The aim of this study is to present a contrastive analysis of verbal complement that-clauses in English and Lithuanian and to describe, contrast and compare the cases of that deletion in them on the basis of corpus evidence. Matrix verbs from three semantic domains, viz. saying, thinking, and discovering, were investigated in the spoken, fiction, newspaper, and magazine registers of the BNC and LLC corpora. The methods chosen for the study were qualitative analysis as well as contrastive and content analysis. The corpus evidence demonstrated that zero-that complement clauses are by far more frequent in English than in Lithuanian in all registers considered. The deletion of that in Lithuanian appeared to be likely in case the complement clause is preceded by an evidential marker, such as esą, neva “supposedly”, girdi “(you) hear”, tarsi, lyg “as if”, or gal “maybe”, adopting the function of the complementizer, which is not the case in English. The corpus evidence also revealed that in both languages complement zero-that clauses share a structural peculiarity known as closeness of the clause juncture and are likely to occur with the most frequent verbs in both languages: say, think, and know. Another similarity is that in both languages matrix clauses followed by zero-that complements can be confused with comment clauses. Further quantitative corpus-based researches of Lithuanian complement clauses must be carried out in order to measure the influence of the contextual factors... [to full text] / Šio tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti anglų bei lietuvių kalbos prijungiamuosius aiškinamuosius sakinius bei remiantis tekstynų duomenimis aprašyti ir palyginti jungtuko kad/jog praleidimo atvejus tokio tipo sakiniuose. Aiškinamieji sakiniai, valdomi kalbėjimo, mąstymo bei suvokimo veiksmažodžių, buvo išnagrinėti BNC ir LLC tekstynų šnekamosios kalbos, grožinės literatūros bei publicistikos registruose. Tyrimas grindžiamas lyginamosios ir kontekstinės analizės metodais bei kokybinės analizės metodu aprašant ir lyginant iš tekstynų surinktus duomenis. Surinkti tekstynų duomenys rodo, kad prijungiamieji aiškinamieji sakiniai su praleistu jungtuku kad/jog žymiai būdingesni anglų nei lietuvių kalbai. Paaiškėjo, kad jungtuko kad/jog nebuvimas lietuvių kalboje tikėtinas, jei šalutinis dėmuo pradedamas evidencialumo raiškos priemonėms priskiriamais žodžiais esą, neva, lyg, tarsi ir girdi, kurie šiuolaikinėje lietuvių kalboje neretai atlieka jungtukų funkciją, bet anglų kalbai tokios struktūros nebūdingos. Abiejose kalbose jungtukas kad/jog dažniau praleidžiamas su dažniausiai kalboje vartojamais veiksmažodžiais. Anglų ir lietuvių kalbos bejungtukiai aiškinamieji sakiniai taip pat panašūs sandaros atžvilgiu: nėra antros eilės sakinio dalių, įsiterpiančių tarp valdančiojo veiksmažodžio ir šalutinio dėmens veiksnio. Be to, abiejose kalbose būna dviprasmiškų atvejų, kai bejungtukių aiškinamųjų sakinių pagrindinį dėmenį sunku atskirti nuo įterpinio arba komentuojamojo sakinio. Tam, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Hamburg, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 331-351).

Zugl.: Augsburg, Universiẗat, Habil.-Schr., 2006/2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [335]-353) and index.

Submitted by Anna Luisa Lopes Alves (annalopes.alves@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T22:15:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado Anna Luisa Lopes Alves.pdf: 2081259 bytes, checksum: 32e721e4f4fb4a131e1c4124214549e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-06-11T13:12:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_all_me_sjrp.pdf: 2081259 bytes, checksum: 32e721e4f4fb4a131e1c4124214549e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T13:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_all_me_sjrp.pdf: 2081259 bytes, checksum: 32e721e4f4fb4a131e1c4124214549e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A escrita de abstracts tem sido estudada por pesquisadores de diferentes áreas (BATHIA; 1993; SWALES; FEAK, 2009; DAYRELL, 2011) para que seja possível observar quais padrões são mais utilizados por autores de revistas de impacto internacional a fim de preparar pesquisadores para a escrita deste gênero textual. Nesta dissertação, objetivamos analisar como a Linguística de Corpus e o Corpus de aprendizes (DUTRA, et al, 