La question de la remontée des niveaux marins et du recul du trait de côte est aujourd'hui une préoccupation de premier ordre face à laquelle les sociétés sont en attente de connaissances et de propositions. Or, les littoraux les plus menacés, les côtes basses, sont d'une part le siège de pratiques séculaires, de "défense contre la mer" et ont, d’autre part, été investis dans une période récente par des activités touristiques tournées vers l'exploitation des plages. Cette vulnérabilité physique et sociale explique notre choix pour les littoraux correspondants aux trois communes de Vias, Agde et Marseillan (golfe du Lion). Ces terrains réunissent un ensemble de caractéristiques qui en font un terrain laboratoire propice à l’observation et au traitement de cette problématique. L’érosion et la submersion marine ont marqué l’espace et les paysages de ces territoires. Face à cette situation de vulnérabilité se pose la question de l'adaptation des systèmes socio-économiques qui se sont développés dans ces espaces et de la résilience des territoires. La résilience désigne la capacité à anticiper, à réagir et à rebondir après un événement perturbateur. Cette approche nous permet de comprendre comment la société locale réagit face à des situations de vulnérabilité et comment se construisent les capacités d’adaptation et de résilience dans sa dimension territoriale. L’approche monographique est mobilisée dans notre travail à partir des entretiens semi-directifs, l’objectif est de confronter la notion théorique de la résilience des territoires à sa réalité pratique. À travers, ces trois territoires, il s’agit d’apporter des connaissances empiriques afin de décrypter les enjeux et révéler un modèle de développement axé sur la littoralisation des activités. Nous proposons à la fin de ce travail une nouvelle démarche, la Résilience Intégrée de Zones Côtières (RIZC), pour dépasser la complexité du réel et entretenir les solidarités entre tous les acteurs concernés. La RIZC permet de maintenir un niveau d’activité à l’aide des capacités de la souplesse du système afin de limiter les conflits d’intérêts entre public et privé et renforcer leur confiance mutuelle. / Rising sea levels and coastline recession have become a major issue about which society requires knowledges and solutions. The shorelines most threatened are low seacoasts which are both places of century-old traditions of coastal protection and localities exploited for tourism attracted by their beaches. This material and social vulnerability explains our choice of three municipalities: Vias, Agde and Marseillan (France, Gulf of Lion). These cases highlight features that permit pertinent observations on the subject. Erosion and coastal flood have shaped their landscape and planning. Can socioeconomics systems adapt to this new vulnerability? Resilience is the capacity to anticipate, react and bounce back after a disturbance. This approach allows us to understand how local communities react to vulnerability and plan new forms of resilience and adaptation. We use semi-structured interviews to build monographs and contrast theoretical resilience against real life experiences. These three territories are used to gather empirical knowledge in order to clarify the issues at stake and the need to abandon the concentration of activities on shorelines. Finally, we discuss how a new approach known as integrated coastal zone management; can overcome the complexity of the real situations encountered and underpin solidarity between all the stakeholders. Using a more versatile system, integrated coastal zone management, can help to maintain activities, limit conflicts of interest between public and private stakeholders and strengthen their mutual trust.

