The study of clitic clusters and the restrictions that surface when two or more clitics are combined have long intrigued linguists and, as such, clitic phenomena are at the core of an ever-growing body of research in linguistic theory. However, three aspects remain largely unexplored when it comes to clitic cluster constraints, namely the evolution of these restrictions through time, the perception and processing of different clitic combinations, both acceptable and unacceptable, by native speakers and the acquisition of such combinations by non-native speakers. This dissertation, which focuses on 1st and 2nd person clitic clusters in Spanish, aims to shed new light on clitic phenomena with a new analysis and new data from all these perspectives. Specifically, I study the effects that case and marked features have on Spanish clitic combinations, both synchronically and diachronically. In addition, I explore the effects of clitic combination restrictions in language processing and analyze the learnability issues derived from such restrictions in three groups of speakers of Spanish as a second language whose L1s are English, French and Romanian, respectively. At a particular level, this dissertation is a study of clitic cluster constraints from different perspectives, both traditional and new, namely linguistic theory, diachrony, language processing and language acquisition. At a general level, it constitutes an attempt to explore the ways in which linguistic theory can guide applied research and, conversely, the ways in which experimental data may contribute to linguistic theory.

abstract: ABSTRACT This study explores some grammatical aspects of Rural Palestinian Arabic (RPA), spoken in the vicinity of the city of Tulkarm in the Northwest part of the West Bank, and compares the variety to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Urban Palestinian Arabic (UPA). The study introduces an overview of the Arabic language and its colloquial dialects and the status of diglossia in the Arab world. Subject-verb agreement in MSA and RPA is also discussed. The focus of this study is on the pronominal system and negation in both MSA and RPA. It investigates the correlations between dependent subject pronouns and independent pronouns and their phonological and syntactic relationships. I argue that dependent subject pronouns are reduced forms of the independent subject pronoun. The study explains how dependent subject pronouns are formed by deleting the initial syllable, except for the first person singular and the third person masculine plural, which use suppletive forms instead. Dependent object pronouns are also derived from their independent counterparts by the deletion of the second syllable, with the exception of third person plural pronouns, which take the same form as clitics attached to their hosts. I argue that dependent subject pronouns are agreement affixes used to mark verb argument features, whereas pronominal object and possessive pronouns are clitics attached to their hosts, which can be verbs, nouns, prepositions, and quantifiers. This study investigates other uses of subject pronouns, such as the use of third person pronouns as copulas in both MSA and RPA. Additionally, third person pronouns are used as question pronouns for yes/no questions in RPA. The dissertation also explores the morphosyntactic properties of sentential negation in RPA in comparison to sentential negation in MSA. The study shows that the negative markers ma: and -iš are used to negate perfective and imperfective verbs, while muš precedes non-verbal predicates, such as adjectives, prepositional phrases (PPs), and participles. The main predicate in the negative phrase does not need the noun phrase (NP) to raise to T if there is no need to merge with the negative element. Keywords: Standard Arabic, Rural Palestinian Arabic, Urban Palestinian Arabic, independent pronouns, dependent pronouns, pronominal clitics, copula pronouns, negation / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2019

No description available.

