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La pratique de l’hématologie, comme celle de toute profession, implique l’acquisition d’un raisonnement adéquat. Se basant sur une théorie de psychologie cognitive, le test de concordance de script (TCS) a été développé et validé comme un instrument permettant d’évaluer le raisonnement clinique dans diverses spécialités médicales. Le but de cette étude était d’examiner l’utilité et les paramètres psychométriques d’un TCS en hématologie. Nous avons construit un TCS composé de 60 questions que nous avons administré à 15 résidents juniors (R1 à R3 en médecine interne), 46 résidents séniors (R4, R5 et R6 en hématologie) et 17 hématologues à travers le Canada. Après optimisation, le TCS comptait 51 questions. Sa consistance interne mesurée par le coefficient de Cronbach alpha était 0.83. Le test était en mesure de discriminer entre les résidents selon leur niveau de formation. Les questions contenant des images (n=10) semblaient avoir un potentiel discriminatoire plus élevé. Les scores obtenus par les résidents séniors corrélaient modéremment avec ceux obtenus à un test conventionnel d’hématologie composé de questions à choix multiples et à courte réponse (r de Pearson = 0.42; p=0.02). Le TCS a été complété en 36 minutes en moyenne et a été bien reçu par les participants. Le TCS est un instrument d’évaluation utile et valide en hématologie. Il peut être utilisé à des fins formatives en aidant au suivi de la progression des résidents. Il pourrait aussi être combiné à d’autres instruments d’évaluation à des fins sanctionnelles, ou encore, en éducation médicale continue. / The practice of hematology, like any other profession, requires the acquisition of adequate judgment. Based on cognitive psychology theory, the script concordance test (SCT) has been developed and validated as an instrument capable of evaluation clinical judgement in various medical specialties. The goal of this study was to examine the usefulness and the psychometric qualities of the SCT in hematology. We constructed a SCT composed of 60 questions and we administered it to 15 junior residents (R1 to R3 in internal medicine), 46 senior residents (R4, R5 and R6) and 17 hematologists from across Canada. After item optimization, the test comprised 51 questions. Its internal consistency measured by Cronbach alpha was 0.83. The test was able to discriminate between residents according to their year of training. Questions containing an image (n=10) seemed to offer a stronger discriminative potential. Scores obtained by the senior residents correlated moderately with those obtained on a conventional hematology exam made of multiple choice questions and short-answers (Pearson r: 0.42; p=0.02). The SCT was completed in an average of 36 minutes and was well received by participants. The SCT is a useful and valid evaluation instrument in hematology. It may be used during training to monitor resident progression. It may also be combined to other evaluation tools and used for summative purposes or in continuing medical education.

Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade permitir a expressão das características do diagnosticador, a fim de que ele próprio reconhecesse como suas características pessoais influenciam suas decisões clínicas. OBJETIVOS: Testar um programa de formação permanente, baseado em histórias de vida, para o aprimoramento do raciocínio clínico em enfermagem; descrever os temas presentes nos processos cognitivos e metacognitivos dos participantes, desencadeados pelas estratégias do programa; analisar a influência das estratégias do programa sobre o raciocínio clínico dos participantes; descrever as intervenções realizadas pelas pesquisadoras. MÉTODO: Planejamento e execução de pesquisa-formação em três hospitais e uma escola de enfermagem de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram constituídos pelas produções escritas dos participantes e pelas observações das pesquisadoras, anotadas em diário. Esses dados foram interpretados a partir da análise de seus conteúdos, com base em proposições teóricas sobre raciocínio clínico e sobre histórias de vida e formação. RESULTADOS: O programa foi implementado com um grupo de 7 enfermeiras de um hospital geral universitário e com dois grupos (um com 7 e outro com 6) de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. Nos três grupos houve 8 encontros semanais em que ocorreram análises de textos, avaliações de saúde, estudos de caso de pacientes, escritas e partilhas das histórias de vida e projetos. Os temas recuperados com o programa referiram-se aos domínios afetivo e cognitivo. As participantes realizaram e refletiram sobre a coleta e interpretação de informações, elaboraram julgamentos clínicos, analisaram dilemas ético-morais e significados sobre o cuidado de si e dos outros. CONCLUSÕES: As reflexões sobre o autocuidado e as próprias histórias de vida (cuidado de si) permitiram às participantes reavivarem as múltiplas influências que as formam, e que formam os outros, e dinamizaram conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes necessárias em suas relações com os usuários do sistema de saúde, colegas de trabalho e profissão (cuidado de outros) / The present study intended to enable the expression of the characteristics of diagnosing professionals, so that they could acknowledge to what extent personal characteristics could influence their clinical decisions. OBJECTIVES: To test a program of permanent training, based on life histories, to improve clinical reasoning in nursing; to describe the topics present in cognitive and metacognitive processes of participants, triggered by program strategies; to analyze the influence of program strategies over clinical reasoning of participants; to describe the interventions used by the researchers. METHOD: Planning and execution of the research program and training in three hospitals and one nursing school in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data consisted of the writing productions of participants and the observations of the researchers, registered in diaries. Data were interpreted by analyzing the content based on theoretical assumptions about clinical reasoning and life histories and training. RESULTS: The program was implemented in a group of 7 nurses in a general university hospital and in two groups (7 and 6 members, respectively) of undergraduate nursing students. The three groups had 8 weekly meetings where they analyzed texts, healthcare examinations, case studies, written pieces and shared life histories and projects. The topics retrieved by the program comprised the affective and cognitive domains. Participants performed and reflected about the collection and interpretation of information, made clinical judgments, analyzed ethical-moral dilemmas, and the meanings of taking care of others and of themselves. CONCLUSIONS: Reflections about self-care and their own life histories (taking care of themselves) enabled the participants to revive the multiple influences that had formed them and had formed the others. They could maximize knowledge, skills and attitudes required to their relationships with healthcare users, co-workers and the profession (taking care of the others)

Doctor of Philosophy / The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to come to a deeper understanding of clinical decision making from within the interpretive paradigm. The project draws on ideas from a number of schools of thought which have the common emphasis that the interpretive use of language is at the core of all human activity. This research project studied settings where health professionals and medical students engage in clinical decision making in groups. Settings included medical students participating in problem-based learning tutorials and a team of health professionals working in a multidisciplinary clinic. An underlying assumption of this project was that in such group settings, where health professionals are required to articulate their clinical reasoning for each other, the individuals involved are likely to have insights that could reveal the nature of clinical decision making. Another important assumption of this research is that human activities, such as clinical reasoning, take place in cultural contexts, are mediated by language and other symbol systems, and can be best understood when investigated in their historical development. Data were gathered by interviews of medical students and health professionals working in the two settings, and by non-participant observation. Data analysis and interpretation revealed that clinical decision making is primarily a social and linguistic skill, acquired by participating in communities of practice called health professions. These communities of practice have their own subculture including the language game called clinical decision making which includes an interpretive repertoire of specific language tools and skills. New participants to the profession must come to embody these skills under the guidance of more capable members of the profession, and do so by working through many cases. The interpretive repertoire that health professionals need to master includes skills with words, categories, metaphors, heuristics, narratives, rituals, rhetoric, and hermeneutics. All these skills need to be coordinated, both in constructing a diagnosis and management plan and in communicating clinical decisions to other people, in a manner that can be judged as intelligible, legitimate, persuasive, and carrying the moral authority for subsequent action.

Doctor of Philosophy / The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to come to a deeper understanding of clinical decision making from within the interpretive paradigm. The project draws on ideas from a number of schools of thought which have the common emphasis that the interpretive use of language is at the core of all human activity. This research project studied settings where health professionals and medical students engage in clinical decision making in groups. Settings included medical students participating in problem-based learning tutorials and a team of health professionals working in a multidisciplinary clinic. An underlying assumption of this project was that in such group settings, where health professionals are required to articulate their clinical reasoning for each other, the individuals involved are likely to have insights that could reveal the nature of clinical decision making. Another important assumption of this research is that human activities, such as clinical reasoning, take place in cultural contexts, are mediated by language and other symbol systems, and can be best understood when investigated in their historical development. Data were gathered by interviews of medical students and health professionals working in the two settings, and by non-participant observation. Data analysis and interpretation revealed that clinical decision making is primarily a social and linguistic skill, acquired by participating in communities of practice called health professions. These communities of practice have their own subculture including the language game called clinical decision making which includes an interpretive repertoire of specific language tools and skills. New participants to the profession must come to embody these skills under the guidance of more capable members of the profession, and do so by working through many cases. The interpretive repertoire that health professionals need to master includes skills with words, categories, metaphors, heuristics, narratives, rituals, rhetoric, and hermeneutics. All these skills need to be coordinated, both in constructing a diagnosis and management plan and in communicating clinical decisions to other people, in a manner that can be judged as intelligible, legitimate, persuasive, and carrying the moral authority for subsequent action.