Depuis 2011, le Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Énergie et de la Mer a lancé un programme national de cartographie des habitats et des végétations (CarHAB), fondé sur l’approche phytosociologique dynamico-caténale. L’objectif de ce programme est de produire d’ici 2025 une carte des végétations naturelles et semi-naturelles de la France métropolitaine, au 1 : 25 000. La phytosociologie dynamico-caténale, dont l’année 1973 marque le point de départ, est apparue comme la méthode la plus adaptée pour répondre aux objectifs fixés. Si l’étude des dynamiques de la végétation utilisant les principes et méthodes de la phytosociologie paysagère fait l’objet de nombreux travaux en Europe, cette science reste peu développée en France. Dans ce contexte, les littoraux Manche-Atlantique figurent parmi les secteurs tests retenus par le programme, en raison des gradients écologiques qui régissent l’organisation spatiale des différents groupements végétaux côtiers d’une part, et de leur grande valeur patrimoniale d’autre part.Cette thèse présente une méthodologie permettant d’identifier, de caractériser les géopermaséries, les minoriséries et les géominoriséries de végétation et d’en cartographier les individus sur les littoraux Manche-Atlantique.Notre étude débute par une synthèse bibliographique décrivant les concepts et l’état des connaissances dans le domaine de la phytosociologie et de la phytosociologie paysagère. Elle apporte des premiers éléments de réponse concernant à la fois les techniques méthodologiques de caractérisation des séries et géoséries et de cartographie de leurs individus, et les champs d’application de la phytosociologie paysagère.L’analyse des traits généraux des littoraux montre les spécificités inhérentes à ces milieux, principalement liées à l’exposition des végétaux aux conditions écologiques contraignantes (vent, salinité, conditions édaphiques...). L’importance de la géologie, de la géomorphologie et du climat dans la différenciation des diverses associations végétales littorales est démontrée.L’identification du rôle des usages dans la structuration et l’évolution des végétations, justifie la nécessité de tenir compte des activités humaines actuelles et passées dans la définition des séries et des géoséries.Les principes méthodologiques généraux de la phytosociologie paysagère sont transposés et adaptés aux littoraux pour caractériser les séries et géoséries de végétation et en cartographier les individus. Les différentes catégories de séries et de géoséries identifiées sont décrites à travers des fiches typologiques (physionomie de l’association caractéristique, géologie, géomorphologie, bioclimat, chorologie, dynamique). La représentation cartographique des individus des différentes catégories de séries est exposée dans un atlas cartographique.À partir de l’étude de la distribution des séries et des géoséries identifiées, 23 unités paysagères sont définies sur les littoraux.Une méthode de bioévaluation est proposée et testée sur un ensemble de sites de vases salées des côtes Manche-Atlantique françaises, dans un objectif conservatoire. Une première évaluation patrimoniale des géopermaséries littorales est proposée, dans une perspective d’élaboration d’une liste rouge des séries et des géoséries. / Since 2011, the French Ministry of Environment, Energy and Sea has launched a national program aimed on habitats and vegetation mapping (CarHAB), based on the dynamic-catenal phytosociological approach. The purpose of this program is to produce a 1: 25 000 scaled map of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of metropolitan France by 2025. The dynamiccatenal phytosociology, which originated in 1973, has emerged as the most appropriate method to fulfill these objectives. Even though the principles and methods of landscape phytosociology to study vegetation dynamics are quite commonly used in Europe, this science remains underdeveloped in France. Within this context, the Channel-Atlantic coasts have been selected as test areas, due to the diversity of ecological gradients governing the spatial organization of different coastal plant communities on the one hand, and to their great heritage value on the other hand.This thesis presents a methodology to identify, characterize and map vegetation geopermaseries, minoriseries and geominoriseries of the Channel-Atlantic coastlines.This study begins by a state of the art presenting the concepts and the state of knowledge in the field of phytosociology and landscape phytosociology. It provides some answers regarding both to methodological techniques for characterization of series and geoseries and mapping of their individuals, and to landscape phytosociology applications.The analysis of the general features of coastlines shows the inherent characteristics of these environments, mainly related to wind and salinity exposure and edaphic conditions. The importance of geology, geomorphology and climate in the differentiation of the various plant coastal associations is demonstrated. The identification of the role of uses in the structure and the evolution of vegetation justifies the need to take current and former human activities into consideration for describing series and geoseries.The general methodological principles of landscape phytosociology are transposed and adapted to the coastal vegetations. The different categories of identified series and geoseries are described through typological sheets (features of the characteristic association, geology, geomorphology, bioclimate, chorology, dynamics). The mapping of individuals of different categories of series is displayed in a cartographic atlas.Twenty-three landscape units have been defined, based on the distribution of the identified series and geoseries.A bioevaluation method is proposed and tested on a set of saltmarshes sites of the Channel- Atlantic French coastline, in a conservation objective. A first assessment of coastal geopermaseries heritage is proposed, in order to elaborate a series and geoseries red list.