Clitic pronouns are linguistic elements which stand at the crossroads between different areas of the language faculty. They have specific morphology, syntax, and discourse functions. Use of this element requires the management of several aspects that draw from these areas of language. Clitics have been shown to appear early in typical acquisition, but to require longer for all aspects to be correctly managed, and they proved effortful in other modes of acquisition and atypical language, where they are clinical markers of impairment. In this work, we implement a comprehensive assessment of clitics aiming to investigate in what way different occurrences of this structure highlight different patterns of linguistic performance. To do so, we focus both on accuracy across conditions and on answer strategies, with an experimental protocol testing the following: comprehension of reference in binding constructions, production of clitics in two argument positions (direct object and indirect object), production of clitics in two sentence positions (preverbal and postverbal), production of clitics with different person features (1st/2nd and 3rd), and pragmatic abilities in the alternation with the lexical noun phrase and in perspective shift contexts. The assessment was tested on the following groups of native speakers of Italian: a group of pre-school and primary school typically developing children (Study 1), a group of adult heritage speakers of Italian living in the UK (Study 2), and four (pre)adolescents with a diagnosis of ASD (Study 3). Results found in this work showed that a comprehensive assessment of clitics can highlight similarities as well as differences in linguistic profiles according to different groups. Specifically, comprehension was not a discriminating factor in the populations: all populations tested showed to have access to abstract representations of clitics in binding constructions, as comprehension of simple clitics was generally unproblematic. An exception was found in the pre-schoolers, but this may have been due to task-related factors. In line with previous results on typical, atypical, and bilingual populations, production of Italian 3rd person direct object clitics with finite verbs showed different patterns across populations: in our data, typical children of all ages and ASD pre-adolescents showed to correctly produce this instance of the clitic the majority of the time, while heritage speakers of Italian showed poor production rates on this instance of the clitic. Importantly, our data shows similar results for indirect objects, showing that if the cliticization process is accessible, it is accessible regardless of the argument position occupied by the cliticised object. Another crucial result is that our studies find different patterns to be highlighted by the production of clitics on non-finite verbs as opposed to those on finite verbs: accuracy is similarly high in one high-performing ASD pre-adolescent and in the group results of 8-year-old children, but 4-year-old and 6-year-old children, as well as some ASD participants show chance or below chance performance in enclisis. The same was true for production of clitic combinations, although it was the least accurate structure across all groups, particularly in non-finite constructions. Here, heritage speakers and a few ASD speakers produce little to no instances of this construction, while those who produce it the most are the highest performing ASD participant and the oldest group of children. It is plausible to assume that the derivation of both enclitics and clitic combinations may require harder computation. These results allow us to conclude that if an individual or a population has issues on single DO and IO clitics with finite verbs, they will have issues with all other instances in the assessment. If an individual or a population shows no issues on single DO and IO clitics with finite verbs, they show typical language. In this, single clitics are coherent to their role of clinical markers. However, this study highlights the power of other instances of clitics, namely enclitics and clitic combinations, to unearth vulnerabilities to complex language. Types of non-target response also showed to be in part characterizing of different populations. The most striking result in this sense is the production of a lexical NP in place of the clitic. In typical development, this answer type only becomes the most used alternative answer in the hardest constructions, namely in enclisis; on the other hand, heritage speakers systematically use this construction as the alternative to clitics and use it more than they use clitics across all conditions. In our results, errors that are usually associated with impairment, particularly in younger participants, were marginally present in all groups. These are errors on the φ-features of the clitics, omissions, and misplacements (of which we found no instances), and they were limited to the youngest TD group, the heritage speakers, and the lowest-performing ASD participant. A recurrent alternative structure employed in conditions eliciting enclitics was the production of a simplified, finite verb structure.

Expressing Causation in Czech and Spanish Language The subject of this thesis, as is evident from the title, consists in expression of causation in Spanish and its equivalents in the Czech language. We dealt with the issue of the causation in both formal and practical perspective. As a basic material, we have used not only Spanish, but also Czech philological publications. We based particularly on the article written by Petr Čermák and Pavel Štichauer called Španělské a italské faktitivní konstrukce hacer/fare + sloveso a jejich české ekvivalenty, as well as from selected chapters of Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española written by different authors. The work is divided into a theoretical part (Chapters 1-4) and a practical part (5-6). In introduction, we set ourselves the goals, we have outlined the research methodology using a parallel corpus InterCorp, which we described in detail. At the theoretical level, we discussed the question of the translation direction and its effect on our research. Furthermore, we defined the terms of causation, causative verb and factitiveness, factitive verb, to be able to continue working with it. We have commented the form of the causative verbs in Czech and their most distinctive features, including a test for distinguishing causative verbs from non-causative verbs....

