This thesis explores synergies between deductive verification and model checking, by using the existing model checker TriCera to automatically infer specifications for the deductive verifier Frama-C. To accomplish this, a formal semantics is defined for a subset of ANSI C, extended with assume statements, called Csmall. Then, it is shown how a Hoare logic contract can be translated into statements in Csmall, and the defined formal semantics is used to prove that the translation is correct. Furthermore, it is shown that the translation can be applied also to a real specification language. This is done by defining a subset of ACSL, called ACSLsmall, and giving a formal semantics also for this. Lastly, two examples are provided showing that the theory developed in this thesis can be applied to automatically infer ACSL function contracts. / Den här avhandlingen studerar synergier mellan deduktiv verifikation och modelprovning, genom att använda Tricera, ett verktyg för modellprovning, för att automatiskt generera specifikationer för Frama-C, ett verktyg för deduktiv verifikation. Detta uppnås genom att definiera en formell semantik för en delmängd av ANSI-C, utökat med assume satser, som kallas förCsmall. Sedan visas hur kontrakt kan översättas till satser i Csmall samt att översättningen är korrekt. Därefter visas att översättningen också kan tillämpas på ett verkligt specifikationsspråk, genom att definiera en delmängd av ACSL, som kallas ACSLsmall, och definiera en formell semantik också för detta. Slutligen visas med två exempel hur teorin från uppsatsen kan appliceras för att automatiskt generera funktionskontrakt i ACSL.

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between morphological tense forms of Japanese, such as (r)u ("non-past") and ta ("past"), and their temporal interpretation. The goal of the research reported here is to establish a simple overall theory. The analysis focuses on the following sentence types: simple sentences, complex sentences (without conditional sentences), conditional complex sentences and sentences with an embedded clause. We will show here a few examples of problems as to temporal interpretations. In simple sentences, there are cases such as (1), which deviate from the norm of "normal" interpretation. Sentence (1) (with the “past” form of ta) can be uttered felicitously even in a situation where the bus in question has not yet arrived. (1)Busu ga ki-ta! Bus nom come-ta ‘The bus is coming.’ Or ‘The bus has come.’ In complex sentences, the antecedent clause in sentences with toki 'when', can take either (r)u or ta forms in sentence (2), while it cannot take the ta form in sentence 93), although the antecedent clauses in both sentences are interpreted as non-past. (2) Kondo a-u/at-ta toki, hanashi-ma-su. Next-time see-(r)u/see-ta toki talk-polite-(r)u ‘Next time when (I) see (you), (I) will tell (it to you).’ (3)Yuushoku o su-ru/*shi-ta toki, biiru o nom-u. supper acc do-(r)u/do-ta toki beer acc drink-(r)u ‘When (I) take supper, (I) will drink beer.’ In regard to conditional complex sentences, there can be a problem interpreting ta, as in hypothetical sentence (4) below. The ta of the consequent clause in example (4) cannot be evaluated (interpreted) as being the same as the ta in example (5) where we have an indicative sentence. (4) Taroo wa benkyoo shi-ta ra, shaken ni pasu shi-ta (no ni). Taro top study do-ta ra exam in pass do-ta (SFP-‘wishing’) ‘Had Taro studied, he should/would have passed the exam.’ (5) Taroo wa shiken ni pasu shi-ta. ‘Taro passed the exam.’ In this account the morphemes (r)u and ta will be associated with a single interpretation. Therefore, the difference between (2) and (3) will be attributed to two distinct modes of composition. In order to solve the problem of simple sentences wuch as (1) (which deviate from the norm of "normal interpretations"), a pragmatic (contextual) approach will be introduced. In regard to conditional sentences, interpretations will be classified on the basis of truth relations and temporal interpretations of antecedent and consequent. In order to treat the range of observed truth relations, a model of time and worlds will be introduced. In summary, in order to solve the problematic phenomena of relationships between the tense forms and their interpretations, the following approaches will be taken: (i) Use of a time model; (ii) Analysis of lexical properties; (iii) Sentence composition; (iv) Contextual analysis for pragmatic aspects.

The need to maintain business confidential information within the company are increasing in today’s knowledge-based society. Today, trade secrets are an asset for entrepreneurs and important for competitiveness. These secrets are sometimes provided to the employees and the more secrets spread, the more vulnerable the employer becomes. To prevent trade secrets from being disclosed there is a law about confidential information and competition clauses could be entered in the employment contracts. Nevertheless, the need to protect confidential information must be compared to the right of workers to freely use their skills. This paper aims to highlight the legal situation and the legal balance between both parts within the law of confidential information and competition clauses on the basis of a legal science method. It also aims to highlight the use of non-compete agreements from a gender perspective. The purpose of the paper has led to the following research questions; How can the legal framework of trade secrets and compete clauses be understood from an employer and employee perspective and what are the consequences of it? From a gender perspective, what consequences does the balance between the employer’s need to protect confidential information and the employees’ need to be competitive on the labor market after an employment have? The paper shows that there are weaknesses in the law of confidential information through the employer’s perspective and the law does not stall the employees’ competitiveness. The non-compete agreements however, may jeopardize the movement of the employees and are often seen as unfair in Swedish court. However, the problem is that the freedom of enter contracts prevails and the agreements are valid until an arbitration or court shows otherwise. The study indicates that it is mostly men that are subject to compete clauses, which can lead to improvement of women’s position in the labor market.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

