovationerna. Vår studie har bidragit med en ökad förståelse hur logistikföretag inom citylogistik hanterar ökad e-handelsutmaningar samt vilka åtgärder de vidtar. Vi har konstaterat att den ökade e-handeln har medfört utmaningar för logistikföretag inom citylogistik. E-handelslogiken har blivit mer komplex på senaste tiden där korta ledtider, fler men mindre paket och högre krav från konsumenterna har tillkommit vilket anses som utmaningar för logistikföretagen. Studien visar på de huvudsakliga utmaningarna som ökad e-handel medfört. Studien visar även på olika innovationer och åtgärder som används av logistikföretag inom citylogistik.

Esta pesquisa propõe uma abordagem genérica de processamento de dados de rastreamento de veículos de carga com a finalidade de extrair indicadores de desempenho logístico no contexto urbano. Tais indicadores são importantes para caracterizar como as operações logísticas se desenvolvem nas cidades e subsidiar o processo de tomada de decisão dentro do âmbito do planejamento urbano de cargas, por parte do poder público. Esta abordagem é aplicada a três bases de dados - para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) - obtidas junto a empresas privadas distintas, sendo duas grandes redes varejistas e a terceira uma provedora de serviços de mapas. Apesar de algumas limitações nos dados disponíveis, foi possível identificar paradas dos caminhões e analisar suas características, como: distribuição espacial e temporal, frequência de paradas por veículo, a localização de clusters de paradas etc. Além disso, foi possível classificar do os veículos que circulam na cidade distinguindo a parcela que corresponde ao \'fluxo de passagem\", veículos que estão apenas cruzando a cidade (São Paulo) e, por fim, apresentou-se também um estudo do perfil de velocidades - por hora e dia da semana - em uma importante via arterial de São Paulo. Os resultados e análises desta pesquisa reforçam que há grande potencial na utilização de dados de rastreamento de veículos de carga no contexto do planejamento de transporte urbano de cargas, embora este dependa em parte de algumas especificidades dos dados, como a frequência dos registros, a precisão da posição geográfica coletada, além da necessidade de um processamento otimizado devido ao grande volume de dados. / The purpose of this research is a general approach for processing tracking data of cargo vehicles in order to extract logistic performance indicators in the urban scenario, essential to characterize how logistic operations are developed and support the decision-making process within the scope of urban freight planning by the public sector. This approach is applied to three data bases - for the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) - acquired from different private companies, being two large retailers and the third a great mapping services provider. In spite of available data limitations, it was possible to identity truck stops and analyze its particulars, such as: spatial and temporal distribution, stop frequency per vehicle, the location of stop clusters, etc. Apart from that, it was possible to classify among the flow of vehicles in the city, the ones that are just passing, crossing the city, and ultimately, it was presented a speed profile analysis - per day and week day - of an important arterial way of São Paulo. The results and analysis of this research reinforce that there is great potential in the use of cargo vehicle tracking data for urban freight planning, even though it partially depends on some data specifics, such as frequency of records, location accuracy, besides the need of an optimized data processing due to their great volume.