Este trabalho investigou a influência do tipo de erodente à base de alumina na incrustação em um revestimento metálico à base de FeCr, aspergido por arco elétrico, empregados em ensaios de desgaste erosivo, tanto à temperatura ambiente como a 400°C, com ângulo de incidência entre o erodente e a superfície de 30° e 90° e velocidade de projeção de 25 m/s. Como erodente, utilizou-se alumina eletrofundida com faces anguladas e irregulares e também alumina calcinada com formando aglomerados esferoides. O revestimento dos corpos-de-prova foi caracterizado quanto à morfologia (MEV), porosidade, densidade aparente, análise térmica, espessura da camada depositada, taxa de erosão e mapeamento de elementos por espectrometria de energia dispersiva (EDS). Os erodentes foram caracterizados quanto a sua morfologia (MEV), distribuição granulométrica e área superficial (BET). Os resultados mostraram que à temperatura ambiente os ensaios realizados com alumina calcinada com ângulo de 30° e alumina eletrofundida a 90° foram os que apresentaram maiores quantidades de alumínio incrustado no revestimento para uma mesma área de análise. Os ensaios realizados com a alumina eletrofundida com ângulo de 30° foi a que apresentou a maior taxa de erosão. Já a distribuição granulométrica e área superficial dos erodentes após ensaio de erosão apresentaram uma diminuição em relação aos valores de antes do ensaio. Os ensaios realizados a 400°C de temperatura mostraram que a alumina calcinada, para os dois ângulos de ensaio, resultou em maior incrustação no revestimento ensaiado, sendo maior para o ângulo de 90° do que para o ângulo de 30°. Para essa temperatura de ensaio, a maior taxa de erosão ocorreu para o ensaio conduzido com ângulo de 30°, utilizando alumina calcinada. Ainda para os ensaios a 400°C, os resultados para o tamanho médio de partícula na distribuição granulométrica indicaram uma redução nos valores iniciais para todos os ensaios realizados. No entanto, a área superficial de ambos erodentes permaneceu com valores muito próximos ao de antes do ensaio. / This work investigated the influence of the kind of erodent based on alumina embedded in a metallic coating based on FeCr, sprayed by arc electric technique, used in erosive wear test at room temperature and 400°C with angle of incidence between the erodent and the surface of 30° and 90° and erodent velocity of 25 m/s. As erodent was used fused alumina that showed angled and irregular surfaces and also calcined alumina forming spheroids agglomerates. The coating of the samples was characterized morphology (SEM), porosity, density, thermal analysis, the layer thickness, erosion rate and mapping of elements by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The erodent was characterized by their morphology (SEM), particle size distribution and surface area (BET). The results showed that the room temperature tests performed with alumina calcined with angle of 30° and fused alumina with angle of 90° were those with larger amounts of aluminum embedded in the coating to the same area of analysis. Tests performed with the electro alumina with angle of 30° were presented the highest rate of erosion. Already the particle size distribution and surface area of erodent after testing erosion showed a decrease compared to the values before the test. The tests performed at 400°C temperature showed that the calcined alumina for the both angles test resulted in greater embedded of aluminum in the tested coating, being higher for the 90° angle than the angle of 30°. For this test temperature, the higher erosion rate occurred for the experiment with 30° angle using calcined alumina. Also for the tests at 400°C, the results for the average particle size in the particle size distribution showed a reduction in initial values for all tests. However, the surface area of erodent remained with both values very close to that of before the test.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Renato Altobelli Antunes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2017. / Neste estudo foram avaliadas três técnicas de dispersão para o processamento de nanocompósitos de matriz de epóxi com nanopartículas de diferentes geometrias: lamelares, fibrilares e esféricas. Para isso, foram preparados nanocompósitos com montmorilonita, laponita, nanotubos de haloisita, nanotubos de carbono e nanossílica por meio de mistura mecânica, sonicação e moagem de alta energia. A dispersão das nanopartículas na matriz foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X e espalhamento de raios x a baixo ângulo. