[pt] Investiga-se a compreensão de orações interrogativas QU e QUmaisN e relativas de objeto no Português Brasileiro, as quais demandam alto custo de processamento e, por conseguinte, acarretam dificuldades de compreensão, especialmente para crianças DEL. Custo de processamento é caracterizado a partir de um modelo de computação em tempo real de base minimalista. A hipótese de trabalho é a de que o custo de processamento daquelas estruturas pode ser diferenciado em função da natureza dos traços dos elementos envolvidos na computação sintática, e da possibilidade de integração imediata de DPs com informação prévia. Um elemento do mesmo tipo do constituinte movido, quando situado entre a posição canônica e a posição final deste, acarretaria alto custo de processamento, conforme o Princípio Estendido de Minimalidade Relativizada. Previu-se que a presença de um DP pronominal interveniente facilitaria a compreensão. Além disso, considerou-se a possibilidade de o elemento interveniente permitir antecipar a relação verbo/objeto antes de a posição de objeto ser encontrada e o antecedente reativado, prevendo-se, com isso, custo relativamente baixo. 71 crianças (7-10 anos) foram testadas por meio do MABILIN. 20 crianças identificadas com suspeita de DEL e 20 de um grupo-controle participaram de um experimento com vistas a verificar as previsões acima. Os resultados apontam para uma melhora significativa na compreensão quando o elemento interveniente é constituído de um DP pronominal, particularmente no grupo suspeito de DEL, e quando a integração com informação prévia é possível. Apresenta-se material de leitura dirigido a crianças com dificuldades de linguagem a partir desses resultados. / [en] The comprehension of object relative clauses and objects WH-questions in Brazilian Portuguese is investigated. Being the processing of these sentences highly costly, it causes comprehension difficulties, especially for SLI children. Processing cost is characterized on the basis of an integrated model of on-line linguistic computation, incorporating minimalist assumptions. The working hypothesis is that the processing cost of such structures can be differentiated as a function of the type of features of the elements involved in the syntactic computation, and the possibility of the immediate mapping of DPs onto background information. An element of the same kind of the moved constituent, when situated between the canonical and the final position of the latter, would lead to high processing cost, in the light of the Extended Relativized Minimality Principle. It was then predicted that the presence of an intervening pronominal DP would facilitate comprehension. Moreover, the possibility was considered of an intervening element to allow the anticipation of a verb/object relation before the object position was found and the antecedent reactivated, thereby facilitating processing. 71 children (aged 7–10) were tested by means of MABILIN. An experiment aiming at verifying those predictions was conducted with 20 children identified as language impaired and 20 typically developing children. A significant improvement in performance could be attested when the intervening element was a pronominal DP, particularly in the SLI group, and when integration with background information was possible. Reading material to children with language difficulties is presented, which is based on these results.

由於保險係一具將來履行性之無形商品，雙方當事人之權利義務全繫於保險契約條款，故為保障保險交易之公平以維護被保險大眾之權益，政府需對保險契約條款加以監理，本文即對保險契約條款之監理加以探討，全文共分六章，內容大致如下：第一章　緒論本章說明本文之研究動機、研究方法及概要說明各章之研究範圍。第二章　保險契約與定型化契約之關係本章首就定型化契約下定義，並論及其利弊，另介紹定型化契約條款。次就保險契約之特性加以介紹。最後則對定型化契約與保險契約之關係加以探討。第三章　保險契約條款之監理本章首就保險契約條款為什麼會產生拘束力加以探討。次就介紹保險業監理之基本理論。最後對保險契約條款監理之理由加以探討。第四章　保險契約條款監理之方式本章首就保險契約條款之監理按政府部門分為立法、司法及行政三種監督方式，並分別介紹美國、德國、日本之制度。最後並介紹英國保險業間「自我監理」之方式。第五章　國內保險契約條款之監理本章就國內保險契約條款之立法、司法及行政監督分別加以介紹。第六章　結論與建議基於前面的論述，針對我國目前保險契約條款監理之情況，提出若干建議以茲參考。

