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Terre sauvage autrefois délaissée, le littoral méditerranéen est de nos jours un espace raréfié et saturé. Il est ainsi en proie à divers affrontements lorsque des droits aux aspirations différentes interviennent conjointement sur ce territoire exigu, tel le droit de l’urbanisme et le droit de l’environnement. En effet, leurs finalités d’intérêt général sont directement éloignées l’une de l’autre sur les espaces côtiers méditerranéens car si la première s’emploie à aménager, à transformer les sols urbains, la seconde se consacre à préserver, voire à restaurer l’environnement littoral. Dès lors, l’apparente autonomie juridique qui caractérise d’ordinaire les relations du droit de l’urbanisme et du droit de l’environnement évoluent ainsi en hostilité lorsqu’ils se rencontrent sur cet espace sur occupé. Néanmoins, l’urgence à sauvegarder le territoire littoral nécessite de dépasser cette logique d’opposition entre les finalités d’intérêt général de ces deux disciplines juridiques. C’est essentiellement le juge administratif qui s’attachera à solutionner ces conflits de normes par le biais de la méthode de la conciliation. Celles-ci étant d’égales valeurs, le juge ne saurait en effet avoir recours à la théorie de la hiérarchie des normes. Aussi, conformément à l’objectif originel poursuivi par le législateur de la loi Littoral du 3 janvier 1986, le juge administratif opère tacitement un équilibre entre l’aménagement et la préservation de l’environnement littoral. Pour autant, l’interprétation de la loi du 3 janvier 1986 ne saurait suffire à assurer un développement équilibré de ces espaces côtiers, notamment en raison de leur propension à être convoité par de multiples et diverses activités. C’est pourquoi, les préoccupations environnementales se devaient d’être incorporées directement dans le corpus urbanistique. Or, malgré une louable prise en considération des enjeux environnementaux dans le droit de l’urbanisme, cette politique juridique d’intégration génère une profusion de règles et d’outils juridiques applicable sur le littoral méditerranéen. Tant est si bien que l’appréhension du droit du littoral est aujourd’hui complexe et son effectivité pour le moins relative. / Formerly a wild abandoned land, the Mediterranean coast is today a rarefied and saturated space. It is thus prey to various confrontations when laws with different aspirations intervene jointly on this cramped territory, such as planning law and environmental law. Indeed, on the Mediterranean coastal areas their purposes of general interest are distanced from each other because if the former works to develop and transform urban land, the latter is dedicated to preserving or restoring the coastal environment. Therefore, the apparent legal autonomy that usually characterizes relations between planning law and environmental law thus develops into hostility when they meet on this over-occupied space. However, the urgency to safeguard the coastal territory requires this opposition between the objectives of general interest of both of these legal disciplines to be overcome. It is essentially the administrative judge who will endeavor to resolve these conflicts of norms through the method of conciliation. These being of equal value, the judge cannot indeed have recourse to the theory of the hierarchy of norms. Thus, in accordance with the original objective pursued by the legislature of the Coastlines Act of 3 January 1986, the administrative judge tacitly operates a balance between development and preservation of the coastal environment. However, the interpretation of the law of January 3, 1986 is not sufficient to ensure a balanced development of coastal areas, especially due to their propensity to be coveted by many and various activities. Therefore, environmental concerns had to be incorporated directly into the urban corpus. However, despite laudable consideration of environmental issues in planning law, this legal policy of integration generates a profusion of rules and legal instruments applicable to the Mediterranean coast. As a result, apprehension of coastal law is now complex and its effectiveness relative to say the least.