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de sonicação foi o melhor para dispersar as nanopartículas em epóxi, sendo, portanto, utilizado para a fabricação de nanocompósitos híbridos com matriz de epóxi. Esses materiais apresentam duas fases sólidas nanométricas dispersas na matriz e, neste estudo, foram combinadas nanopartículas de diferentes geometrias, a fim de avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e reológicas dos híbridos e compará-las com as dos nanocompósitos com apenas uma nanopartícula (nanocompósitos convencionais). As propriedades mecânicas foram medidas por meio de ensaios de resistência à flexão, de resistência ao impacto (Izod) e análise dinâmico-mecânica. As propriedades reológicas foram medidas por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento oscilatório de pequenas amplitudes das dispersões não curadas. Com exceção da ductilidade, os nanocompósitos convencionais exibiram propriedades inferiores às da matriz. Já os nanocompósitos híbridos apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores às dos nanocompósitos convencionais, e em alguns casos, superiores às da matriz, indicando algum nível de efeito sinergético entre as nanopartículas. As propriedades reológicas das dispersões não curadas indicaram que algumas partículas apresentaram boa dispersão na matriz, antes do processo de cura. Contudo, tal característica não foi convertida em ganhos reais de propriedades mecânicas e os nanocompósitos correspondentes exibiram propriedades muito similares às das amostras supostamente mal dispersas. Esse foi um indicativo de que as propriedades finais dos nanocompósitos foram essencialmente determinadas pelos parâmetros envolvidos no processo de cura do material. / In this study, three dispersion techniques were evaluated for the processing of nanocomposites with epoxy matrix and nanoparticles with different geometries: lamellar, fibrillar and spherical. Therefore, nanocomposites with montmorillonite, laponite, halloysite nanotubes, carbon nanotubes and nanosilica were prepared via magnetic stirring, sonication and high energy milling. The dispersion of the nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering. The results showed that sonication was the best method to disperse the nanoparticles in epoxy. Thus, it was used to manufacture hybrid nanocomposites with epoxy matrix. These materials have two different nanometric solid phases, dispersed in the matrix and, in this study, nanoparticles of different geometries were combined, aiming to evaluate the mechanical and rheological properties of the hybrids and compare them to those of the nanocomposites which have only one nanoparticle (conventional nanocomposites). The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated through flexural testing, impact strength (Izod) and dynamic-mechanical analysis. The rheological properties were measured by small amplitude oscillatory shear tests of the uncured dispersions. Apart from ductility, the conventional nanocomposites showed inferior properties to those of the matrix. However, the hybrid nanocomposites exhibited superior properties to those of conventional nanocomposites and in some cases, even superior to those of the matrix, suggesting some level of synergistic effects between the nanoparticles. The rheological properties of the uncured dispersions indicated that some particles had good dispersion in the matrix, prior to the curing process. However, such feature was not converted into real gains on mechanical properties and the corresponding nanocomposites exhibited very similar properties to the supposedly poorly dispersed samples. This was an indicative that the final properties of nanocomposites were essentially determined by the parameters involved in the material curing process.

Le bois est couramment utilisé pour la fabrication d’instruments de musique. Les procédés employés consistent souvent en traitements modifiant le matériau en volume ou en surface. Ce travail s’est focalisé sur deux espèces employées dans les instruments à cordes et représentatives de différentes cultures: L’épicéa (Picea abies Karst.) utilisé en Europe et le Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.) utilisé en Iran. Pour chacune l’effet d’un traitement thermique modéré (<150°C) et d’un revêtement par vernis sur plusieurs propriétés physiques et mécaniques ont été étudiés. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. A la différence de l’Epicéa, le Mûrier présente un très faible degré d’anisotropie mécanique. Chez les deux espèces, le traitement thermique entraîne une forte chute dde l’amortissement, particulièrement dans la direction radiale pour l’Epicéa, ainsi que du taux d’humidité d’équilibre, sans dégradation marquée comme indiqué par la faible perte de masse. Toutefois, après reconditionnement à haute humidité, une part importante de la modification est récupérée. L’application d’un vernis à base solvent sur le Mûrier entraîne une rigidification continue, tandis que la forte augmentation de l’amortissement observée après l’application est suivie par un retour au bout d’environ 2 mois aux niveau du bois non traité. Pour l’Epicéa, des vernis à base d’huile siccative ont