La bande côtière du littoral Sud-ouest de Madagascar est occupée par le groupe des Vezo dont la pêche est le principal moyen de subsistance. Cette occupation s’inscrit dans une longue histoire depuis l’époque de la traite d’esclaves, au XVIIème siècle. Les Vezo ont fondé leur identité grâce à la pêche et à la maîtrise de la navigation, avec la mise en place de sites interdits en mer pour gérer les ressources. Au début des années 1980, les océanographes ont signalé que les écosystèmes marins et côtiers étaient « en danger ». On attribue généralement la dégradation de l’environnement à l’accroissement de la pauvreté, à une demande accrue de produits halieutiques par le marché national et international, ainsi qu’à l’augmentation du nombre des usagers de la mer. Le diagnostic négatif quant à l’évolution des écosystèmes est à l’origine de l’intervention des institutions internationales et agences de développement dès le début des années 1990. Sur le registre du développement, il s’agit alors de moderniser les pratiques traditionnelles vezo et leurs engins de pêche. Dans le même temps, les conservationnistes créent des réserves marines et assurent la promotion du « volontourisme » et de l’aquaculture. A travers l’exemple d’Andavadoake, nous analysons l’évolution de l’occupation de l’espace ainsi que celle des pratiques de pêche, dont l’originalité était la gestion des tanifaly, espaces sacrés. Quelle évolution de l’identité vezo autorise l’appréhension d’un tel changement ? Une analyse des stratégies territoriales dans leur profondeur historique nous permet de remettre en cause le classement des Vezo en groupe ethnique, ce qui est aussi une des ambitions de notre thèse. Enfin, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure la politique de mise en réserves des écosystèmes marins a participé aux transformations organisationnelles et spatiales des Vezo. / The coastal strip of the southwest of Madagascar is occupied by the group of Vezo whose fishing is the main livelihood. This occupation is part of a long history since the days of the slave trade (seventeenth century). Vezo based their identity through fishing (with the introduction of banned sites to manage marine resources) and control of navigation. In the early 1980s, oceanographers have reported that marine and coastal ecosystems are "in danger." It is generally attributed to increased poverty, a strong demand for fish products by the national and international market, and a higher number of users of the sea. The negative result in the evolution of these ecosystems is the origin of the intervention, since the early 1990s, of the international institutions and development agencies to modernize traditional vezo practices and fishing gear. Similarly, conservationists have established marine protected areas and promoted “volontourism” and aquaculture. Through the example of Andavadoake, we analyze the evolution of the use of space as well as fishing practices, whose originality was managing tanifaly "sacred sites" which changes the vezo identity. An analysis of regional strategies in their historical depth allows us to challenge the classification in Vezo ethnic group, which is also one of the goals of our thesis. Finally, we will evaluate to what extent the policy of setting reserves participated in the organizational and spatial transformations Vezo. Finally, we evaluate how expansion of marine protected areas participate in the Vezo's organizational and spatial transformations.

本論文題為「台灣縱貫鐵道經營之研究－『滯貨事件』為中心(1895-924)」，除緒論、結論外，正文共分為四章。 第二章「修建縱貫鐵道的背景」，首先將日本領台前台灣的地理和交通狀況做一背景描述，強調台灣島上山高河多，交通工具唯有牛車與轎，又因無正式的道路系統，故東西連絡不易，南北交通亦困難重重。劉銘傳則基於國防、交通和產業的需要，試圖修建南北縱貫鐵路，雖中途而廢，但已為台灣鐵路的發展奠定初基。最後再以日本國鐵的發展為伏筆，來突顯新的縱貫鐵道的性格。 第三章「鐵道部的成立與發展」，主要交待南北縱貫鐵道的修建到198年全線通車的過程。文中將析論有關台灣鐵路「國營與民營」之爭及路線軍事或產業」孰重的問題，並且指出台鐵之得以順利通車的原因，和其○t成延長主義」的性格及對台灣人民的剝削大有關係。 第四章「貨物滯運事件與鐵道部」，首先以1917年以前鐵道運輸的穩定成長，營造暴風雨來臨前的寧靜，再以大量《台灣日日新報》上的報導具體呈現南北各地的滯運窘狀，以暴露縱貫鐵路前所未見的諸多弊端。然後再逐一分析滯運的遠、近因及探討社會輿論對於經年累月滯貨的不滿和鐵道部的應變的能力。 第五章「修建海線和人民的反對」，將探討鐵道部修建海線的原因和看法，和以台中巿民為主及彰化、南投各地的反對運動。海岸線完成後，因列車時間的變更，再度爆發台中巿民的不滿，和上一次一樣都是虎頭蛇尾，反對運動最後草草結束。但第二次解散乃因1923年「東宮行啟」之故，和總督府的壓制有關，別具意義。