Baseada em amostras (corpus) de língua oral do português brasileiro e europeu, este trabalho investiga as estratégias de substituição dos clíticos dativos de terceira pessoa no português do Brasil e no português europeu, bem como o uso de preposições introdutórias do dativo representado por sintagmas nominais. O objetivo é verificar as evidências de possível mudança paramétrica na variedade brasileira e evidenciar diferenças entre as alternativas utilizadas pelos falantes dos dois sistemas lingüísticos. Enfoca o uso dos complementos dativos de terceira pessoa em várias formas de representação na fala de nativos com grau superior de escolaridade (falante culto) da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará (inquéritos do corpus Porcufort) e na fala de portugueses europeus (inquéritos do corpus CRPC), com verbos ditransitivos de transferência material e transferência verbal. Trabalhos científicos recentes indicam modificações no uso dos clíticos dativos de terceira pessoa na variedade do Brasil, distanciando-se do uso no português europeu. Os resultados sinalizam consideráveis diferenças entre as duas variedades: enquanto o português europeu faz largo uso dos clíticos dativo de terceira pessoa, no português do Brasil verifica-se sua substituição por estratégias alternativas como o uso de pronomes tônicos anafóricos, ou mesmo do objeto nulo. Os dados estudados na pesquisa apontam para a confirmação da hipótese de Galves (2001) de que competências gramaticais do PE e do PB são diferentes e tendem a distanciar-se na fala cotidiana. Verificou-se também que o PB não possui as construções de núcleo aplicativo realizadas no PE, conforme demonstrado na proposta de Torres Morais (2007) em que se evidencia que, no PE, o argumento interno dativo de verbos de transferência material e verbal é licenciado por um núcleo aplicativo que se realiza mediante a presença obrigatória da preposição a, marcador de Caso dativo. O PB perdeu a capacidade de realizar esse dativo, pois seus complementos verbais são introduzidos por preposições lexicais, o que impossibilita as construções de núcleo aplicativo com a configuração verificada no PE, mas o PB apresenta outra forma de configurá-lo: as construções de objeto duplo. / Based in samples (corpus) of verbal language of the Brazilian and European Portuguese, this work investigates the strategies of substitution of the 3rd. person dative clitics in the Brazilian Portuguese and the European Portuguese, as well as the use of introductory prepositions of the dative represented for lexical DP. The objective is to verify the evidences of possible parametric change in the Brazilian variety and to evidence the differences between the alternatives used for the talkers of the two linguistic systems. It focuses the use of the 3rd. person dative clitics complements in several forms of representation in the speech of natives with superior degree (cult talker) of the city of Fortaleza, Ceará (inquiries of the Porcufort corpus) and in speaks of European Portugueses (inquiries of corpus CRPC), with ditransitive verbs of concrete transference and conceptual transference. Recent scientific trials indicate modifications in the use of the appointed 3rd. person dative clitics in the variety of Brazil, is separating itself from the European one.The results pointed to considerable differences between the two varieties: while the European Portuguese uses of the 3rd. person dative clitics, in the Brazilian Portuguese is possible to verify its substitution for alternative strategies as the use of anaphoric strong pronouns, or the null object. The data studied in this work point out to the confirmation of the hypothesis of Galves (2001) of that grammatical abilities of the European Portuguese and the Brazilian Portuguese are different and tend to become more distant themselves in speak speech. It was also verified that the Brazilian Portuguese does not have constructions of applicative head of the European Portuguese, as demonstrated in the proposal of Torres Morais (2007) which evidences that, in the European Portuguese, the internal appointed argument of concrete and cognitive transference is permitted by a applicative head that carries through by means of the obligator presence of the preposition \"a\", marking of dative case marker. The Brazilian Portuguese lost the capacity to carry through this dative, therefore its verbal complements are introduced by lexical prepositions, that means they don\'t realize the applicative head with the configuration verified in the European Portuguese, but they have another form to configure it: double object constructions