2016), composto por textos de alunos brasileiros de universidades públicas, e o Corpus MICUSP (RÖMER, 2012), contendo textos de alunos nativos e não-nativos de língua inglesa da Universidade de Michigan, podem ser utilizados no desenvolvimento da escrita acadêmica de abstracts (BIBER, 2007; SWALES e FEAK, 2009; GLASMAN-DEAL, 2010) e como alunos universitários utilizam as that-clauses para reportarem as descobertas, resultados e conclusão de seus trabalhos em abstracts. Após coleta e compilação dos nossos corpora de análises, utilizamos o programa linguístico e computacional Sketch Engine (KILGARRIFF, et al, 2014) para criar linhas de concordância com a palavra that e, a partir dos resultados, foi possível observar que tanto na escrita de abstracts de alunos de universidades brasileiras, quanto na escrita de abstracts de alunos da Universidade de Michigan, as estruturas mais utilizadas no desenvolvimento da escrita das descobertas, resultados e conclusões, foram as seguintes: sujeito + verbo no passado simples + that e sujeito + verbo no presente simples + that, respectivamente, se alinhando com resultados de pesquisa de autores como Biber, et al. (2007) e Glasman-Deal (2010). O resultado final demonstrou que é possível utilizar a Linguística de Corpus para o ensino e aprendizagem de Inglês com Fins Acadêmicos e obter um desfecho positivo na escrita acadêmica de abstracts, de acordo com a verificação das estruturas utilizadas pelos alunos em seus resumos e, também é possível desenvolver atividades didáticas utilizando Corpus de aprendizes para que a autonomia do aluno como pesquisador seja desenvolvida. Ademais, notamos com esta pesquisa que a LC é uma área muito abrangente que permite diversos tipos de trabalhos e aplicações, visando análises de dados linguísticos para os mais diversos fins, e, ressaltamos, de acordo com Berber Sardinha (2004), que a utilização de corpus no ensino de línguas estrangeiras é uma maneira de auxiliar o ensino e aprendizagem de uma segunda língua tornando seu aprendiz mais autônomo. / The writing of abstracts has been studied by researchers from different areas (BATHIA, 1993; SWALES e FEAK, 2009; DAYRELL, 2011) so that it is possible to observe which standards are most used by authors of international impact journals in order to prepare researchers for the writing of this textual genre. In this dissertation, we aim to analyze how Corpus Linguistics and Learner Corpus (DUTRA, et al., 2016), composed of texts by Brazilian students of public universities, and Corpus MICUSP (RÖMER, 2012), with texts written by native and non-native speakers of English can be used to help academic writing (BIBER, 2007, SWALES and FEAK, 2009; GLASMAN-DEAL, 2010) and how college students use that-clauses to report discoveries, results and conclusion of their researchs in abstracts. After collecting and compiling our corporus of analysis , we used the linguistic and computational program Sketch Engine (KILGARRIFF, et al, 2014) to generate concordance lines with the search word “that” and, based on the results, it was possible to observe that in both, writing abstracts of students of Brazilian universities, as well as in the writing of abstracts of University of Michigan students, the most used structures in the development of the writing of discoveries, results and conclusions, were the following structures: subject + verb in past simple + that, and subject + present simple + that, respectively, aligning with search results of authors such as Biber, et al. (2007) and Glasman-Deal (2010). The final result showed that it is possible to use Corpus Linguistics for teaching and learning English for Academic Purposes and to obtain a positive result in the academic writing of abstracts, according to the verification of the structures used by the students in their abstracts. It is also possible to develop teaching activities using Learner Corpus so that the autonomy of the student as a researcher is developed. In addition, we observed with this research that Corpus Linguistics is a very broad area that allows different types of works and applications, aiming at analysis of linguistic data for the most diverse purposes, and, according to Berber Sardinha (2004), that the use of corpus in the teaching of foreign languages is a way of helping the teaching and learning of a second language making learners more autonomous.