O lixo marinho é um problema discutido desde a década de 1970, quando cientistas começaram a observar e quantificar materiais diversos nos mares e costas de alguns países, como por exemplo os plásticos. Nessa categoria se encontram os pellets de plástico, que constituem a matéria-prima de base para a produção da indústria mundial de insumos plásticos. Desde então o tema é tratado entre as formas de poluição marinha e costeira mais observadas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no litoral do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), na qual se avaliou a presença de pellets e os mecanismos de sua distribuição, realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, em 55 praias de 15 municípios entre o Litoral Norte, a Baixada Santista e o Litoral Sul. A segunda, em 9 praias da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista. Pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, trabalhos de campo e de laboratório formaram as etapas da investigação, para a qual foram usados métodos de amostragem. Os resultados obtidos levaram à conclusão da maior concentração de pellets nas praias próximas às áreas consideradas pelo estudo como fontes emissoras do material no mar, como as zonas portuárias / industriais de São Sebastião, Santos e a de Paranaguá (Paraná). Ao longo das praias, foi constatado que os eventos extremos de ressacas / marés meteorológicas são os principais responsáveis pela distribuição dos pellets de plástico nas praias. A principal contribuição do trabalho foi a inclusão da temática da poluição costeira nos estudos de Geografia do Litoral, uma demanda desafiadora para a Geografia brasileira. / Marine debris is an issue discussed since the 1970s, when scientists began to observe and quantify different materials in the seas and coastlines of some countries, such as plastics. In this category are the plastic pellets, which are the basic raw material for the production of plastics industry worldwide inputs. Since then the issue is treated between forms of marine pollution and more coastal observed. The research was conducted in the São Paulo state coast (Brazil), in which it evaluated the presence of pellets and the mechanisms of its distribution, carried out in two stages: the first, on 55 beaches in 15 municipalities across the North Coast, the Baixada Santista and the South Coast. The second, on 9 beaches of Baixada Santista. Bibliographical research, documental, field work and laboratory formed the stages of the investigation, for which sampling methods were used. The results led to the conclusion of the higher concentration of pellets at the nearby beaches to areas considered by the study as sources emitting material at sea, such as port / industrial areas of São Sebastião, Santos and Paranaguá (Paraná). Along the beaches, it was found that extreme storm surge events are mainly responsible for the distribution of plastic pellets on beaches. The main contribution of this study was the inclusion of the issue of coastal pollution in the studies of Geography of the Coastline, a challenging demand for Brazilian Geography.

En France, la transition énergétique apparaît comme consensuelle. Elle s’appuie à la fois sur un argument moral (la nécessité de diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’échelle mondiale), sur une injonction légale (la loi de transition énergétique pour une croissance verte parue en 2015) et sur les intérêts économiques des groupes techno-industriels. Pourtant, la mise en place de la transition se ne fait pas sans frictions : des contestations s’expriment, sur le littoral, lorsque sont discutées les infrastructures d’énergies marines sur la façade atlantique. Pourquoi des projets qui se réclament d’un processus de transition énergétique porteur d’intérêt général sont-ils en fait source de conflits ? Nous verrons que ces conflits sont révélateurs de représentations différentes des territoires maritimes sur lesquels les nouvelles infrastructures énergétiques s’implantent. Ils reposent également sur des conceptions différentes d’une transition énergétique qui souffre d’un manque de définition claire. Ces différentes visions de ce que doit être une « réelle transition » s’expriment à propos de la dimension territoriale et de la dimension énergétique de la transition : constitue-t-elle une rupture territoriale dans l’aménagement du littoral ? À quel agencement du bouquet énergétique la transition énergétique peut-elle aboutir, au cœur d’un système énergétique qui possède une inertie importante et qui reste fortement marqué par les logiques nucléaires ? Derrière ces conceptions variées de la transition énergétique se nouent, sur les littoraux, des rapports de forces entre acteurs. Les groupes techno-industriels (EDF, EDF Énergies marines, Engie, Iberdrola) et les autorités publiques sont amenés, pour faire accepter les nouvelles infrastructures énergétiques, à négocier avec les pêcheurs et les associations locales de protection de l’environnement ou de loisirs. Ils développent notamment des stratégies d’acceptabilité pour gérer les conflits qui s’expriment : recours à des compensations territoriales, mise en place de dispositifs participatifs, utilisation de la fiscalité locale, promotion d’un imaginaire acquis à la technique. / In France, the energy transition appears to be consensual. It is based on a moral argument (the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide), a legal injunction (the energy transition law for green growth published in 2015) and the economic interests of techno-industrial groups. However, the transition is not without friction: there are disputes on the coastline when discussing marine energy infrastructures on the Atlantic coast. Why are projects that claim to be part of an energy transition process of general interest in fact creating conflicts? We will see that these conflicts reveal different representations of the maritime territories on which the new energy infrastructures are being built. They are also based on different conceptions of an energy transition that suffers from a lack of clear definition. These different visions of what a "real transition" should be express themselves in terms of the territorial and energy dimensions of the transition: does it constitute a territorial break in coastal development? What arrangement of the energy mix can the energy transition lead to, at the heart of an energy system that has a significant inertia and remains strongly marked by nuclear logic? Behind these various conceptions of the energy transition, on the coastlines, there is a balance of forces between actors. Techno-industrial groups (EDF, EDF Energies marines, Engie, Iberdrola) and public authorities are led to negotiate with fishermen and local associations for the protection of the environment or leisure activities in order to gain acceptance for new energy infrastructures. They develop acceptability strategies to manage conflicts that are expressed: resorting to territorial compensation, setting up participative mechanisms, using local taxation, promoting an imaginary acquired through technology.