Shoreline sand waves are shoreline undulations with a length scale of several kilometres and a time scale of years to decades. They occur on many coasts, migrating in the direction of the dominant littoral drift and they introduce a variability into the shoreline position that can be greater than the long term coastal trend. The objective of this thesis is to provide more insight into the formation and dynamics of shoreline sand waves and, in particular, to explore the role of the so called high angle wave instability. Previous studies showed that the shoreline can be unstable under very oblique wave incidence. This high angle wave instability develops due to the feedback of shoreline changes and the associated changes in the bathymetry into the wave field. Wave propagation over this perturbed bathymetry leads to specific gradients in the alongshore transport that can cause the growth and migration of shoreline sand waves. In this thesis a quasi 2D non-linear morphodynamical model is improved and used to explore high angle wave instability and predict the formation and evolution of shoreline sand waves. The model assumes that the large scale and long term shoreline dynamics is controlled by the wave driven alongshore transport so that the details of the surfzone morphodynamics are not resolved. It overcomes some of the limitations of previous modelling studies on high angle wave instability. The wave field is computed with a simple wave module over the evolving bathymetry and an empirical formula is used to compute the alongshore transport. Cross-shore dynamics is described in a parameterized way and the model is capable of describing shoreline perturbations with a finite and dynamic cross-shore extent. The conditions under which shoreline instability can lead to the formation of shoreline sand waves are refined. Generic simulations with constant wave conditions and random initial perturbations show that the shoreline becomes unstable when the wave incidence angle at the depth of closure (i.e., the most offshore extent of the shoreline perturbations) is larger than a critical angle of about 42 degrees and shoreline sand waves develop in unison. The cross-shore dynamics plays an essential role because it determines the offshore extent of the shoreline perturbations. Using default model parameters, wave conditions and cross-shore profile, the sand waves develop with wavelengths between 2 and 5 km, the time scale for their formation is between 5 and 10 years and they migrate downdrift at about 0.5 km/yr. Simulations with a localized large scale perturbation trigger the formation of a downdrift sand wave train. Larger wave obliquity, higher waves and shorter wave periods strengthen the shoreline instability. A more realistic wave climate, with alternating high and low angle wave incidence reduces the potential for shoreline instability. A percentage of about 80% of high angle waves is required for sand wave formation. It is demonstrated that the range of low wave angles that can occur on a coast is larger than the range of high wave angles, and that the stabilizing effect produced by low angle waves (causing diffusion) is bigger than the destabilizing effect produced by high angle waves (causing growth and migration). Even if high angle waves are not dominant, the instability mechanism might still play a role in the persistence and downdrift migration of large scale shoreline perturbations. The model results are in qualitative agreement with observations of shoreline sand waves. The quasi 2D approach provides new insight into the physical mechanisms behind high angle wave instability and the occurrence of a minimal and optimal length scale for sand wave formation. Essential physical processes are wave energy dispersion due to wave refraction, wave energy focusing near the crest of a sand wave and the monotonic decrease of the gradients in alongshore transport for increasing length scales. / Les ones de sorra a la línia de costa són ondulacions de la línia de costa amb una escala espacial de kilòmetres i una escala temporal d’anys a dècades. Ocorren a moltes costes, migren en la direcció del transport litoral i introdueixen una variabilitat a la línia de costa que pot ser major que la seva tendència a llarg termini. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és estudiar amb més profunditat la formació i la dinàmica de les ones de sorra i, més concretament, explorar el rol de l’anomenada inestabilitat d’angle gran. Estudis previs van demostrar que la línia de costa pot ser inestable en cas d’onades obliqües que incideixen amb un angle gran. Aquesta inestabilitat d’angle gran es produeix degut a la retroalimentació entre els canvis a la línia de costa (i els que conseqüentment ocorren a la batimetria) i els canvis al camp d’onades. La propagació de les onades sobre la batimetria pertorbada crea gradients del transport de sediment longitudinal que causen el creixement i la migració de les ones de sorra. En aquesta tesi s’ha millorat un model morfodinàmic quasi 2D i no lineal per usar-lo per explorar la inestabilitat d’angle gran i predir la formació i evolució de les ones de sorra. El model assumeix que la dinàmica a gran escala i llarg termini està dominada pel transport de sediment longitudinal produït per les onades de manera que la morfodinàmica de la zona de rompents no es detalla. S’han superat algunes de les limitacions dels estudis anteriors de modelat de la inestabilitat d’angle gran. El camp d’onades es calcula amb un mòdul senzill de propagació sobre la batimetria canviant i el transport longitudinal s’estima usant una fórmula empírica. La dinàmica transversal es parametritza per descriure pertorbacions de la línia de costa amb una extensió transversal finita i dinàmica. S’han refinat les condicions sota les quals la inestabilitat d’angle gran produeix la formació d’ones de sorra. Les simulacions amb condicions constants d’onades i pertorbacions inicials aleatòries mostren que la línia de costa esdevé inestable quan l’angle d’incidència a la profunditat de tancament és major que un angle de 42 graus i les ones de sorra es desenvolupen a l’uníson. La dinàmica transversal té un rol essencial al determinar l’extensió transversal de les pertorbacions. Usant els valors per defecte dels paràmetres del model, les ones de sorra tenen espaiats d’entre 2 i 5 km i temps de creixement d’entre 5 i 10 anys, i migren en la direcció del transport a uns 0.5 km/any. Les simulacions també mostren que una pertorbació inicial localitzada desencadena la formació d’un tren d’ones de sorra. Com més obliqües i grans són les onades i com menor és el seu període major és la inestabilitat. Un clima d’onatge més realista, alternant onades d’angle d’incidència gran i petit, redueix el potencial de la inestabilitat d’angle gran. Calen almenys un 80% d’onades d’angle gran perquè es formin ones de sorra. El rang d’onades d’angle petit que poden succeir en una costa és major que el d’onades d’angle gran, i l’efecte estabilitzador de les onades d’angle petit (que produeix difusió) és més important que l’efecte desestabilitzador de les onades d’angle gran (que produeix creixement i migració). Fins i tot si les onades d’angle gran no dominen, el mecanisme d’inestabilitat pot tenir un paper important en la persistència i migració de pertorbacions de la línia de costa a gran escala. Els resultats s’assemblen qualitativament a les observacions d’ones de sorra. L’enfocament quasi 2D permet estudiar més detalls del mecanisme físic que hi ha darrere de la inestabilitat d’angle gran i del fet que existeixin longituds d’ona mínima i òptima per la formació d’ones de sorra. Els processos físics essencials són la dispersió de l’energia de l’onatge degut a la refracció, la concentració d’energia de les onades a les crestes de les ones de sorra i el decreixement monòton del transport litoral quan augmenta l’escala espacial.

The wind and wave (wind wave/swell wave) climate has an important role in the design and operation of coastal and marine structures, harbors and ports. The objective of this study is to identify the statistical characteristics of the winds, wind waves and swell waves in Eastern Mediterranean, and coastline of T&uuml / rkiye. For this purpose, the data of wind speed and direction, swell and wind wave height, period and direction for a certain duration with the six hours time intervals are obtained from ECMWF for the wind and wave climate computations. The data covers the area of eastern Mediterranean region. In order to compute the wind and wave climate at any selected coastal location, a software is developed by Serhan Aldogan in his MSc thesis. For every location, the wind wave roses, significant height of wind wave and swell wave versus mean period of primary wind directions, extreme probability analysis and distribution, and log-linear cumulative probability analysis and distributions is presented, compared and discussed. By the help of the specifically developed software, it is possible and convenient to analyze the wind and wave climate using ECMWF data at any coordinate.