In deliberating on the application of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the United States Constitution’s First Amendment, the Supreme Court since 1947 has consistently failed to develop a principled distinction between religion and non-religion. This has hampered its ability to respond to developing challenges in Religion Clauses jurisprudence and to interpret those clauses in a systematic manner. Its recourse to facile characterizations of secularism and pluralism has exacerbated this problem. Attending to incoherence in the Court’s understanding of religion points to a definition of religion based in revelation and grounded not in the language of preference, identity or value, but in natural law and metaphysics. / text

Sunset clauses are a commonly used statutory provision related to the temporary duration of various laws. Such clauses are scattered throughout the statute books. This thesis aims to shed light on the constitutional value of such clauses, in order to value them from the perspective of the separation of powers and the rule of law. We have an extant amount of literature on sunset clauses, especially regarding their utility in the United States. In the United Kingdom, we have a limited analysis with respect to specific fields, including emergency legislation. However, we lack a comprehensive analysis with regard to their constitutional value. This thesis’s analysis is conducted in three parts, separated into the historical, the positive, and the normative. All three parts of this thesis are interdependent, and the analysis of each subsequent part builds on the conclusion of its antecedent. The first part investigates the historical development of sunset clauses since the first Parliament in England. The positive analysis examines the contemporary utility of sunset clauses. Finally, the normative evaluation examines their interaction with several models of separation of powers as it values their impact on the rule of law. Depending on the separation of power model, such clauses play a role in the system of checks and balances. On the one hand, they impact the institutional relationship between the executive and legislative branches. On the other hand, they influence the interaction between the legislature and the courts. Although I acknowledge that their legislative use in limiting human rights diminishes the rule of law, they might have the exact opposite effect: on several occasions in the past, they were used to advance the rule of law, including the adoption of innovative legislation and the annulment of the death penalty. Indeed, this thesis attests to the constitutional value of sunset clauses.

No description available.

Le contrat d'assurance est souvent donné comme un exemple du contrat d'adhésion. En fait, le contrat a été auparavant ; élaboré, rédigé, imprimé par l'assureur. Quant à l'assuré, il ne fait par la suite qu'adhérer à un contrat préétabli dont il n'a pas discuté les conditions. Il est donc nécessaire de protéger cet assuré contre les clauses abusives figurant dans son contrat. La protection contre les clauses abusives du contrat d'assurance provient de plusieurs sources. La source principale est le droit de la consommation et plus précisément l'article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation. Cet article ne protège que l'assuré consommateur ou non professionnel. Quant aux autres sources, elles se trouvent dans le droit commun des contrats et les droits spéciaux applicables au contrat d'assurance. Si dans l'état actuel des textes, ces sources ne parlent pas d'une protection contre les clauses abusives stricto sensu, une proposition formulée en vue d'une réforme du droit des contrats, pourrait insérer une telle protection. Dans notre étude, nous analysons les différentes sources de la protection, en droit positif et droit prospectif, puis nous essayerons de proposer un texte qui garantira, à nos yeux, la meilleure protection de l'assuré contre les clauses abusives. / Insurance contract is often given as an example of adhesion contract. In fact, Insurance contract was before, developed, written, and printed by the insurer. As for the insured, he eventually got involved in a pre-arranged contract that he did not discuss its conditions. It is therefore necessary to protect the insured against any unfair terms in the insurance contract. The protection against these unfair terms could originate from several sources. The main source could be the Consumer Law and more specifically Article L. 132-1 of the Consumer Code. This article protects only the insured consumer. The other sources are mentioned in the common law of contracts and special laws applicable to the insurance contract. If in the current texts, these sources do not mention any protection against the unfair terms stricto sensu, a formulated as a reform to the Contract Law could demonstrate the protection. In this study, we analyzed the different sources of protection, and then we tried to propose a text that will guarantee, from our point of view, the best protection for the insured against unfair terms.

This dissertation concerns one of the long-term debates about whether an innate grammar, i.e. Universal Grammar, is necessary for a child to acquire a language. The researchers who do not agree that an innate grammar needs to exist argue that the input or the child's experience of language is sufficient to acquire a language. In my work, I examine the relative clause, which is a complex structure cross-linguistically, as a case study to investigate the controversy between the role of innate grammar and the role of input in language acquisition. Based on both the comprehension data of Chinese-speaking children that I collected and the statistical analyses of corpora that I completed, I suggest that a satisfactory theory of language acquisition needs to still incorporate an innate grammar in order to accommodate the various and sometimes inconsistent input properties I document. Nevertheless, the acquisition pattern cannot be explained well without a good understanding of language-specific properties and of their potential interactions with language-external factors such as the comprehension system that may be at work in acquisition.