La planification territoriale évolue dans sa pratique. En effet, de la gestion de l’usage des sols exclusivement menée par l’Etat central, elle intègre une dimension plus stratégique et partenariale, au fil de l’apparition des collectivités nouvellement compétentes en matière d’urbanisme, au regard des différentes lois de décentralisation de 1983,1985 et 2015. Cinquante ans après la première planification par la Mission Interministérielle pour l’Aménagement de la Côte Aquitaine (MIACA), dont l’objectif a été de développer le tourisme pour le plus grand nombre, et en tenant compte de l’élaboration actuelle d’un document stratégique par la Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine (SRADDET), il a paru intéressant d’investir le sujet des visions pour le littoral de l’ex-Aquitaine. Elles se définissent par les trajectoires de développement préférables d’une sélection de techniciens et d’élus de cet espace. Afin de les définir, la recherche de valeurs pour le littoral aquitain par des membres du GIP Littoral Aquitain a semblé être une piste intéressante. Plus précisément, il est retenu comme définition des valeurs les représentations sociales indiquant les éléments de l’histoire à conserver ou au contraire à rejeter pour l’avenir. La contribution de cette thèse a ainsi pour but de comprendre ce qui importe aux acteurs publics du littoral ex-Aquitaine de transmettre aux générations futures. Elle vise également à s’interroger sur le processus par lequel un objet historique perdure ou non dans la période contemporaine grâce aux notions d’héritage et d’hérédité inspirées de Patrick Geddes. Ce travail teste alors l’hypothèse que les objets de l’Histoire tels que la planification territoriale de la MIACA, puissent servir comme outil d’aide à la décision, dans notre cas, comme le support d’une définition d’une vision pour le littoral aquitain. Pour y parvenir, cette recherche s’appuie particulièrement sur les effets du modèle d’aménagement touristique de la MIACA qui s’étend de 1967 jusqu’à l’organisation actuelle du littoral aquitain en 2017. En outre, les actions menées par les membres du GIP Littoral Aquitain, incarnant une gouvernance devenue plus complexe depuis les lois de décentralisation, enrichissent également le propos. Concrètement, afin de rechercher les valeurs pour le littoral aquitain, d’une part les différentes représentations sociales d’une sélection de techniciens et d’élus membres du GIP Littoral Aquitain sont mises en débat. D’autre part, les gestions de la planification de la MIACA par les élus à l’échelle communale et l’évaluation de leurs effets à l’échelle régionale sont étudiées. Concernant l’échelle communale, cinq sites (Carcans-Maubuisson, Le Porge, Capbreton, Ondres et Hendaye) ont été analysés à partir des discours justifiant de la transmission ou non des objets de la MIACA et de l’évolution des décisions prises dans le cadre des documents d’urbanisme par une comparaison des POS et des PLU. / Territorial planning is changing in practice. It has shifted from a management of land use exclusively conducted by the central government towards a more strategic and partnership-based approach, since the emergence of newly competent authorities in urban planning under the different Decentralization laws of 1983, 1985 and 2015. Fifty years after the first planning territorial by the Interministerial Mission for the Development of the Aquitaine Coast (MIACA), whose objective was to develop tourism for the greatest number, and taking into account the elaboration of a strategic document by the Region of New Aquitaine (SRADDET), it seemed relevant to study the existing visions of the coastline of the former Aquitaine. They are defined as the preferable trajectories of a selected number of technicians and elected representatives of this region. More specifically, these visions stem from different social representations concerning the values of the Aquitaine coastline, which in turn are understood as what stakeholders wish to conserve or to reject for the future. The aim of this thesis is to understand what public stakeholders of coastal ex-Aquitaine seek to transmit to future generations. It also aims to question the process by which a historical object is transmitted to the contemporary period by using the notions of heredity and heritage discussed by Patrick Geddes. It is argued that historical objects such as the MIACA territorial planning can serve as a decision-making tool and, in our case, as the support of a definition of the vision of coastal Aquitaine. Therefore, the research is particularly based on the effects of the MIACA tourism development model between 1967 and the current organization of the Aquitaine coast in 2017. In addition, a study of the action undertaken by members of the GIP Littoral Aquitain, reflecting a the movement towards a more complex governance since the decentralization laws, also enriches the subject. More specifically, the values of the Aquitaine coast will be analyzed by discussing the different social representations of a selected number of technicians and elected members of GIP Littoral Aquitain. The management of MIACA's planning and practices by elected representatives at the municipal level as well as the evaluation of their effects at regional level will give relevant insights. Concerning the municipal scale, five sites (Carcans-Maubuisson, Le Porge, Capbreton, Ondres and Hendaye) have been analyzed basing on the discourses justifying or not the transmission of the objects of the MIACA and the evolution of the decisions taken in the planning documents.