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo acerca da ordem pronominal do português brasileiro (PB) atual. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar as razões para a mudança de ênclise para próclise, atestada em meados do século XIX, e o uso do pronome tônico em função de objeto direto, observado no PB atual, que, pela nossa hipótese, é a estratégia empregada na tentativa de se recuperar a ordem SVO, perdida quando, em meados do século XIX, a próclise se tornou categórica. Fizemos um levantamento bibliográfico a respeito da ordem pronominal em momentos anteriores da língua a fim de entender o momento atual pelo qual o PB está passando. A reunião de todos esses trabalhos nos possibilitou explicar, via Teoria da Otimidade (OT), (i) as causas que levaram o português antigo (PA) a admitir, primeiramente, a ênclise; (ii) a mudança da ênclise para a próclise em uma fase posterior ao PA; e (iii) a coexistência de próclise e pronome tônico, no caso dos pronomes eu, tu, nós, me, te, nos, e a prevalência do pronome tônico, nos casos de você(s), ele(a/s) e a gente no PB atual. A OT nos forneceu embasamento para investigar as restrições que atuaram no PA e que estão atuando no PB atual, a hierarquia das restrições e a mudança nessa hierarquia, que foi essencial na explicação das alterações no quadro pronominal que nos propusemos a estudar. Averiguamos que as restrições presentes na gramática do PA – e em fase posterior, quando ocorre a mudança da ordem pronominal – não dão conta de explicar o que vem acontecendo com o PB na atualidade. Por isso, acreditamos, uma nova restrição – *PRONOPOD – desempenha hoje papel fundamental na colocação pronominal do PB. Empregando essa nova restrição às análises, chegamos à hierarquia de restrições do PB atual e constatamos que, no que tange aos pronomes de fato, quando o foco recai sobre o objeto, há uma oscilação de duas gramáticas ainda flutuantes. Também concluímos que a implementação do pronome pleno como objeto tenha se dado, primeiramente, com o pronome ele e, posteriormente, se espalhado pelo quadro pronominal. / This dissertation presents a study on pronoun placement of actual Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Its aim is investigate the reasons for the changing from enclisis to proclisis, occurred in mid-nineteenth century, and the use of the lexical pronoun in object position, observed in the actual BP, which, by our analysis, is the strategy used in the attempt to recover the SVO order, lost when proclisis became categorical. We did a bibliographic survey about the pronoun placement in previous moments of language in order to understand the current moment the BP is passing by. The joining of all these studies allowed us to explain, via Optimality Theory (OT), (i) the causes that led the former Portuguese (FP) to admit firstly enclisis, (ii) the change from enclisis to proclisis in FP at a later stage, and (iii) the coexistence of proclisis and lexical pronoun, in the case of the pronouns eu, tu, nós, me, te, nos, and the prevalence of lexical pronoun, in the cases of você(s), ele(a/s) and a gente in the current BP. OT provided the basis for investigating the constraints that acted in FP and that are acting in the PB, the hierarchy of restrictions and the changing in this hierarchy, which was essential in explaining the changes in the pronominal framework that we proposed to study here. We noticed that the restrictions present in the FP – and at a later stage, when the change of pronoun order occurs – did not explain what is happening to the PB today. Therefore, we believe, a new constraint – *PRONOPOD – plays today a key role in pronoun placement in BP. Using this new restriction in the analysis, we come to the hierarchy of constraints of the current BP and we found that, with respect to real pronouns, when the focus is on the object, there is an oscillation between two floating grammars. We also concluded that the implementation of the lexical pronoun as the object has been given, first, with the pronoun ele, and later spread to the other pronouns.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-08-04T18:44:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo de Oliveira Dutra _.pdf: 5832009 bytes, checksum: 72766836494a89861b512740ba065c34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T18:44:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo de Oliveira Dutra _.pdf: 5832009 bytes, checksum: 72766836494a89861b512740ba065c34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste estudo, examinamos os efeitos e a durabilidade do tratamento instrucional na aquisição/aprendizagem dos clíticos de terceiras pessoas do Espanhol, caracterizados como formas simples e complexas, a partir de uma visão psicolinguística (PIENEMANN, 1985, 1989), na modalidade de uso espontâneo e controlado, por universitários brasileiros com menos e mais tempo de estudo da língua-alvo, isto é, respectivamente, com menor e maior número de semestres cursados de disciplinas de Espanhol. A pesquisa contou com 10 estudantes de um Curso de Letras, dois quais 6 integravam o terceiro semestre, dois cursavam o quinto semestre e o restante eram alunos do sétimo semestre. Esses estudantes foram submetidos ao DELE (Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera), a partir do qual foram classificados como mais ou menos proficientes. Os instrumentos para a obtenção dos dados consistiram em pré-teste, pós-teste imediato e pós-teste postergado, os quais abrangeram teste de julgamento de gramaticalidade cronometrado, teste de julgamento de gramaticalidade não cronometrado, teste de imitação oral, teste livre de descrição de sequência de imagens, teste controlado de descrição de sequência de imagens e teste de narrativa oral. Para fins de análise estatística dos dados, utilizamos o software International Business Machine Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS), a partir do qual fizemos uso de frequência relativa, Teste de Qui-quadrado, Teste de ANOVA de medidas repetidas e Teste da árvore CHAID. A intervenção pedagógica consistiu num conjunto de estratégias pedagógicas, tais como: instrução explícita, de natureza