A presente pesquisa versa sobre a participação da coletividade como instrumento de limitação da discricionariedade nas decisões administrativas em matéria ambiental, sustentando que a participação ativa da coletividade nos processos decisórios teria o condão de reduzir a margem de discricionariedade da decisão administrativa, a qual ganharia em correção, em segurança e em legitimidade, constituindo expressão da democracia direta. Tendo como ponto de partida a classificação do meio ambiente como direito fundamental, verifica-se como são formadas as decisões discricionárias nas questões ambientais em meio à sociedade de risco, concluindo que as peculiaridades do bem ambiental têm o condão de limitar a discricionariedade da Administração Pública. Ademais, para que a participação seja efetiva, verifica-se a necessária mudança de pensamento do indivíduo acerca das formas de utilização e consideração da natureza, sendo a educação o instrumento capaz de transformar o agir humano sob a ótica dos princípios ecológicos, a fim de dar eficácia à cidadania ambiental. / Esta investigación se centra en la participación de la comunidad como una herramienta para limitar la discrecionalidad en las decisiones administrativas relativas al medio ambiente, con el argumento de que la participación activa de la comunidad en la toma de decisiones que tienen el poder de reducir la discrecionalidad de la decisión administrativa, que se beneficiaría de la corrección en seguridad y legitimidad, lo que constituye una expresión de la democracia directa. Tomando como punto de partida la clasificación del medio ambiente como un derecho fundamental, puede ser visto como decisiones discrecionales se hacen en temas ambientales a través de la sociedad del riesgo, concluyendo que las peculiaridades del bien ambiental tiene el poder de limitar la discrecionalidad de la Administración Pública. Por otra parte, para que la participación sea eficaz, es el cambio necesario en el pensamiento acerca de los usos individuales y la consideración de la naturaleza, con la educación es el instrumento capaz de transformar la acción humana desde la perspectiva de los principios ecológicos con el fin de hacer efectiva la ciudadanía ambiental.

Nesta dissertação foi realizado um estudo sobre os direitos socioambientais indispensáveis à dignidade humana dos catadores de resíduos sólidos à luz das Necessidades Humanas Básicas. Desenvolveu-se a base teórica: Necessidades Humanas Básicas, conjugada com os direitos fundamentais da Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988, especificamente no que tange aos princípios da cidadania e da dignidade da pessoa humana, conseqüentemente chegando aos direitos socioambientais que são operacionalizados pelo Estado Socioambiental de Direito. Primeiramente foi realizada uma panorâmica sobre o sistema capitalista brasileiro, verificando-se que esse modelo, desencadeou o consumismo excessivo na população, e juntamente ocasionou desequilíbrios ecológicos e sociais. Identificando as atividades realizadas pelos catadores de resíduos sólidos e as substâncias que manuseiam e seus cotidianos percebeu-se que eles podem ser inseridos nesse contexto dos desequilíbrios socioambientais, uma vez que realizam serviços para a limpeza do meio ambiente e por outro lado, mesmo diante ao trabalho relevante que desempenham, são excluídos da sociedade. Mediante a essas preocupações foi delimitado para esse estudo duas Necessidades Intermediárias: cuidados de saúde apropriado e ambiente de trabalho sem riscos, objetivando inferir ao final do trabalho se os catadores de resíduos sólidos têm satisfeitas as Necessidades Humanas Básicas, coligadas com os direitos fundamentais constitucionais. Dentro dos documentos analisados, identificou-se em alguns dispositivos que há legislação adequada para que os catadores de resíduos sólidos tenham uma vida como cidadão e com dignidade. Há uma disparidade em relação a aplicabilidade das leis e precariedade política quanto a inserção desses profissionais na sociedade em geral. Muitas são as estratégias para mudar esse cenário, sendo necessária uma atuação mais eficaz do poder publico, para que os catadores de resíduos sólidos tenham garantidas as Necessidades Humanas Básicas e os direitos socioambientais. / All over this dissertation it was realized a study about the indispensable socio environmental rights to the human dignity of the collectors of solid waste in the light of BHN. It was desenvolved the theoretical base: BHN, coupled with the fundamental rights of FC/88, specifically on what is related to the principles of citizenship and the human dignity, consequently going to the socio environmental rights that are operationalized by SARS. At first, it was performed a panoramic about the brazilian capitalist system, verifying that this way, triggered the excessive consumerism on population, and also caused an ecological and social imbalance. Identifying the activities performed by the CSW and the substances that they deal with and their daily lives, it was noticed that they can be included in the context of the socio environmental imbalances, once they perform services to the environmental cleanup and on the other hand, despite the relevant work they perform, they are excluded from society. By this concern it was delimited to this study to IN: appropriate health care and a safe workplace, aiming to infer at the end of the work if the CSW have the BHN satisfied, associated with the fundamental constitutional rights. Within the analyzed documents, it was identified some devices that has appropriate legislation to provide to the CSW a life as a citizen and with dignity. There is a disparity regarding to the applicability of laws and political instability referring to the inclusion of these professional in society, in general. There are many strategies to change this scenario, being necessary a more effective work by the public power, to guarantee to the CSW the BHN and the socio environmental rights.