La technique du renommage, appliquée exhaustivement, permet d'obtenir une forme clausale polynomiale. Nous choisissons de l'appliquer partiellement, de façon a minimiser certains criteres syntaxiques, principalement le nombre de clauses, tout en conservant une complexité polynomiale. Nous montrons qu'un algorithme efficace permet d'obtenir le nombre optimal de clauses sur les formules linéaires. Enfin, nous étudions l'influence de ces transformations sur les réfutations par la methode de resolution, autant théoriquement expérimentalement

Dans cette thèse, nous avons décrit une machine a inférence parallèle pour les clauses de Horn qui exploite le parallélisme ou et qui utilise comme mécanisme d'inférence la resolution. Le modèle décrit pour les clauses de Horn part d'un réseau de processus qui représente la structure syntaxique du programme logique. Le fait d'avoir fp2 comme langage pour la spécification des machines nous a permis d'utiliser le mécanisme de communication du langage pour réaliser l'opération de base dans l'inférence: l'unification. L'espace de recherche de la preuve d'une formule des clauses de Horn contient uniquement les axiomes de la preuve plus la résolvante courante. Pour prouver une formule du premier ordre, cet espace est insuffisant. Nous avons présente également une methode correcte, fondée sur la methode de connexion pour calculer les ensembles des pairs de litteraux a résoudre dans une formule de premier ordre. Cela représente le pas le plus difficile a franchir pour la spécification d'une machine a inférence parallèle pour la logique du premier ordre

L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer un mode opératoire de gestion des crises de dette souveraine basé sur le mécanisme sous-jacent aux Clauses d'Actions Collectives (CAC), l'action à la majorité qualifiée. Premièrement, nous rendons compte de l'évolution de la structure d'endettement des pays émergents, au sens financier du terme, aussi bien au niveau de la composition de la dette souveraine qu'au niveau de la répartition de ses créanciers. Nous concluons qu'elle est source et reflet de leurs vulnérabilités. Puis, nous montrons que la mutation de la structure d'endettement des pays émergents modifie la nature et l'ampleur des coûts associés à la survenue d'un défaut de paiement. Les coûts ne sont plus supportés uniquement par les Etats et leurs créanciers, mais également par le système monétaire et financier international. Secondement, il est rappelé les principaux enjeux auxquels doit répondre une procédure de restructuration de dette souveraine et en quoi le choix des CAC est pertinent pour répondre à cette problématique. Enfin, nous présentons les principales conclusions relatives à l'étude des CAC, qui nous permettent de présenter un mode de révision du seuil de vote de la clause d'action à la majorité qualifiée. Ainsi, nous disposons d'un mode opératoire ex ante, vecteur de diminution des asymétries informationnelles participant à une amélioration de la transparence. La coordination des acteurs est renforcée, ce qui permet d'abaisser le coût de résolution des défauts de paiement souverains.

<p>Traditionellt har tempusböjning och person-/numeruskongruens på verb varit de starkaste kriterierna för finithet. Det har dock visat sig vara svårapplicerade kriterier för många språk och finithet på satsnivå – huruvida en sats är självständig eller ej – har blivit en viktig fråga för definitionen.</p><p>Uppsatsen syftar till att beskriva och analysera finithetsfenomenet utifrån språket trumaí.</p><p>Det tycks finnas flera fenomen som är tecken på en finithetsdistinktion i trumaí, framför allt -n/-e-klitikan som markerar 3Abs på verbet vid absolutivargumentets frånvaro, samt FT-partiklarna som har en tempusfunktion. För imperativ verkar det vara så att imperativpartiklarna har en intern distribution baserad på person och animathet hos absolutivargumentet, vilket kan tolkas som att det finns en argumentkongruens frikopplad från den semantiska inkorporeringen av andraperson som subjekt. Gällande finithet på satsnivå finns det i trumaí både finita och infinita satser som kan fungera som bisatser. I strukturer där verbet beter sig prototypiskt är satsen finit, medan andra strukturers verb tycks ha rört sig mot att bete sig nominellt, varpå satsen fungerar annorlunda och är infinit.</p>