Orientador: Mary Aizawa Kato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MedeirosJunior_Paulo_D.pdf: 1794629 bytes, checksum: f52cea3c69b8c0f5d4faa3e344140a04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese analisa o fenômeno das orações relativas livres em português do Brasil, debatendo, à luz da teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros, em sua versão conhecida como Programa Minimalista, (tal como proposto em Chomsky (1995) e trabalhos subsequentes), questões referentes à sintaxe, semântica e à evolução da estrutura desse tipo de sentença na história do PB. A análise dos dados mostrou que relativas livres em PB são construções do tipo DP em posição argumental e PP em posição não-argumental, derivadas via movimento de sintagma-Wh e são, nessa língua, sujeitas 100% ao chamado efeito de compatibilidade (Matching effect). Entende-se que a derivação de relativas livres envolva uma operação complexa de incorporação de núcleos funcionais (C0 e D0 diretamente implicados no processo de relativização) ¿ tal como proposto em Medeiros Junior 2005 ¿, a qual se reflete na morfologia do sintagma-Wh que integra esse tipo de construção. Tal operação de confluência de núcleos funcionais está, nos termos do que aqui se propõe, diretamente relacionada à presença de um sufixo -ever nulo que, adentrando a numeração da sentença, não pode ficar "desgarrado" (cf. Lasnik 1995). Com base em análise translinguística quanto ao comportamento das relativas livres com -ever em línguas como o inglês, o basco, o persa, o norueguês e o árabe moderno, e considerando que algumas restrições sintáticas encontradas nessas línguas são também verificados no PB, o que se propõe-se aqui é que toda relativa livre do português seja um relativa livre do tipo wh-ever, com um sufixo nulo. Entende-se que esse fato esteja diretamente ligado à interpretação essencialmente maximalizante/universal para relativas livres do PB, considerando a possibilidade de se associar o composto quer que ao wh dessas estruturas. Toma-se como análise alternativa a esta a hipótese aventada em Ott (2011), constituída com base no panorama de Fases do Programa Minimalista, segundo a qual o fato de relativas livres em sua derivação apresentarem, em dado momento, a estrutura de um CP e a forma final DP se deve ao fato de que o DP wh adjungido a CP se projete na estrutura, resultando na constituição final dessas sentenças. A análise histórica, baseada na teoria de pistas sintáticas de David Lightfoot, revelou que, no português clássico, relativas livres apresentam-se com duas estruturas básicas, uma que chamamos relativa semilivre, com uma preposição intervindo entre o determinante "o" e o relativizador "que", e outra em que o que e quem alternam-se livremente. Em face da redução da ocorrência da preposição interveniente, um processo de reanálise faz novas gerações de falantes convergirem massivamente para a segunda estrutura em detrimento da primeira, o que também se propõe alternativamente, pelas características da mudança, se tratar de um processo de gramaticalização nos termos de Roberts e Roussou (2003) / Abstract: This thesis concerns the phenomenon of the Free Relatives (FR) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), discussing ¿ throughout the Principles and Parameters theory in its version known as the Minimalist Program (as set by Chomsky (1995) and following works) ¿ issues on the derivation of the syntactic structure, the semantics and historical evolution of this kind of sentence in BP. Analyzed data revealed that Brazilian Portuguese FR must be understood as DP structures in argument position and PPs in A' positions, derived via Wh-movement along with the fact that in BP those sentences are a hundred percent subject to the so called matching effect, supposed to affect FRs in general. The derivation of a FR is supposed to involve a complex head incorporation process (just as proposed by Medeiros Junior2005) throughout which the C0 and the D0 heads strictly implicated in relativization constitute one single head, as a reflex of the morphology of the wh-expression integrating these structures. This head incorporation process is said to be straightly related to the presence of a null suffix of the type -ever, which ¿ entering the derivation ¿ could not be unconnected (stray in Lasnik¿s (1995) terms). Based on a cross linguistic analysis of the behavior of FRs with -ever in languages as Basque, English, Norwegian, and Modern Arabic, and considering the fact that some of the syntactic restrictions observed in those languages are also found in Brazilian Portuguese, I propose here that every FR in BP is understood as a WH-ever FR with a null suffix. This is supposed to be directly connected to the necessity of interpreting the wh-phrase in a FR as a maximalizing element (with a preferential universal reading). An alternative analysis for the present one is found out in Ott (2011), which ¿ based on the Phase Program in Minimalist perspectives ¿ proposes that throughout its derivation, a FR show up in some moment a CP structure and reach the final form of a DP, and this is due to the fact that the adjoined wh-DP projects itself in the structure (instead of the host). The diachronic analysis, based on David Lightfoot¿s syntactic cues theory, showed that in Classic Portuguese FRs exhibited two basic structures: one called Semi-free Relative, containing mostly an intervening preposition between the determiner "o" and the relativizer "que", and another one in which o que and quem alternate freely. In face of the reduction of the intervening preposition, a reanalysis process conducted new generations to converge massively to the second structure, despite the first. Considering the characteristics of the syntactic change, one could also propose a process of grammaticalization in the terms of Roberts & Roussou (2003) / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