Orientador: Andrei Koerner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:44:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_CleberdaSilva_M.pdf: 2526653 bytes, checksum: 008a185418187f4991c15c082e02c99e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A emergência da segurança privada e de organizações e agentes particulares que provêem policiamento de maneira informal colocaram novos problemas para a efetivação dos direitos civis na sociedade brasileira. O trabalho analisa o controle estatal sobre a segurança privada exercido pela Polícia Federal no período 1996-2006. Constata que nos últimos quatro anos ocorreram melhoras nos instrumentos legais que visam assegurar policiamento privado responsável publicamente, mas persistem regras deficientes e mecanismos frágeis para incentivar o controle interno e o controle externo da segurança privada. Verifica também melhoras na capacidade fiscalizadora da Polícia Federal sobre o universo legal da segurança privada, mas permanece baixa e limitada a sua capacidade para fiscalizar o universo informal dos provedores particulares de policiamento / Abstract: The private security emergency and of organizations and private agents that provide policing in an informal way they put new problems for the effectives of the civil rights in the Brazilian society. The work analyzes the state control on the private security exercised by the Federal Police in the period 1996-2006. The study verifies that in the last four years they happened improvements in the legal instruments that they seek to assure responsible policing openly, but they persist deficient rules and fragile mechanisms to motivate the internal control and the private security external control. It also verifies improvements in the capacity supervise of the Federal Police on the private security legal universe, but it stays low and limited his capacity to supervise the providers' peculiar of policing informal universe / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência Política

Cette étude examine le canon littéraire d'Alice Walker et explore les différentes dimensions de sa philosophie du « womanism » par rapport à la double oppression des femmes noires américaines. Elle explore les liens qui peuvent émerger entre la politique et l'esthétique ainsi que l'impact des éléments autobiographiques sur l'œuvre de fiction. La première partie traite de la représentation fictive du mouvement des Droits Civiques dans Meridian (1976) et explore l'activisme politique de Walker pendant les années 1960. La deuxième partie se concentre sur l'analyse théorique du « womanism » et propose une étude de The Color Purple (1982) qui explore la violence conjugale dans la communauté noire et dépeint le poids de la solidarité féminine. Enfin, la troisième partie se penche sur le sujet controversé de la mutilation génitale des femmes (excision) et sa représentation dans Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) et Warrior Marks (1993). En somme, les écrits de fiction de Walker affichent une interprétation significative des réalités politiques de l'oppression institutionnalisée entre les sexes, aux Etats-Unis et dans le monde. / The purpose of this study is to examine Alice Walker's literary canon and to investigate the different dimensions of her womanist philosophy regarding the racial and gender oppression of African American women. This research explores the links that may emerge between politics and aesthetics as well as the impact of autobiographical elements on the work of fiction. It displays the weight of Walker's womanist contribution in black literature and her ability to offer new definitions of blackness and womanhood. The first part deals with the fictional representation of the Civil Rights Movement in Meridian (1976) and explores Walker's own political activism in the 1960s. The second part centers on a theoretical analysis of womanism and offers a study of The Color Purple (1982) which explores domestic violence in the black community. Finally, the third part delves into the controversial subject of Female Genital Mutilation and its representation in Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992). In sum, Walker's fictional writings display a significant interpretation of the political realities of institutionalized gender oppression in the USA and around the world.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study generally centres on the debate about the impact of privatisation on socio-economic rights and services. The specific objective of the study is to establish whether the privatisation of water services in South Africa has led to denial of access, either through the lack of availability of a commercialised, cost-recovery service, or denial of access because of hight rates and resultant inability to pay. The study analysed how this has impacted on the states constitutional and international human rights obligation and how the resultant problems can be addressed. It examines whether or not privatisation, which is basically aimed at improving service delivery and bringing countries in line with globalisation principles, has actually achieved that objective. / South Africa