A Lagoa de Araruama é reconhecida como a maior laguna hipersalina do mundo, cercada por dunas e vegetação de restinga que, emoldurando a sua decantada beleza natural, configura uma condição de cartão postal internacional. Isso associado à sua grande importância ecológica, faz com que ela se caracterize como um ambiente ímpar, dentro do contexto ambiental. Todavia a degradação de suas margens, ensejada pela sua ocupação desordenada, inclusive através da implantação de salinas, que vem ocorrendo há mais de um século, teve como consequência o desmatamento dessas áreas de preservação permanente, que se constituem na Faixa Marginal de Proteção (FMP). A fundamentação dessa proposta se pauta no fato de que a FMP vigente da lagoa, demarcada e aprovada através de Decreto n 42.694, de 11de novembro de 2010, não levou em conta esse aspecto de extrema relevância ambiental. Nessas condições, faz-se necessária a implementação de política voltada para ações com o objetivo de revitalizar o entorno da lagoa, de sorte a assegurar a preservação desse ecossistema localizado nas áreas limítrofes à orla da Lagoa de Araruama e garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental. O presente estudo se ateve ao levantamento das áreas em que se verificou a ocorrência de vegetação, com o intuito de ordenar a sua classificação, precipuamente com interesse em delimitar as áreas de restinga, que são consideradas Áreas de Preservação Permanente pela Resolução CONAMA 303/2002 e como parte integrante da FMP pelo Código Florestal, quando fixadoras de dunas e estabilizadoras de mangue. Em função dos resultados desse levantamento, propôs-se a inclusão, na Faixa Marginal de Proteção (FMP), das áreas em que ocorre a presença de vegetação de restinga, com respaldo no Código Florestal (Lei Federal n 4771/65) que, atualmente, disciplina o assunto, de sorte a preservar o corpo hídrico como um todo e garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental. / The Araruama Lake is recognized as the largest hypersaline lagoon in the world, surrounded by dunes and salt marsh vegetation that framed his vaunted natural beauty, creates a condition of international postcard. This is linked to its ecological importance, causes it to be characterized as a unique environment within the environmental context. However, the degradation of their banks, occasioned by their irregular occupation, including through the deployment of saline, which has been occurring for over a century, has resulted in deforestation of these areas of permanent preservation, which constitute the Coastline Protection (FMP ). The rationale of this proposal is guided by the fact that the PMF in existing pond, demarcated and approved by Decree No. 42694, November 11from of 2010, did not take into account the environmental aspect of utmost importance. Under these conditions, it is necessary to implement policy to actions aimed at revitalizing the area surrounding the pond, so as to ensure the preservation of this ecosystem located in areas bordering the shore of Lake Araruama and ensure environmental sustainability. This study adhered to the survey of areas in which they occurred and vegetation, with the intention to order its classification, primarily interested in defining the areas of salt marshes, which are considered areas of permanent preservation by CONAMA Resolution 303/2002 and as part of the FMP by the Forest Code, when fixing stabilizing dunes and mangrove. Depending on the results of this survey, it was proposed to be included in the Coastline Protection (FMP), the areas where there is the presence of salt marsh vegetation, with support in the Code (Federal Law No. 4771/65) that currently, the subject matter. In order to preserve the water body as a whole and ensuring environmental sustainability.

A Lagoa de Araruama é reconhecida como a maior laguna hipersalina do mundo, cercada por dunas e vegetação de restinga que, emoldurando a sua decantada beleza natural, configura uma condição de cartão postal internacional. Isso associado à sua grande importância ecológica, faz com que ela se caracterize como um ambiente ímpar, dentro do contexto ambiental. Todavia a degradação de suas margens, ensejada pela sua ocupação desordenada, inclusive através da implantação de salinas, que vem ocorrendo há mais de um século, teve como consequência o desmatamento dessas áreas de preservação permanente, que se constituem na Faixa Marginal de Proteção (FMP). A fundamentação dessa proposta se pauta no fato de que a FMP vigente da lagoa, demarcada e aprovada através de Decreto n 42.694, de 11de novembro de 2010, não levou em conta esse aspecto de extrema relevância ambiental. Nessas condições, faz-se necessária a implementação de política voltada para ações com o objetivo de revitalizar o entorno da lagoa, de sorte a assegurar a preservação desse ecossistema localizado nas áreas limítrofes à orla da Lagoa de Araruama e garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental. O presente estudo se ateve ao levantamento das áreas em que se verificou a ocorrência de vegetação, com o intuito de ordenar a sua classificação, precipuamente com interesse em delimitar as áreas de restinga, que são