Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2008 Dec 29

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 21, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 242-256).

HIV/AIDS has been an obstacle to socio-economic development and a major cause of loss of human life. It has also caused vast inequities and frustration to the public health sector. One of the significant efforts made by the public health sector to combat the epidemic is the implementation of a mandatory HIV/AIDS testing policy to scale-up HIV treatment. This dissertation examines the impact of this policy on the human rights of people infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS. Coercive government policies aimed at controlling the AIDS pandemic often infringe on the rights of individuals known to be or suspected of living with HIV/AIDS and this decreases the effectiveness of public health measures. The research methodology involved the study of written literature and a comparative literature study of the law and practice obtaining in South Africa, Uganda and Canada. It revealed that voluntary testing is effective and suitable in South Africa. This dissertation aimed to show that any public health approach that aims to achieve a comprehensive prevention strategy must be consistent with respect for human rights as enshrined in regional and international human rights law. Public health and human rights should, therefore, not be regarded as opposing forces; rather they should be seen as a unified system of protection of human welfare under the Bill of Rights and the Constitution. The solution to the crisis lies not only in testing every single person but also requires a shift of focus to more pressing issues that include gender equality, stigma and discrimination; prioritizing human rights, institutional capacity and resources; and an end to extreme poverty. A human rights-based approach to HIV/AIDS testing, such as the Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) is recommended. Therefore, failure to adhere to the core principles of testing - which are informed consent, counselling and confidentiality of the test result - will only hinder the global fight against HIV/AIDS. The rights of those affected by HIV/AIDS need to be protected in order to address public health imperatives. This can be done through the use of the law as an instrument of social change as well as education and awareness. Key words, HIV/AIDS, mandatory testing, Voluntary Counselling and Testing, public health, human rights-based approach.

This study evaluates the court's approach towards the interpretation of administrative justice with specific reference to Roman v Williams 1997(2) SACR 754(C). Section 33 of the Constitution Act 108 of 1996 guarantees the right to administration justice. The elements of this right are lawfulness, reasonableness and procedurally fairness. Our courts are bound constitutionally to promote, develop, advance and protect the fundamental rights. This study provides the most effective approach towards the development of the fundamental right in our democratic society where the Bill of Rights binds legislature, executive and judiciary. / Administrative Law / LL.M. (Administrative Law)