Chapter one gives a proposed outline for the research that will develop the theological-ethical dimension of neighbor as discerned from Leviticus 19. This chapter will give the reader an understanding of the purpose, motivation, and a hypothesis for the proposed research. An outline of the impending study will also be highlighted. In chapter two a brief discussion of two events and the evangelical denomination that have shaped my worldview will be highlighted. This chapter will also explore the diverse world of ideological criticism. A look at the wide ranging areas of specialties within ideological criticism will be the focus of this chapter. The way in which ideological criticism will be utilized as an interpretive methodology will be argued alongside Mary Douglas’ ring composition as a function of socio-rhetorical criticism. A grammatical analysis of Leviticus 19 will comprise chapter three. The Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible will be the primary source for this analysis. The exegesis of Leviticus will be the foundation for the study of the proposed topic. The purpose for the historical setting of the writing of Leviticus 19 will be given as well as archaeological evidence describing the societal make-up of the time period. An alternative interpretative emphasis will be argued in chapter four. Ring composition, as outlined by Mary Douglas, will be the tool utilized for this interpretation for Leviticus 19. This chapter will also explore the ways in which three New Testament characters utilized and contextualized passages from Leviticus 19. Chapter five will spotlight the recent events of May 2008. This month demonstrated the explosive consequences of unleashed and uncontrolled xenophobic violence. This month saw some of the most terrifying events since the inception of democracy in South Africa. Commentary and deliberation on the causes that sparked this violence will be examined through the eyes of journalists, politicians, citizens, foreigners and religious leaders. The reluctance of evangelicals to engage in social transformation will be critically analyzed in chapter six. Two movements that polarized the evangelical community will also be addressed. The thrust of this chapter will be the proposed theology of transformation. If this strategy of transformation might be utilized by the evangelical church, sustainable social justice could be possible. This strategy will be presented in a practical, applicable manner. The interrelationship between spiritual and social transformation will conclude this chapter. All of these will be encapsulated within the idea of ubuntu or African hospitality. Chapter seven will bring to a conclusion the research. There is a short synopsis of past and present religious creeds and statements of faith. The Hitler Effect will be examined in the light of how people focus on the minute differences instead of celebrating their overwhelming similarities. The events of November 2008 in America will be viewed through the refining lenses of society and its effect within greater society. This chapter will conclude with a summary of the study, reflections and future considerations. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

This thesis examines the politics of black identity in African American literature during what has come to be known as the ‘age of three worlds’. Across four chapters, I analyse texts by Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, James Baldwin, and Lorraine Hansberry, exploring the way in which their writing plays out within and against the geopolitical exigencies of the Cold War and contemporaneous discourses of Civil Rights and black (inter)nationalism. In doing so, I explore the contrasting ways in which each of them displaces the binary logic that is typically seen as defining the 1950s, as a means of reconstituting both American and African American identity. Rejecting either/or identities, they all decentre prevailing notions of national and cultural identity by juxtaposing them with alternative spaces and temporalities, the result of which is a dual perspective that is simultaneously local and transnational. By extricating themselves, whether physically or intellectually, from a monolithic discursive framework, Ellison, Wright, Baldwin, and Hansberry recast the idea of double consciousness famously articulated by W. E. B. Du Bois in The Souls of Black Folk (1903). Instead of being a self-negating non-identity that serves as the psychological corollary to African Americans’ marginalised status, ‘two-ness’ is transmuted into a privileged vantage point that allows them to both intervene on the world historical stage as empowered modern subjects and renegotiate their relationship with the United States. What this two-ness amounts to, I argue, is a kind of dissonance. ‘Dissonance’, Duke Ellington claimed in 1941, names black people’s ‘way of life in America. We are something apart, yet an integral part’. The principle of introducing a ‘wrong’ note into a piece of music in order to generate new modalities of expression found in jazz is transposed into a social and literary context by the writers examined in this thesis. Each of them embodies and mobilises the socially grounded sense of being apart and a part alluded to by Ellington as a means of defamilarising normative notions of race, gender, and sexuality as they pertain to American-ness. In their place, they posit alternative forms of knowledge and politicised identity that reconstitute what it means to be both black and American in the middle of the twentieth century.