This paper presents a concurrent interpreter for a general-purpose concurrent logic programming language, Guarded Horn Clauses (GHC). Unlike typical implementations of GHC in logic programming languages, the interpreter is implemented in the Actor language Acore. The primary motivation for this work was to probe the strengths and weaknesses of Acore as a platform for developing sophisticated programs. The GHC interpreter provided a rich testbed for exploring Actor programming methodology. The interpreter is a pedagogical investigation of the mapping of GHC constructs onto the Actor model. Since we opted for simplicity over optimization, the interpreter is somewhat inefficient.

Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This study addresses the question of the mental representation and processing of language by investigating &ldquo / structural priming&rdquo / in Turkish Genitive-Possessive (GEN-POSS) constructions. Structural priming is the facilitating effect of having already experienced a structural form on its subsequent processing. We investigate this phenomenon on a construction pair in Turkish, which shares the same external GEN-POSS morpho-syntactic template despite having distinct grammatical categories. The structures under scrutiny are possessive noun phrases (e.g. &ldquo / Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) &ouml / yk&uuml / -s&uuml / n(POSS.3SG)]-&uuml / hatirladi.&rdquo / which means: The pirate remembered [the princess&rsquo / s story].) and embedded noun clauses with nominalized verbs as predicates (e.g. &ldquo / Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) g&uuml / l-d&uuml / g(VN)-&uuml / n(POSS.3SG)]-&uuml / hatirladi.&rdquo / which means: The pirate remembered [that the princess (had) laughed/was laughing].) The results of the study which consists of a series of production and comprehension experiments with various methodologies (written sentence completion, self-paced reading and eye-tracking) indicate that structural priming might access the morphosyntactic level of representation in Turkish. Priming seems sensitive to the distinction between the phrasal vs. clausal nature of structures. During the processing of GEN-POSS constructions, the grammatical information regarding the constituents is accessed. Complex forms are further decomposed if processing resources are available. Overall, language production and comprehension seem to operate on the same structural representations but through different mechanisms. In addition, the study also contributes to the understanding of structural priming as a methodological paradigm and to the establishment of a bridge between the processing and theoretical linguistic analysis of Turkish nominalized verbs. To conclude, this study pioneers in exploring structural priming in Turkish and opens way to future research in this line.

A Study of the Effect of Cognitive Styles Learning Approaches on Identifying English Clause Tasks Lieu, Pin-huei Abstract The main purpose of this study intended to discuss the effect of Field Independent subjects(FIs), Field Dependent subjects (FDs) of junior high school using Discovery, Rule Learning approaches on identifying English clauses task. The questions explored here were: 1.How did FIs and FDs differently perform on identifying English clauses tasks. 2.How did Discovery and Rule learning approaches differently perform on identifying English clauses tasks. 3.How did FIs / FDs and Discovery/Rule learning approaches create interactive effect on identifying English clauses tasks. The study used experimental research method. The subjects were 90 third grade students of junior high school. According to the scores of Embedded Figures Test students were divided into FI and FD. Then depending on the scores of the prior test on identifying English clauses task, FIs and FDs match with two group to accept Discovery and Rule learning approaches , and each one was composed of 10 students. The instruments was ¡§ Embedded Figures Test¡¨ , ¡§self-made that clauses test ,¡¨and the information acquired was dealt with statistical testing through 2*2 ANOVA .The results indicated as followings. 1.An interactive effect of cognitive style and learning approaches were found through ANOVA. FIs using Discovery learning performed better than using Rule learning ,and FDs using Rule learning performed better using Discovery learning .In sum ,FIs appropriately use Discovery learning approach and FDs appropriately use Rule learning approach on identifying English clauses task. 2.Cognitive style lives up significantly different level .FIs performed better than those of FDs. 3.No overall difference were found between Discovery and Rule learning approach. Finally the study discussed the above results in more detail ,and provided suggestions and references of research concerning teaching of English clauses .