isolada, feedback corretivo, informações contrastadas entre o português brasileiro e o Espanhol no que tange ao(não) uso dos clíticos de terceiras pessoas em ambas as línguas e instrução baseada na produção, por meio de tarefas controladas e livres. Os resultados apontaram que o tratamento instrucional ocasionou a redução da transferência linguística do PB para o Espanhol na aprendizagem das formas-alvo. Além disso, os dados sugeriram que a intervenção pedagógica produziu avanço e efeitos duráveis, respectivamente, das formas simples e complexas que seguem em processo de aquisição entre os alunos participantes. / The main goal of this investigation was to verify the effects and durability of the instructional treatment in the third person Spanish clitics learning, as they can be caracterized as basic and complex forms, according to a psycholinguistics view (PIENEMANN, 1985, 1989), in the spontaneous or controlled use of these forms, by brazilian university students with more and less experience in the study of the target language, and with more and less numbers of semesters attended in the Spanish course. The research was conducted with ten language learners. Six of these learners were in the third language semester, two were studying in the fifth semester and the others were seventh semester students. The students acomplished the DELE (Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera) test, and then were classified as more or less proficient. Data were collected through a pretest, immediate posttest and delayed posttest. The tests consist of gramammaticality judgment, timed and not timed, oral imitation test, sequence image description and oral narration test. For the statistical data analysis we used the International Business Machine Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) software, from which we made use of the relative frequency, chi-square test, ANOVA for repeated measures and the CHAID tree test. Pedagogical intervention was conducted in the form of pedagogical strategies as explicit instruction, isolated instruction, corrective feedback, differences between brazilian Portuguese and Spanish related to the third person clitics use in both languages and production based instruction, using controlled and opened tasks. The results showed that the instructional treatment decreased the PB linguistic transference to Spanish in the learning of target forms. Thus, data also suggested that the instructional treatment led to the development and durable effects from the basic and complex forms that are in the process of language acquisition among the learners.

Submitted by Lilian Maria da Silva (msilva.lilian@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T19:39:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLilianSilva_VF_Final.pdf: 3327004 bytes, checksum: d29448a1832348eb7e7351ed4d972376 (MD5) / Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01) Solicito que corrija a descrição na FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO, pois o nome do programa está como Ciência da Computação divergindo da folha de rosto: Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Estudos Linguísticos, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos, do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus de São José do Rio Preto. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-06-08T20:24:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lilian Maria da Silva (msilva.lilian@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T21:09:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLilianSilva_VF_Oficial.pdf: 3327010 bytes, checksum: f86a7902fdd1c35642248e84983d51a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-06-11T12:44:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lm_dr_sjrp.pdf: 3463019 bytes, checksum: 6d7286c9a4e2a794c6eba795b7467f31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T12:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lm_dr_sjrp.pdf: 3463019 bytes, checksum: 6d7286c9a4e2a794c6eba795b7467f31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta tese investiga se grafias de segmentação em palavras forneceriam pistas da prosodização de clíticos preposicionais do Português Brasileiro (doravante, PB). Para conduzir esse objetivo, inicialmente são analisadas hipossegmentações envolvendo preposições (“denovo”, para de novo) e hipersegmentações de sílabas pretônicas cuja cadeia segmental é idêntica a um clítico preposicional (“de vagar”, para devagar). Analisando as estruturas das grafias de segmentação em palavras, constatou-se diferenças morfossintáticas no funcionamento dos clíticos preposicionais e instabilidade em categorizar uma sílaba átona ora como clítico ora como sílaba pretônica. Partindo desses resultados, foram construídos experimentos de produção e de percepção de fala, com o intuito de verificar, por um lado, se diferenças acústicas (no tempo de duração da sílaba) estariam vinculadas a diferenças sintáticas e, por outro lado, se informações acústicas e perceptuais forneceriam pistas aos falantes do PB sobre um limite entre clítico e sílaba pretônica. Com base nos resultados do teste de produção de fala, segundo o parâmetro da duração, não foram encontradas evidências que sustentassem diferenças entre os clíticos preposicionais e diferenças entre clíticos e sílabas pretônicas. Considerando os resultados do experimento de percepção de fala, foi