This thesis is concerned with two central questions. The first is theoretical and asks, "Can a direct appeal be made to the foundational principles of liberalism to support collective rights?" The second question is practical and asks: "Would such a defense serve the interests of contemporary Canadian Aboriginal claims to special constitutionally recognized collective rights known as the Aboriginal Right?" I utilize Will Kymlicka's defense of minority rights as the theoretical framework in assessing this first question and in assessing the latter, I refer to various reported Aboriginal conceptions of the so-called Aboriginal Right which have been formalized by Aboriginal people themselves through constitutional addresses, Royal Commission hearings, discussion papers and legal claims. Part I of the thesis involves an enquiry into the nature of the revisions that Kymlicka proposes to make to liberal theory, and asks whether, in making such changes, he is able to retain identification with the so-called "modern" liberals, with whom Kymlicka identifies himself, and consistently defend the kind of group minority rights of the sort actually being claimed in Canadian society today. I conclude that Kymlicka argument fails in two respects: it fails to do the work required of it by modern liberals and it ultimately fails to do the work required by the standards of Kymlicka own theory. In Part II, I argue that even if it were theoretically possible to protect the good of culture in the way that Kymlicka hopes, such a defense of collective rights fails in the most important respect: that is, it cannot do the work required of it by the Aboriginal people for whom it was designed. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

In the early 1960s, African-American residents of southwest Georgia cooperated with organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to launch a freedom movement that would attempt to battle white supremacy and bring all Americans closer to their country's democratic ideals. Movement participants tried to overcome the fear ingrained in them by daily life in the Jim Crow South, and to reconstruct American society from within. Working within a tradition of black insurgency, participants attempted to understand the origins of the intimidation and powerlessness that they often felt, and to form a strong community based on mutual respect, equality, and trust. Black women played fundamental roles in shaping this movement and African-American resistance patterns more generally, and struggles such as the southwest Georgia movement reveal the ways in which black people have identified themselves as American citizens, equated citizenship with political participation, and reinterpreted American democratic traditions along more just and inclusive lines. This thesis begins with a narrative of the movement. It then moves on to discuss SNCC's efforts to build community solidarity and empower African-American residents of southwest Georgia, and to consider the notion that SNCC owed its success to the activism of local women and girls. Next, it proposes that in the southwest Georgia movement there was no clear distinction between public and private space and work, and it suggests that activism in the movement emerged from traditional African-American patterns of family and community organization. Finally, this thesis asserts that the mass jail-ins for which the movement became famous redefined and empowered the movement community. This analysis reconsiders the analytical categories with which scholars generally study social movements. Instead of employing a linear narrative structure that emphasizes formal political activity and specific tactical victories, this thesis suggests that political participation takes diverse forms and it highlights the cycles of community building and individual empowerment that characterize grassroots organizing. It underscores the sheer difficulty of initiating and sustaining a mass struggle, and argues that the prerequisite to forming an insurgent movement is the ability of individuals to envision alternative social and cultural possibilities. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine resident, family member and staff perceptions of electronic monitoring and their effect on resident rights. The sample consisted of 53 nursing home residents, 104 staff and 25 family members, in the Dallas Fort Worth metroplex, from a nursing facility in which residents utilize video cameras in their rooms (Nursing Facility 1), two nursing facilities that have video cameras in their common rooms areas (Nursing Facility 2 and 3) and a nursing facility that does not utilize video cameras (Nursing Facility 4). The interview questions and self-administered surveys were in regard to the participant's perceptions of electronic monitoring, perceived risks and benefits of video cameras, awareness of resident rights and consciousness of potential risks to resident rights. Data were analyzed using a mixed methods approach using both ATLAS t.i and SAS. Study findings revealed that residents, family members and staff are aware of the potential benefits of electronic monitoring in nursing facilities. While respondents are hesitant to have electronic monitoring in resident rooms, they are interested in utilizing electronic monitoring in common areas. While residents and staff believe that electronic monitoring compromises resident rights, family members believe resident rights are protected. Different types of staff have different perceptions of electronic monitoring. Those staff members that are more directly involved in resident care are less accepting of electronic monitoring compared to staff that have episodic visits with residents. Among staff members, nursing facilities with prior experience with electronic monitoring are less accepting of electronic monitoring. Further studies are needed to enhance this research.