The knowledge of population dynamics is basic for establishing management plans. This study is especially important for species of mullets that form are important part of fisheries in several countries, including Brazil. Added to these factors the dearth of studies on co-occurrence of congeneric species, makes resource management based on technical and scientific bases unsounded. The main objectives of this thesis are: a) to identify patterns that resulted from spatial and temporal occurrences during the life cycle of M. curema and M. curvidens, b) to estimate the parameters of von Bertalanffy growth and understand the dynamics of the life cycle of M. curema in the estuary of San Antonio - Alagoas, Brazil. For this purpose, monthly samples were taken (between September/09 agosto/10) in the estuary of San Antonio, north coast of Alagoas, Brazil. The results indicate that there is a spatial segregation of species. M. curema was more abundant in marine than estuarine environments, unlike M. curvidens, more abundant in estuarine environments. During the low rainfall period the abundance of both species is higher. Thus, there was segregation in the spatial and temporal use of marine and estuarine environments by the two species, which may indicate different strategies of M. curema and M. curvidens to optimize use of available resources. The result of this optimization would be to maximize growth. The growth parameters estimated for M. curema are: L∞ = 40,85 cm; k = 0,21, t0 = -1,93, (A0,95) = 12,33 anos. Natural mortality was estimated at 0.25. The relative marginal increment analysis indicated that in February there was a significant decrease in growth rate, as a consequence the formation of an opaque ring. This period was characterized by reduced food availability in the environment and the physiological preparation for breeding. In this context, this study may serve as a basis for management plans in the study area. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O conhecimento de dinâmica populacional é importante para estabelecimento de qualquer plano de manejo, especialmente para espécies de mugilídeos, que representam uma parcela importante da pesca em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Soma-se a estes fatores a escassez de estudos sobre co-ocorrências de espécies congenéricas, que inviabiliza a gestão do recurso com bases técnico-científicas. Dessa forma os principais objetivos da presente dissertação são: a) identificar padrões relacionados ao ciclo de vida de M. curema e M. curvidens resultantes da co-ocorrência espacial e temporal destas espécies em ambientes de um estuário tropical b) estimar os parâmetros de crescimento de von Bertalanffy e compreender a dinâmica do ciclo de vida de M. curema no estuário do rio Santo Antônio. Para tanto, coletas mensais foram realizadas (setembro/09 a agosto/10) no estuário do rio Santo Antônio, litoral norte de Alagoas, Brasil. Os resultados indicam que existe uma segregação espacial das espécies: M. curema foi mais abundante em ambientes marinhos do que estuarinos, diferente de M. curvidens que foi mais abundante em ambientes estuarinos. Variações sazonais definidas pela pluviosidade resultaram importantes para explicar a abundância das espécies ao longo do ano. Baixa pluviosidade se relaciona com as maiores abundâncias de ambas as espécies. Dessa forma, observou-se segregação espacial e temporal das espécies em relação ao uso de ambientes estuarinos e marinhos, fato que pode indicar estratégias diferenciadas de M. curema e M. curvidens para otimizar o uso dos recursos disponíveis. O resultado desta otimização seria maximizar o crescimento. Os parâmetros de crescimento estimados para M. curema foram: L∞ = 40,85 cm; k = 0,21, t0 = -1,93, (A0,95) = 12,33 anos. A análise do incremento marginal relativo indica que em fevereiro houve uma diminuição significativa no ritmo de crescimento, como conseqüência a formação de um anel opaco. Este período foi caracterizado pela redução do ritmo alimentar, assim como a preparação fisiológica para a reprodução. Neste contexto, o presente estudo pode servir como base para planos de manejo na área de estudo.