été appliqués et divers paramètres du procédé ont été testé. Dans ce cas la cintétique de stabilisation des propriétés est très lente et des variations notables continuaient à être observée au bout de 5 mois. / Wood is commonly used for making musical instruments. During the process it is often subjected to treatments, that either modify its volume or its surface properties. Two species used for for string instruments were studied, representative of different cultures: Spruce (Picea abies Karst.) used in Europe and White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) used in Iran. For each of them the effect of thermal treatment at moderate temperature (<150°C) and of coating on various physical and mechanical properties was studied. The main results are as follows. In contrast to Spruce, Morus has a very low degree of mechanical anisotropy. For both species, thermal treatment induces a strong decrease in damping, especially in R direction for Spruce, and equilibrium moisture content, without marked degradation as indicated by the very small weight loss. However, after reconditioning at high humidity, a significant part of the changes is recovered. The application of a solvent-based varnish on Morus induces a continuous stiffening, while a very strong increase in damping after application is followed, after about 2 months, by a return to values close to those of untreated wood. For Spruce, siccative oil based varnish was applied and several parameters of the process were tested. In this case, the kinetics of property stabilisation are very slow and significant changes were still observable after 5 months.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research presents the sound insulation in masonry walls coated with plaster. Three walls were built in laboratory, studied in specific tests. Measurements were carried out varying some components of the wall, such as the type of the block and the combinations of coarse mortar, plaster and stucco on the faces of the wall. The mortars used in the tests were industrialized and had an additive in their conglomerate that aimed to its structural and commercial improvement. Also, paints and textures were used alternately in the tests to verify the importance of this kind of coating on the sound transmission loss of the wall. The laboratory findings showed up the location of the coincidence frequency and the acoustic accomplishment of the coated masonry walls. Variation of these factors had a direct influence at the system hardness. The increase of the variation in the set caused by the addition of the mortar layers does vary, further of frequency of coincidence, the frequency of resonance wall thickness. It was still checked that three days of drying of the mortar was sufficient to have satisfactory results on the essays. The laboratory tests brought more agility with the evidence and the validation that the cure of the aggregate in the wall needs three days. Another important verification was the increase of 5 dB on the Weighted Noise Reduction Index (Rw) when the wall is coated in both faces. The using of paint and texture didn t contribute to the acoustic performance of the wall. Just, the utilization of texture shown a raise of acoustic performance of 1 dB on the Weighted Noise Reduction Index (Rw). That didn t happend with the duplication of the layer of plaster, that obtained acoustic insulation indicators lower than 1dB in the set. / A pesquisa investigou a maneira como acontece a isolação sonora em paredes de alvenaria estrutural com revestimento de argamassa. Foram construídas em laboratório três paredes, estudadas em ensaios específicos. O tipo do bloco e as combinações de chapisco, emboço e reboco foram avaliados alternadamente em cada bateria de ensaios. As argamassas utilizadas nos ensaios eram industrializadas e possuíam aditivos em seu conglomerado que visavam a sua melhora estrutural e comercial. Também, foram utilizadas tintas e texturas alternadamente nos ensaios para verificar a influência deste tipo de acabamento na perda de transmissão sonora da parede. As constatações laboratoriais mostraram a localização da frequência de coincidência e o desempenho acústico das paredes de alvenaria estrutural revestidas. A variação desses fatores possui influência direta conforme a rigidez do sistema. O seu aumento no conjunto causado pelo acréscimo de camadas de argamassa faz variar, além da frequência de coincidência, também a frequência de ressonância de espessura da parede. Aferiu-se, ainda, a possibilidade de diminuição dos dias de secagem da argamassa entre os ensaios realizados. Os testes em laboratório ganharam em agilidade, com a comprovação e validação do tempo de 3 dias para a cura da massa usada na parede. Outra importante verificação foi o incremento de 5 dB no Índice de Redução Sonora Ponderado (Rw) quando há o revestimento da parede em ambas as faces. A utilização de tinta e de textura não acrescentou ganhos acústicos substanciais para o conjunto da parede. Apenas, a utilização da textura apresentou um aumento de performance na ordem de 1 dB no índice de redução sonora ponderado (Rw). O que não aconteceu com a duplicação da camada de reboco, que obteve indicadores de isolação sonora inferiores a 1 dB no conjunto.