consideradas Áreas de Preservação Permanente pela Resolução CONAMA 303/2002 e como parte integrante da FMP pelo Código Florestal, quando fixadoras de dunas e estabilizadoras de mangue. Em função dos resultados desse levantamento, propôs-se a inclusão, na Faixa Marginal de Proteção (FMP), das áreas em que ocorre a presença de vegetação de restinga, com respaldo no Código Florestal (Lei Federal n 4771/65) que, atualmente, disciplina o assunto, de sorte a preservar o corpo hídrico como um todo e garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental. / The Araruama Lake is recognized as the largest hypersaline lagoon in the world, surrounded by dunes and salt marsh vegetation that framed his vaunted natural beauty, creates a condition of international postcard. This is linked to its ecological importance, causes it to be characterized as a unique environment within the environmental context. However, the degradation of their banks, occasioned by their irregular occupation, including through the deployment of saline, which has been occurring for over a century, has resulted in deforestation of these areas of permanent preservation, which constitute the Coastline Protection (FMP ). The rationale of this proposal is guided by the fact that the PMF in existing pond, demarcated and approved by Decree No. 42694, November 11from of 2010, did not take into account the environmental aspect of utmost importance. Under these conditions, it is necessary to implement policy to actions aimed at revitalizing the area surrounding the pond, so as to ensure the preservation of this ecosystem located in areas bordering the shore of Lake Araruama and ensure environmental sustainability. This study adhered to the survey of areas in which they occurred and vegetation, with the intention to order its classification, primarily interested in defining the areas of salt marshes, which are considered areas of permanent preservation by CONAMA Resolution 303/2002 and as part of the FMP by the Forest Code, when fixing stabilizing dunes and mangrove. Depending on the results of this survey, it was proposed to be included in the Coastline Protection (FMP), the areas where there is the presence of salt marsh vegetation, with support in the Code (Federal Law No. 4771/65) that currently, the subject matter. In order to preserve the water body as a whole and ensuring environmental sustainability.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The coastline is a dynamic environment and its constant morphodynamic adjustments resulting from natural and human processes. The municipality of Icapuà is situated at the eastern end of the state of Cearà - Brazil, has approximately 45 km of coastline and is one of the most complex environmental systems of CearÃ, with varying morphologies of Quaternary origin, which are preserved stretches and impacts of human actions. The main objective of this research is to analyze the evolution timeline (1987-2014) of the coastline of IcapuÃ, analyzing in an integrated manner the local coastal dynamics. The research was conducted in five main stages: bibliographic and cartographic survey, field work, preparation and database analysis in GIS, the diagnosis of evolution with the development of cartographic products and projection scenarios. The coastal plain was compartmentalized into three sectors studies (west, central and east) and used four mathematical and statistical procedures extension "Digital Shoreline Analysis System 4.3" (DSAS) for ArcGIS 10.1, which allowed to compare the shorelines multitemporal extracted from remote sensors products through a base line and transects spaced 500 m apart. It was possible to estimate in meters, considering the clip timeline, the maximum variation (NSM), the absolute variation (SCE), the mean annual change (EPR) and annual linear regression trend (LRR). Assigns to the coastline five classes according to the processes identified in the sections, as follows: progradation continuous, mo*derate progradation and / or semi-relative stability, moderate erosion and / or semi-continuous and continuous erosion. It was evident that the most relevant progradational and erosive processes are present in the western sectors, subsectors erosion Retiro Grande, Redonda and Peroba with trends of -0.5 to -4 m / year, and central sectors with significant decreases in Barreiras da Sereia subsectors and Barrinha, that a decline of up to 115 meters in 27 years and trends between -1.2 and -4.5 m / year, with varying social and environmental impacts, while the eastern sector showed relative stability. From this, it was possible to discuss containment strategies erosion, project possible evolutionary scenarios and suggest directions for planning and management of the coastal zone of the municipality. / A linha de costa à um ambiente dinÃmico e os seus constantes ajustes morfodinÃmicos resultam de processos naturais e humanos. O MunicÃpio de Icapuà està localizado no extremo leste do Estado do Cearà - Brasil, possui aproximadamente 45 km de linha de costa e representa um dos mais complexos sistemas ambientais do litoral cearense, com variadas morfologias de origem QuaternÃria, trechos relativamente conservados e impactos decorrentes das aÃÃes humanas. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa à analisar a evoluÃÃo espaÃotemporal (1987-2014) da linha de costa de IcapuÃ, considerando de forma integrada a dinÃmica costeira local. A pesquisa foi realizada em cinco etapas principais: o levantamento bibliogrÃfico e cartogrÃfico, os trabalhos de campo, a elaboraÃÃo e anÃlise de banco de dados em SIG, o diagnÃstico da evoluÃÃo com a elaboraÃÃo de produtos cartogrÃficos e a projeÃÃo de cenÃrios. Segmentou-se a planÃcie litorÃnea em trÃs setores de estudos (oeste, central e leste) e foram aplicados quatro procedimentos matemÃticos e estatÃsticos da extensÃo Digital Shoreline Analysis System 4.3 (DSAS) para o ArcGIS 10.1, que permitiram comparar as linhas de costa multitemporais extraÃdas de produtos sensores remotos por meio de uma linha de base e transectos espaÃados em 500 metros entre si. Possibilitou-se estimar em metros, considerando o recorte espaÃotemporal, a variaÃÃo mÃxima (NSM), a variaÃÃo absoluta (SCE), a mÃdia de variaÃÃo anual (EPR) e a tendÃncia anual de regressÃo linear (LRR). AtribuÃram-se à linha de costa cinco classes conforme os processos identificados nos trechos, sendo eles: progradaÃÃo contÃnua, progradaÃÃo moderada e/ou semicontÃnua, relativa estabilidade, erosÃo moderada e/ou semicontÃnua e erosÃo contÃnua. Evidenciou-se que os processos progradacionais e erosivos mais relevantes se encontram nos setores oeste, com erosÃo nos subsetores Retiro Grande, Redonda e Peroba, com tendÃncias de -0,5 a -4 m/ano, e central com recuos significativos nos subsetores Barreiras da Sereia e Barrinha, essa com recuo de atà 115 metros em 27 anos e tendÃncias entre -1,2 e -4,5 m/ano, desencadeando variados impactos socioambientais, enquanto o setor leste denotou relativa estabilidade. Com suporte nisso, foi possÃvel discutir as estratÃgias de contenÃÃo da erosÃo, projetar possÃveis cenÃrios evolutivos e sugerir direcionamentos para o planejamento e a gestÃo da zona costeira do municÃpio.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The focus of this work is on characterization of occupations precolonial in the Holocene dunes, in other words, formed from and built upon the Holocene Marine Terrace. To develop the proposed theme we chose to analyze the archaeological site Cardoso. Located in the newly presented Sapucaia River Basin, which before would be the boundary between the River Basin of Japaratuba River and the São Francisco River, between two fixed dunes, delimited by the Lagoa Redonda spillway and the plain seaside. Therefore, the overall objective of this dissertation is to understand the occupation of the Sergipe coast by the implantation of precolonial groups in Holocene dunes, considering the bias of Archaeology Landscape. The specific objectives were designed to meet the details regarding the theme worked, where they are divided between (1) Conducting of literature survey on the paleoenvironment period of formation of the physical landscape; (2) Questioning the functionality of coastal sites for groups that occupied them, and (3) analyzing the deployment of sites in the landscape, a perspective microespacial (intrassites), mesoespacial (between landscape and sites) and macroespacial (region). The results obtained (four archaeological sites) were analyzed facing a discussion of the landscape and were identified the visibility strategies based on analysis of the ithic material's spatial distribution analysis, mobility and acquisition of the different raw materials and testing of ceramic material. / O foco desse trabalho está centrado na caracterização das ocupações pré-coloniais nas Dunas Holocênicas, ou seja, formadas a partir e construídas em cima do Terraço Marinho Holocênico. Para desenvolver o tema proposto, optamos por analisar o sítio arqueológico Cardoso. Localizado na recém-apresentada Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sapucaia, onde antes seria o limite entre a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Japaratuba e da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco, entre duas dunas fixas, delimitado pelo sangradouro da Lagoa Redonda e pela planície litorânea. Portanto, o objetivo geral dessa dissertação é compreender a ocupação do litoral sergipano através da implantação de grupos pré-coloniais em Dunas Holocênicas, considerando o viés da Arqueologia da Paisagem. Os objetivos específicos foram pensados para atender as particularidades relativas à temática trabalhada, onde são divididos entre (1) Realizar levantamento bibliográfico sobre o Paleoambiente do período de formação da paisagem física; (2) Questionar funcionalidade dos sítios litorâneos para os grupos que os ocuparam e (3) Analisar a implantação dos sítios na paisagem, de uma perspectiva microespacial (intrassítio), mesoespacial (entre paisagem e sítios) e macroespacial (região). Os resultados obtidos (quatro sítios arqueológicos) foram analisados voltados para uma discussão da Paisagem e identificadas as estratégias de visibilidade com base na análise da distribuição espacial, análise do material lítico, mobilidade e aquisição das distintas matérias-primas e análise do material cerâmico.