O lixo marinho é um problema discutido desde a década de 1970, quando cientistas começaram a observar e quantificar materiais diversos nos mares e costas de alguns países, como por exemplo os plásticos. Nessa categoria se encontram os pellets de plástico, que constituem a matéria-prima de base para a produção da indústria mundial de insumos plásticos. Desde então o tema é tratado entre as formas de poluição marinha e costeira mais observadas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no litoral do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), na qual se avaliou a presença de pellets e os mecanismos de sua distribuição, realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, em 55 praias de 15 municípios entre o Litoral Norte, a Baixada Santista e o Litoral Sul. A segunda, em 9 praias da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista. Pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, trabalhos de campo e de laboratório formaram as etapas da investigação, para a qual foram usados métodos de amostragem. Os resultados obtidos levaram à conclusão da maior concentração de pellets nas praias próximas às áreas consideradas pelo estudo como fontes emissoras do material no mar, como as zonas portuárias / industriais de São Sebastião, Santos e a de Paranaguá (Paraná). Ao longo das praias, foi constatado que os eventos extremos de ressacas / marés meteorológicas são os principais responsáveis pela distribuição dos pellets de plástico nas praias. A principal contribuição do trabalho foi a inclusão da temática da poluição costeira nos estudos de Geografia do Litoral, uma demanda desafiadora para a Geografia brasileira. / Marine debris is an issue discussed since the 1970s, when scientists began to observe and quantify different materials in the seas and coastlines of some countries, such as plastics. In this category are the plastic pellets, which are the basic raw material for the production of plastics industry worldwide inputs. Since then the issue is treated between forms of marine pollution and more coastal observed. The research was conducted in the São Paulo state coast (Brazil), in which it evaluated the presence of pellets and the mechanisms of its distribution, carried out in two stages: the first, on 55 beaches in 15 municipalities across the North Coast, the Baixada Santista and the South Coast. The second, on 9 beaches of Baixada Santista. Bibliographical research, documental, field work and laboratory formed the stages of the investigation, for which sampling methods were used. The results led to the conclusion of the higher concentration of pellets at the nearby beaches to areas considered by the study as sources emitting material at sea, such as port / industrial areas of São Sebastião, Santos and Paranaguá (Paraná). Along the beaches, it was found that extreme storm surge events are mainly responsible for the distribution of plastic pellets on beaches. The main contribution of this study was the inclusion of the issue of coastal pollution in the studies of Geography of the Coastline, a challenging demand for Brazilian Geography.