possível constatar que informações sintáticas e fonéticas idênticas dificultam a percepção e categorização de uma sílaba átona como clítico ou como sílaba pretônica. No entanto, informação fonológica (evidenciada pela aplicação de processos fonológicos) é crucial para a identificação de estatutos distintos da sílaba átona, colocando em evidência que, em termos prosódicos, há distinção entre sílabas átonas internas e externas à estrutura de palavra. Nesse sentido, os dados de segmentação analisados fornecem mais pistas da organização das relações sintáticas entre preposições e seus complementos e menos pistas da organização prosódica de estruturas de clítico e hospedeiro. / This thesis investigates whether spellings in word segmentation would provide clues to the prosodization of prepositional clitics of Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth, PB). In order to achieve this goal, we analyze hyposegmentations involving prepositions (e.g. "denovo" (“de novo”) - again) and hypersegmentations of pretonic syllables whose phonic chain is identical to a prepositional clitic ("de vagar" (“devagar”) - slow). Analyzing the spellings in words segmentation, we verified morphosyntactic differences in the functioning of prepositional clitics and instability in categorizing an unstressed syllable or as clitic or as a pretonic syllable. From these results, speech production and speech perception experiments were constructed to verify, on the one hand, whether acoustic differences (at the time of syllable duration) would be related to syntactic differences and, on the other hand, if acoustic and perceptual informations would provide clues to PB speakers about a boundary between clitics and pretonic syllables. Based on the results of the speech production test, according to the duration syllable, no evidence was found to support differences between prepositional clitics and differences between clitics and pretonic syllables. Based on the results of the speech perception experiment, we verify that only syntactic and phonetic informations are not enough for perception and categorization of unstressed syllable as clitic or as pretonic syllable. However, phonological information (evidenced by phonological processes) is crucial for identification of distinct status of the unstressed syllable. Therefore, in prosodic terms, there is a distinction between pretonic syllables and clitics. Therefore, the word segmentation data provides more clues to the organization of the syntactic relationship between prepositions and their complements and less clues of the prosodic organization of clitic and host structures. / FAPESP 2014/18050-7 / FAPESP 2015/23238-8

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-14T12:57:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilzete da Silva Rocha.pdf: 1256212 bytes, checksum: a2290b106f97042e994e7bdaa23a55b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-23T18:56:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilzete da Silva Rocha.pdf: 1256212 bytes, checksum: a2290b106f97042e994e7bdaa23a55b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-23T18:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilzete da Silva Rocha.pdf: 1256212 bytes, checksum: a2290b106f97042e994e7bdaa23a55b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Clíticos: ingrediente na cozinha portuguesa do século XVII é uma dissertação que se deteve à descrição da sintaxe dos clíticos, característica do português europeu do século XVII, tendo como corpus o primeiro manual de cozinha impresso em Portugal, Arte de cozinha (1680). A história da sintaxe dos clíticos do português europeu (PE) revela, de forma evidente, as mudanças sintáticas ao longo do tempo. Por isso, tal sintaxe é considerada um dos maiores indicadores gramaticais, constituindo, assim, uma importante chave da história gramatical do PE. O português europeu contemporâneo é predominantemente enclítico, situação contrária à do século XVI quando era predominantemente proclítico. A datação da mudança da nova gramática dos clíticos, que deixou de ter como norma comum a próclise, fixando em seu lugar a ênclise nas orações nãodependentes cujos verbos não fossem precedidos por: a) operador de negação predicativa; b) quantificador; c) sintagma -qu; d) certos advérbios e; e) sintagma focalizado, é uma questão que ainda não está definida. Assim, examinou-se, nesse corpus, a sintaxe dos clíticos com três objetivos principais, que são: a) analisar a colocação dos clíticos no século XVII, a partir do corpus estabelecido; b) caracterizar o corpus a partir de variáveis sociolingüísticas relevantes para a análise: quem escreveu, quando, onde, para quem e como; c) confrontar os resultados obtidos com os oriundos de análises feitas por outros autores, particularmente, para a mesma sincronia, a fim de encontrar elementos reveladores da sintaxe dos clíticos que contribuam para definição da gramática internalizada pelos falantes do século XVII. Para o alcance desses objetivos, cumpriram-se três etapas de fundamental importância: a) a recolha exaustiva das ocorrências de clíticos no Arte de Cozinha; b) a classificação, inclusive estatística, da ordem (pré-verbal/pós-verbal) em que os clíticos se apresentam nos diversos contextos sintáticos; c) a análise dos resultados obtidos, descrevendo-se o uso dos clíticos na gramática de um autor não-canônico do século XVII. / Salvador