Cette thèse étudie la distorsion de probabilité dans le jugement clinique afin de comparer le jugement des médecins à des modèles statistiques. Nous supposons que les médecins forment leur jugement clinique en intégrant une composante analytique et une composante intuitive. Dans ce cadre, les médecins peuvent souffrir de plusieurs biais dans la façon dont ils évaluent et intègrent les deux composantes. Cette thèse rassemble les résultats obtenus sur le terrain et en laboratoire. À partir de données médicales, nous avons constaté que les médecins n'étaient pas aussi bons que les modèles statistiques à intégrer des évidences médicales. Ils surestimaient les petites probabilités que le patient soit malade et sous­-estimaient les probabilités élevées. Nous avons constaté que leur jugement biaisé pourrait entraîner un sur­-traitement. Comment améliorer leur jugement? Premièrement, nous avons envisagé de remplacer le jugement du médecin par la probabilité de notre modèle statistique. Pour améliorer la décision, il était nécessaire d'élaborer un score statistique qui combine le modèle analytique, la composante intuitive du médecin et sa déviation observée par rapport à la décision attendue. Deuxièmement, nous avons testé en laboratoire des facteurs qui peuvent influencer le traitement de l'information. Nous avons trouvé que la capacité des participants à apprendre la valeur de la composante analytique, sans feedback externe, dépend de la qualité de leur composante intuitive et de leur mémoire de travail. Nous avons aussi trouvé que la capacité des participants à intégrer les deux composantes dépend de leur mémoire de travail, mais pas de leur évaluation de la composante intuitive. / This thesis studies probability distortion in clinical judgment to compare physicians’ judgment with statistical models. We considered that physicians form their clinical judgment by integrating an analytical component and an intuitive component. We documented that physicians may suffer from several biases in the way they evaluate and integrate the two components. This dissertation gathers findings from the field and the lab. With actual medical data practice, we found that physicians were not as good as the statistical models at integrating consistently medical evidence. They over­estimated small probabilities that the patient had the disease and under­ estimated large probabilities. We found that their biased probability judgment might cause unnecessary health care treatment. How then can we improve physician judgment? First, we considered to replace physician judgment by the probability generated from our statistical model. To actually improve decision it was necessary to develop a statistical score that combines the analytical model, the intuitive component of the physician and his observed deviation from the expected decision. Second, we tested in the lab factors that may affect information processing. We found that participants’ ability to learn about the value of the analytical component, without external feedback, depends on the quality of their intuitive component and their working memory. We also found that participants’ ability to integrate both components together depends on their working memory but not their evaluation of the intuitive component.

Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade permitir a expressão das características do diagnosticador, a fim de que ele próprio reconhecesse como suas características pessoais influenciam suas decisões clínicas. OBJETIVOS: Testar um programa de formação permanente, baseado em histórias de vida, para o aprimoramento do raciocínio clínico em enfermagem; descrever os temas presentes nos processos cognitivos e metacognitivos dos participantes, desencadeados pelas estratégias do programa; analisar a influência das estratégias do programa sobre o raciocínio clínico dos participantes; descrever as intervenções realizadas pelas pesquisadoras. MÉTODO: Planejamento e execução de pesquisa-formação em três hospitais e uma escola de enfermagem de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram constituídos pelas produções escritas dos participantes e pelas observações das pesquisadoras, anotadas em diário. Esses dados foram interpretados a partir da análise de seus conteúdos, com base em proposições teóricas sobre raciocínio clínico e sobre histórias de vida e formação. RESULTADOS: O programa foi implementado com um grupo de 7 enfermeiras de um hospital geral universitário e com dois grupos (um com 7 e outro com 6) de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. Nos três grupos houve 8 encontros semanais em que ocorreram análises de textos, avaliações de saúde, estudos de caso de pacientes, escritas e partilhas das histórias de vida e projetos. Os temas recuperados com o programa referiram-se aos domínios afetivo e cognitivo. As participantes realizaram e refletiram sobre a coleta e interpretação de informações, elaboraram julgamentos clínicos, analisaram dilemas ético-morais e significados sobre o cuidado de si e dos outros. CONCLUSÕES: As reflexões sobre o autocuidado e as próprias histórias de vida (cuidado de si) permitiram às participantes reavivarem as múltiplas influências que as formam, e que formam os outros, e dinamizaram conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes necessárias em suas relações com os usuários do sistema de saúde, colegas de trabalho e profissão (cuidado de outros) / The present study intended to enable the expression of the characteristics of diagnosing professionals, so that they could acknowledge to what extent personal characteristics could influence their clinical decisions. OBJECTIVES: To test a program of permanent training, based on life histories, to improve clinical reasoning in nursing; to describe the topics present in cognitive and metacognitive processes of participants, triggered by program strategies; to analyze the influence of program strategies over clinical reasoning of participants; to describe the interventions used by the researchers. METHOD: Planning and execution of the research program and training in three hospitals and one nursing school in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data consisted of the writing productions of participants and the observations of the researchers, registered in diaries. Data were interpreted by analyzing the content based on theoretical assumptions about clinical reasoning and life histories and training. RESULTS: The program was implemented in a group of 7 nurses in a general university hospital and in two groups (7 and 6 members, respectively) of undergraduate nursing students. The three groups had 8 weekly meetings where they analyzed texts, healthcare examinations, case studies, written pieces and shared life histories and projects. The topics retrieved by the program comprised the affective and cognitive domains. Participants performed and reflected about the collection and interpretation of information, made clinical judgments, analyzed ethical-moral dilemmas, and the meanings of taking care of others and of themselves. CONCLUSIONS: Reflections about self-care and their own life histories (taking care of themselves) enabled the participants to revive the multiple influences that had formed them and had formed the others. They could maximize knowledge, skills and attitudes required to their relationships with healthcare users, co-workers and the profession (taking care of the others)

Background: With the development of multidisciplinary addictology teams, the ability of an addictologist to reliably assess personality psychopathology can be considered an important prerequisite that significantly enters the process of treatment planning. Because the addictologist is often the first professional to come into contact with the client, verification of the accuracy of clinical judgment seems to be one of the key indicators of addictologist competence. Aims: Verification of the reliability and validity of the clinical assessment of personality psychopathology in master students of addictology based on the course on scoring the Structured Interview of Personality Organization (STIPO). Methods: 31 master students of addictology independently evaluated 7 protocols of the STIPO on the basis of recordings. The presented patients were unknown to the students. Data was collected as part of the STIPO scoring course. The resulting scores of students were compared with: 1. the expert scores of a clinical psychologist with many years of experience with the STIPO; 2. the scores of 4 other psychologists without previous experience with the STIPO who attended the course; 3. information on previous clinical experience and previous education of the students. The comparison of scores was performed by...

The health care field has become increasingly more complex, requiring new nurses to be prepared upon graduation to respond to a variety of complex situations. Unfortunately, many graduates from associate degree nursing (ADN) programs are not able to think critically upon entering the work force. This presents a major problem for the nurse and for the employer. The purpose of the study, therefore, was to gain a deeper understanding of the graduates' perceptions of their ability to critically think during their first year of clinical practice, and if they believed their program prepared them to be critical thinkers. The key research questions focused on how the novice nurses reconciled their performance on a critical thinking, online assessment, the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), with their perception of their critical thinking skills, and if they felt prepared, during their first year of clinical practice, to critically think. The conceptual framework applied was Bloom's Taxonomy and Tanner's clinical judgment model. A purposeful sampling of 7 novice nurses from 3 ADN programs was chosen. After completing the HSRT, audio-taped phone interviews were conducted. The data indicated that the participants felt unprepared to respond to emergent patient situations, thus undermining their self-worth and clinical competency. The participants agreed there was a need for a critical thinking course in ADN curriculum. A project was created for a 9-week critical thinking course, incorporating theory, clinical practice, and simulation exercises. Social change is expected to occur when student nurses are able to critically think upon graduation, resulting in positive patient outcomes, both of which will benefit patients, their families, and their communities.