Text in Afrikaans / Menseregte is 'n saak wat sedert die Tweede Wereldoorlog met sy grootskaalse vernietiging en chaos internasionaal al hoe sterker op die voorgrond begin tree het. Dit is veral buitelandse, maar ook binnelandse beskuldigings ten opsigte van rassisme en apartheid in ons land wat aanleiding begin gee het tot onderhandelings rakende die uitwerk van 'n handves van menseregte vir alle inwoners hier te lande Die historiese ontwikkeling van menseregte in belangrike Westerse lande, maar ook binne sosialistiese konteks, bied belangrike perspektiewe vir die verstaan van hierdie kwessie. Ongelukkig is die kerk se stem vir baie jare nie oor hierdie aangeleentheid gehoor nie. Ook het die NG Kerk dit beskou as 'n liberale, humanistiese en kommunistiese aanslag teen hulle "Skrifgetroue" lewensiening. Omrede so baie mense hulle besluite in terme van hulle geloofsbeskouing neem, word daar duidelikheid oor die saak gesoek in die Bybelse beskouing van die begrippe geregtigheid, menswaardigheid en vryheid. Sekere hermeneutiese probleme word onder oe geneem sodat die volle waarheid oor hierdie saak aan die orde kan kom. Na aanleiding van bogenoemde gebeure het die regering aan 'n Regskommissie opdrag gegee om 'n akte van menseregte op te stel. Die klem wat hierin op verskillende eerstegenerasieregte gele word ten koste van sekere noodsaaklike sosio-ekonomiese regte, wat vir soveel swart inwoners van ons land so belangrik is, word krities geevalueer. Hierteenoor le die ANC in sy konsep-manifes op realistiese wyse klem op hierdie sogenaamde tweedegenerasieregte en regstellende optrede. Daar word bevind dat di t die mees volledige en toepaslike dokument van sy soort in ons land is, omrede dit vanuit n situasie geskryf is wat deeglik rekening hou met die eiesoortige behoeftes van die Swartes. Die hele kwessie van menseregte waardeur mens teen mens beskerm word, bring oak die kwessie van diere- en plantregte na vore. n Omgewings-poli tieke beskouing wat voorkeur gee aan die sosio-ekonomiese belange van mense ten koste van omgewingsbewaring, word bespreek. Ten opsigte van hierdie sake word die mens deurgaans in die Skrif opgeroep om God in sy optrede teenoor sy medemens, dier en plant te vergestalt / Human rights is a matter which has come strongly to the fore since the Second World War with its wholesale destruction and chaos. It was especially foreign, but also internal accusations of racism and apartheid in our country which gave rise to negotiations to draw up a charter of human rights for all the inhabitants of our country. The historical development of human rights in important Western countries, but also in a socialist context, provides important perspectives for an understanding of the matter. Unfortunately the voice of the church was not heard on this matter for many years. The Dutch Reformed Church has also seen it as a liberal, humanist and communist attack on their "true" scriptural understanding of life. Because so many people make their decisions in terms of their faith, clarity is sought on this matter in the Biblical concepts of justice, human dignity and freedom. Certain hermeneutical problems are considered to arrive at an accurate understanding of the Biblical message. As a result of the above-mentioned chain of events, the government appointed a Law Commission to draw up a bill of human rights. The emphasis in this draft bill of rights which is laid on various first generation rights at the expense of essential socio-economic rights, which are so important to many black inhabitants of our country, is critically evaluated. In contrast, in its proposed bill of rights, the ANC emphasises this so-called second generation rights and affirmative action in a realistic way. It is found that this is the most complete and appropriate document of its kind in our country, because it was written from a situation which thoroughly takes account of the distinctive needs of the Blacks. The whole matter of human rights brings the matter of animal- and plant-rights to the fore. A view on the politics of the environment which prioritizes the socio-economic interests of the people at the cost of nature conservation, is discussed. With regard to these matters humankind is called upon throughout the Scriptures to manifest God in their conduct towards their fellow-man, animals and plants / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Teologiese etiek)

Nesta dissertação foi realizado um estudo sobre os direitos socioambientais indispensáveis à dignidade humana dos catadores de resíduos sólidos à luz das Necessidades Humanas Básicas. Desenvolveu-se a base teórica: Necessidades Humanas Básicas, conjugada com os direitos fundamentais da Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988, especificamente no que tange aos princípios da cidadania e da dignidade da pessoa humana, conseqüentemente chegando aos direitos socioambientais que são operacionalizados pelo Estado Socioambiental de Direito. Primeiramente foi realizada uma panorâmica sobre o sistema capitalista brasileiro, verificando-se que esse modelo, desencadeou o consumismo excessivo na população, e juntamente ocasionou desequilíbrios ecológicos e sociais. Identificando as atividades realizadas pelos catadores de resíduos sólidos e as substâncias que manuseiam e seus cotidianos percebeu-se que eles podem ser inseridos nesse contexto dos desequilíbrios socioambientais, uma vez que realizam serviços para a limpeza do meio ambiente e por outro lado, mesmo diante ao trabalho relevante que desempenham, são excluídos da sociedade. Mediante a essas preocupações foi delimitado para esse estudo duas Necessidades Intermediárias: cuidados de saúde apropriado e ambiente de trabalho sem riscos, objetivando inferir ao final do trabalho se os catadores de resíduos sólidos têm satisfeitas as Necessidades Humanas Básicas, coligadas com os direitos fundamentais constitucionais. Dentro dos documentos analisados, identificou-se em alguns dispositivos que há legislação adequada para que os catadores de resíduos sólidos tenham uma vida como cidadão e com dignidade. Há uma disparidade em relação a aplicabilidade das leis e precariedade política quanto a inserção desses profissionais na sociedade em geral. Muitas são as estratégias para mudar esse cenário, sendo necessária uma atuação mais eficaz do poder publico, para que os catadores de resíduos sólidos tenham garantidas as Necessidades Humanas Básicas e os direitos socioambientais. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2014-11-27T16:27:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Silmares Sonia Michelin.pdf: 1075978 bytes, checksum: 699dd2b1c2502d99464f710e78fa5dfa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-27T16:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Silmares Sonia Michelin.pdf: 1075978 bytes, checksum: 699dd2b1c2502d99464f710e78fa5dfa (MD5) / All over this dissertation it was realized a study about the indispensable socio environmental rights to the human dignity of the collectors of solid waste in the light of BHN. It was desenvolved the theoretical base: BHN, coupled with the fundamental rights of FC/88, specifically on what is related to the principles of citizenship and the human dignity, consequently going to the socio environmental rights that are operationalized by SARS. At first, it was performed a panoramic about the brazilian capitalist system, verifying that this way, triggered the excessive consumerism on population, and also caused an ecological and social imbalance. Identifying the activities performed by the CSW and the substances that they deal with and their daily lives, it was noticed that they can be included in the context of the socio environmental imbalances, once they perform services to the environmental cleanup and on the other hand, despite the relevant work they perform, they are excluded from society. By this concern it was delimited to this study to IN: appropriate health care and a safe workplace, aiming to infer at the end of the work if the CSW have the BHN satisfied, associated with the fundamental constitutional rights. Within the analyzed documents, it was identified some devices that has appropriate legislation to provide to the CSW a life as a citizen and with dignity. There is a disparity regarding to the applicability of laws and political instability referring to the inclusion of these professional in society, in general. There are many strategies to change this scenario, being necessary a more effective work by the public power, to guarantee to the CSW the BHN and the socio environmental rights.