No description available.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le Mbondzi connait de nombreux processus phonologiques. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que certains d’entre eux sont liés à son système d’accord de classes qui joue un rôle important dans la formation des mots, tandis que d’autres résultent de l’assimilation de traits par les segments concernés. Nous montrons aussi que certains processus phonologiques en nourrissent d’autres à l’instar de : la chute historique d’occlusives orales en position C2 de racine qui donne lieu à une longueur vocalique provenant de la juxtaposition de deux noyaux, l’allongement compensatoire qui dépend en partie de la dissimilation consonantique des préfixes ou des morphèmes d’accord et de l’élision à la jonction entre deux mots, les règles tonales qui sont directement liées à la perte d’une more à la suite d’élision ou de formation de glides. Concernant la relation entre tonslexicaux et tons intonationels, notre point de vue est que les derniers se superposent aux premiers. Par ailleurs, nous présentons une étude des relatives, qui ont une construction possessive en Mbondzi. Nous montrons, entre autres, qu’elles sont introduites par des préfixes d’accord de type /CV/ dont le contenu segmental est déterminé par le préfixe nominal du nom précédent et qu’elles diffèrent selon que leur verbe est à l’inaccompli ou non. Enfin, nous étudions les différents types de questions partielles et leur construction, qui impliquent, entre autres, les pronoms interrogatifs "nda" (pour les humains) et "nde" (pour les non humains), des morphèmes d’accords interrogatifs déterminés par le préfixe nominal du sujet (pour les questions partielles sur le sujet) ou de l’objet (pour les questions partielles sur l’objet direct ou indirect), des adverbes pour les questions circonstancielles de manière et, des expressions interrogatives pour les questions partielles temporelles. / Mbondzi is a language involving many phonological processes. In this dissertation we show thatsome of these processes are linked to its system of class agreements which plays an importantrole in words formation while others are related to the feature assimilation of the involvedsegments. We also show that some phonological processes are fed by others such as: the historicaldrop of the oral stops in the C2 position of the root which gives rise to a long vowel resulting fromthe juxtaposition of two short vowels, the compensatory lengthening which depends both upon theconsonantal dissimilation of prefixes or agreement morphemes and upon the elision at wordsjunctures, some tonal rules that are directly related to the loss of a mora after elision or gliding.As far as the relation between lexical and intonational tones is concerned, our assumption is thatintonational tones are superimposed on lexical ones. We also provide a study of relative clauses,characterized by a possessive construction. We show that they are introduced by class agreementmorphemes of /CV/ types which are segmentally determined by the nominal prefix of thepreceding noun, and how they differ depending upon verbal aspects. Finally, we present thedifferent types of Wh-questions constructions which involve various types of morphemes, such as:interrogative Pronouns "nda" (for humans) and "nde" (for non-human), interrogative Morphemesdetermined by the nominal prefix of the subject (for Wh-questions on the subject) or of the object(for Wh-questions on direct object or indirect object), adverbs for How-questions and,interrogative expressions for temporal Wh-questions.

Nous avons étudié les deux structures concessives en français moderne si p, q et même si p, q. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons résumé certaines études antérieures sur divers sujets. La section sur la concession montre qu'il y a sous-entendue a une phrase telle que même si Jacques est la, je vais partir un rapport du genre si Jacques est Id, je ne vais pas partir; autrement dit, même si p, q implique si p,~ q (Moeschler & de Spengler, Martin, Ducrot). Par contre, une phrase telle que s'il est intelligent, il est brouillon se glose mieux par la paraphrase de Nguyen certes p, mais q: certes il est intelligent, mais il est brouillon. Dans la section sur la valeur de base des phrases en si p, q (concessives ou non concessives), on voit que si est le marqueur d'une supposition, et cette supposition sert comme cadre pour l'énonciation de q qui suit. La section sur même montre que ce mot est le marqueur d'une échelle argumentative (Ducrot), et qu'il est limite par le contexte et« ce à quoi on s'attendrait» (Lycan). Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons décrit notre corpus, et nous avons déterminé si les diverses structures proposées au chapitre précédent étaient présentes dans les exemples du corpus. La section sur si concessif montre que la paraphrase certes p, mais q peut toujours paraphraser les phrases concessives de la structure si p, q. Cependant, la structure si p,~ q est aussi présente, mais indirectement. Finalement, nous avons fait certaines observations sur le temps des verbes dans les deux propositions/? et q, et nous avons étudié les combinaisons présent/présent, imparfait/imparfait, passé composé/présent, et plus-que-parfait/imparfait. Les deux premières combinaisons montrent une opposition—par rapport aux si non concessifs— au niveau des temps verbaux, les deux dernières au niveau de l'aspect. La section sur les cas de même si révèle d'une part que toutes les phrases de cette structure possèdent la structure sous-entendue si p, ~ q, et d'autre part que certains exemples acceptent aussi la paraphrase de Nguyen. Ceci correspond à la distinction qu'Eriksson fait des phrases en même si portant sur des faits réels et non réels (virtuels). / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

M.A. (African Languages) / In spite of the fact that Northern Sotho is reasonably established as a written language and is used as an educational medium at schools and universities, there are still aspects of its grammar that are either incorrectly or incompletely described. Where the relative construction is concerned, quite a few such insufficiencies exist. This study aims to clarify these problems. The aim of the study is threefold. First the different forms of the relative clause as published in existing works are examined. Second, the nature of constructions in spoken and written Northern Sotho is tested with existing conceptions as published and possible variants charted. Third the 'linguistic implications and the validity of existing opinions regarding the relative clause are tested. The possible influences of other Sotho languages are also taken into consideration...