This study is a multidisciplinary approach to Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) where predictive models have been developed regarding the current distribution and potential spread of two invasive species found in Baltic Sea waters. Invasive species in the Baltic have long been an ecological and economic problem and the two species studied are well known for their adaptability in colonization and detrimental effects on local ecology all over the world. First, the Round Goby (Neogobius Melanostomus) has been steadily colonizing the Swedish Baltic coastline since 2008, the impact of which on local ecosystems is not fully understood. Also, the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis), found in Swedish waters since the 1930’s, has been known to be a robust invader of ecosystems but presence in the Baltic is still not well explained. Four high spatial resolution models have been developed, three respective Round Goby and one for Mitten Crab. Two models are specific to the Blekinge/Hanöbukten region of the Swedish Baltic Sea coast, showing predicted current distribution of Round Goby. Two are predictions of Round Goby and Mitten Crab transferred or projected to other regions, with different approaches in setting model parameters and choosing variables, showing current and potential distribution. This study features: exploratory data analysis and filtering using GIS tools, highly discriminant environmental variable selection and rejection, and several different approaches to modelling in Maxent using custom and default settings. Predictive maps have been developed showing current distribution and potential spread as well as explanatory tabular data outlining direct and indirect drivers of species presence. Maxent has proven to be a powerful predictive tool on a regional basis, and proximity to introduction locations play a major role. Maxent, used in combination with spatial data modelling, exploration and filtering techniques has yielded a valid explanatory model as well. Transferring predictions to other regions is quite sensitive, however, and can depend heavily on species, sampling strategy and similarity of habitat type. Round Goby predictions were successfully created regionally and transferred to Stockholm, but Mitten Crab predictions were not successfully transferred to Blekinge.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO DA SILVA GAMA.pdf: 1347454 bytes, checksum: 33365f55a7734df6a21aedb3e3bf81aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Is there a democratic management of the water resources at the coastline basin of Paraná? Does the hydroelectric generation activity influence this fact? The answer of these questions constitute the master line in the conduction of this academic work, that has as interest period the one before the Water Resources Federal Law (Federal Law nº 9433/1997) up to the present date. The implementation verification (or not) of the democratic management and participative of the water at the studied place was searched through deepen at the researched place and it´s social relations, search of specific knowledge about the hydroelectric generation activity effects, analyses of the referential juridical limit of the hydroelectric generation activity and a theory conceptual incursion. The specific objective of the work addresses to determinate the existence of water participatory management in the water parting of the Paraná coast, the influence of hydroelectric dams in this context, but also the generation of economic externalities and negative environmental impacts associated with the operation of these developments in the region. The advance in the process of research and preparation of the dissertation came from a perspective rooted in the complexity of the relationships between society and environment, establishing a starting question that was deployed in hypotheses, which gave rise to variables, whose determination supported the answer to the proposed problem. Regarding the database, information was collected with the government, market players, researchers, civil society and coastal communities, combining those produced in an environment of scientific knowledge with information marked by common sense impressions. The link of the theory study and of the collected data will allow the initial question to be answered, which signalizes to the non implementation of the democratic management and participative of the water resources at the coastline basin of Paraná, with influence of the hydroelectric generation activity for the perpetuation of this condition. / Existe gestão democrática dos recursos hídricos na bacia litorânea do Paraná? A atividade de geração hidrelétrica tem influência neste fato? A resposta a estes questionamentos constitui a linha mestra de condução deste trabalho, que possui como período de interesse aquele posterior à edição da Lei Federal de Recursos Hídricos (Lei Federal nº 9433/1997) até a presente data. A verificação da implementação (ou não) da gestão democrática e participativa da água no local estudado foi buscada mediante aprofundamento no local investigado e suas relações sociais, busca de conhecimentos específicos sobre os efeitos da atividade de geração hidrelétrica, análise dos marcos jurídicos balizadores da política de recursos hídricos e uma incursão teórico-conceitual. O objetivo específico do trabalho dirige-se à verificação da existência de gestão participativa da água na bacia hidrográfica do litoral do Paraná e a influência das geradoras hidrelétricas neste contexto, bem como da geração de externalidades econômicas e impactos ambientais negativos ocasionados pela operação destes empreendimentos na região. Para avanço no processo de pesquisa e elaboração da dissertação partiu-se de uma perspectiva ancorada na complexidade das relações entre sociedade e ambiente, estabelecendo-se uma pergunta de partida que foi desdobrada em hipótese, a qual deu origem a variáveis, cuja apuração subsidiou a resposta ao problema proposto. Com relação à base de dados, foram coletados elementos junto ao poder público, agentes do mercado, pesquisadores, sociedade civil e comunidades ribeirinhas, conjugando-se aqueles produzidos num ambiente de conhecimento científico com informações marcadas por impressões do senso comum. O encadeamento do estudo teórico e os dados coletados permitiram o oferecimento de resposta à pergunta inicial, a qual aponta para a não implementação da gestão democrática e participativa dos recursos hídricos na bacia litorânea do Paraná, com influência da atividade de geração hidrelétrica para perpetuação desta condição.