A presente pesquisa versa sobre a participação da coletividade como instrumento de limitação da discricionariedade nas decisões administrativas em matéria ambiental, sustentando que a participação ativa da coletividade nos processos decisórios teria o condão de reduzir a margem de discricionariedade da decisão administrativa, a qual ganharia em correção, em segurança e em legitimidade, constituindo expressão da democracia direta. Tendo como ponto de partida a classificação do meio ambiente como direito fundamental, verifica-se como são formadas as decisões discricionárias nas questões ambientais em meio à sociedade de risco, concluindo que as peculiaridades do bem ambiental têm o condão de limitar a discricionariedade da Administração Pública. Ademais, para que a participação seja efetiva, verifica-se a necessária mudança de pensamento do indivíduo acerca das formas de utilização e consideração da natureza, sendo a educação o instrumento capaz de transformar o agir humano sob a ótica dos princípios ecológicos, a fim de dar eficácia à cidadania ambiental. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-07-10T14:55:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Favarini Odorissi.pdf: 1479795 bytes, checksum: 10ba31e0fd3ecfe82ac4b275ba7107fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T14:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Favarini Odorissi.pdf: 1479795 bytes, checksum: 10ba31e0fd3ecfe82ac4b275ba7107fe (MD5) / Esta investigación se centra en la participación de la comunidad como una herramienta para limitar la discrecionalidad en las decisiones administrativas relativas al medio ambiente, con el argumento de que la participación activa de la comunidad en la toma de decisiones que tienen el poder de reducir la discrecionalidad de la decisión administrativa, que se beneficiaría de la corrección en seguridad y legitimidad, lo que constituye una expresión de la democracia directa. Tomando como punto de partida la clasificación del medio ambiente como un derecho fundamental, puede ser visto como decisiones discrecionales se hacen en temas ambientales a través de la sociedad del riesgo, concluyendo que las peculiaridades del bien ambiental tiene el poder de limitar la discrecionalidad de la Administración Pública. Por otra parte, para que la participación sea eficaz, es el cambio necesario en el pensamiento acerca de los usos individuales y la consideración de la naturaleza, con la educación es el instrumento capaz de transformar la acción humana desde la perspectiva de los principios ecológicos con el fin de hacer efectiva la ciudadanía ambiental.

Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-10-20T11:28:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Augusto Antonio Fontanive Leal.pdf: 1517503 bytes, checksum: 9f4b76a3509f89c509c230025eebf6f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T11:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Augusto Antonio Fontanive Leal.pdf: 1517503 bytes, checksum: 9f4b76a3509f89c509c230025eebf6f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES

The purpose of this paper is to analize the impact the Civil Rights Movement, feminism and the War Against Poverty have had on the evolution and reshaping of child psychology in the United States, during the last four decades. These three ideological/cultural factors have played a major role in child/ rearing, education and conceptualization of the child's moral and sex role development as well as in intelligence measurement/assessment, placement in special classes and the dissemination of bilingualism as a tool for teaching. How to apply a similar analysis to the study of child psychology in Latin America and more specifically in Perú, is proposed and recommended. / En este artículo se analiza el impacto de tres factores ideológico/ culturales en el avance y desarrollo de la Psicología Infantil en Norteamérica durante las últimas cuatro décadas. El Movimiento de Derechos Civiles, el feminismo y la lucha contra la pobreza han tenido una influencia decisiva en la concepción, crianza y educación del niño, así como en la medición de la inteligencia, el emplazamiento en clases especiales y el ímpetu por la educación preescolar y la propagación del bilingüismo como medio de enseñanza. Se plantea y recomienda la necesidad de aplicar el mismo análisis al estudio de la psicología infantil latinoamericana y en específico a la del Perú.

A água é um recurso indispensável para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de todos os seres vivos, durante muitos anos foi tratada como um recurso natural inesgotável e, portanto, não exigiria muitos cuidados. No entanto, o crescimento da sociedade hiperconsumista trouxe diversos problemas ambientais, como a degradação dos recursos naturais, em especial a água. A poluição e o desperdício levaram à escassez. Diante dessa situação o homem viu-se obrigado a buscar uma proteção mais efetiva da água doce existente, incluindo-a nos direitos humanos. Porém, a inclusão da água como direito humano, não é suficiente para evitar as situações de escassez que atingem diversos lugares no planeta. Portanto, a necessidade de adoção de fontes complementares de abastecimento surge para reduzir a pressão sobre os mananciais de abastecimento. O reúso e o aproveitamento da água da chuva surgem como instrumentos adicionais para uma gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos, contribuindo com mais fontes de abastecimento, reduzindo a pressão sobre os corpos hídricos, liberando a água de melhor qualidade para o consumo humano, além de trazer outros benefícios para o meio ambiente. Para que essa pesquisa possa contribuir com divulgação e implementação das técnicas de reúso dos efluentes sanitários tratados e do aproveitamento das águas pluviais foram realizadas pesquisas por meio do método analítico sobre a legislação federal e municipal que tratam do tema, bem como os impactos socioambientais positivos decorrentes da adoção dessas práticas. Constatada a ausência de uma regulamentação federal sobre o tema observou-se o empenho de alguns municípios brasileiros para efetivar o uso racional da água. Com essa pesquisa, espera‐se contribuir para o planejamento de Goiânia e que tais medidas possam ser incorporadas na legislação municipal. Ainda com o intuito de dar efetividade às práticas do reúso de água e do aproveitamento de águas pluviais, abordou-se a importância da educação ambiental como fator determinante para sensibilização do indivíduo para preservação dos recursos hídricos. / Water is an indispensable resource for the survival and development of all living things, for many years it has been treated as an inexhaustible natural resource and therefore would not require much care. However, the growth of the hyperconsumer society has brought several environmental problems, such as the degradation of natural resources, especially water. Pollution and waste led to scarcity. Faced with this situation, man was forced to seek effective protection of existing fresh water, including it in the fundamental rights of man. However, the inclusion of water as a human right is not enough to avoid situations of scarcity that affects different places on the planet. Therefore, the need to adopt complementary sources of supply arises to reduce the pressure on supply sources. Reuse and use of rainwater appear as additional tools for efficient water resource management, contributing to more sources of supply, reducing pressure on water bodies, releasing better quality water for human consumption, and other benefits to the environment. In order for this research to contribute to the dissemination and implementation of techniques for the reuse of treated sanitary effluents and the utilization of rainwater, research was carried out by means of the analytical method on federal and municipal legislation that deal with the subject, as well as the positive social and environmental impacts arising the adoption of these practices. As a result of the absence of federal regulations on the subject, it was observed the commitment of some Brazilian municipalities to effect the rational use of water. With this research, it is hoped to contribute to the planning of Goiânia and that such measures can be incorporated in the municipal legislation. Still with the intention of giving effectiveness to the practices of water reuse and the use of rainwater, the importance of environmental education was discussed as a determining factor for sensitization of the individual for the preservation of water resources.