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3252.pdf: 3233070 bytes, checksum: ee2927e22c3078fa25c271cf7d859fbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The incorporation of conducting polymer into a conventional polymer matrix has received considerable attention in the last decade because of the possibility of combining the good processability and mechanical performance of the conventional polymer with the electrical optical properties of conducting polymer. Among conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI) and its derivatives has been extensively used because of the low cost of raw material, ease of synthesis and environmental stability. The main objective of this study was to develop a sensor for electronic tongue, from thin films of blends of polyurethane with POMA on interdigitated electrodes produced by spin-coating technique, under optimized conditions, and check the electrical behavior of the sensors in states doped. Films PUR mixture with POMA, although they may have less sensitivity to the substances found in the analyte than the nano-structured films, they may have better adherence and therefore be used to analyze substances with which the nano-structured films would not be possible. Films mixture of polyurethane derived from castor oil (PUR) and POMA were obtained by the casting (free standing) and also on interdigitated electrodes by the method of spin coating. The films were characterized using the techniques of UV-Vis-Nir, thermo-dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), stress-strain and optical microscopy. The values of modulus of elasticity of the PUR solvent chloroform (PUR-Clo) for the mixture of PUR/POMA (m/m) 50/50 had values of 0.3 GPa and 4.1 GPa, respectively. With the incorporation of 10% of POMA in the PUR glass transition temperature (Tg) of the films increased from 67 to 137oC, respectively. For the analysis done by DMA, the films with 30, 40 and 50% of POMA in PUR, confirmed the presence of crosslinking between the polymers, Mc, values of 195, 322 and 517 mol/m3, respectively. The films doped with NH4OH and HCl have better response capacitive and resistive to various analytes analyzed in the frequency range 1-105 Hz Thus, the sensors doped and dedoped can be used as an identifier of fingerprint detection of substances in different concentrations. / A mistura de dois ou mais polímeros é uma alternativa para se obter um novo material que apresente propriedades desejáveis não encontradas nos componentes individuais. No caso da mistura de polímeros condutores com polímeros isolantes convencionais, tem-se como resultado, em geral, um terceiro material que apresenta boas propriedades mecânicas e alta condutividade elétrica que potencializam aplicações como sensores entre outras. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi de desenvolver um sensor para língua eletrônica, a partir de filmes finos de mistura de poliuretano com POMA, sobre eletrodos interdigitados produzido pela técnica de spin-coating, sob condições otimizadas, e verificar o comportamento elétrico dos sensores e também a caracterização mecânica e térmica dos filmes auto-sustentáveis. Os filmes da mistura de Poliuretano derivada do óleo de mamona (PUR) e POMA foram obtidos pelo método casting (filmes auto-sustentáveis) e também sobre eletrodos interdigitados pelo método de spin coating . Os filmes foram caracterizados usando as técnicas de Uv-Vs-Nir, análise termo-dinâmicomecanica (DMTA), termogravimétrica (TGA), tensão deformação e microscopia óptica. Os valores de modulo de elasticidade do PUR com solvente clorofórmio (PUR-Clo) em relação à mistura de PUR/POMA 50/50 (m/m) apresentaram valores de 0,3 GPa e 4,1 GPa, respectivamente. Com a incorporação de 10% de POMA no PUR a temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), dos filmes, aumentou de 67oC para 137oC, respectivamente. Pela analises realizadas através de DMA, os filmes com 30, 40 e 50% de POMA no PUR, confirmaram a presença de ligações cruzadas entre os polímeros, Mc, valores de 195, 322 e 517 mol/m3, respectivamente. Os filmes dopados com NH4OH e HCl apresentam melhores resposta capacitivas e resistivas para vários analitos analisados, na faixa de freqüência de 1 a 105 Hz. Assim, os sensores dopados e desdopados podem ser usados como um identificador de impressão digital na detecção de substâncias em diferentes concentrações.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 furlani_acfa_dr_jabo.pdf: 199667 bytes, checksum: 7b60a60b8477ecba5b3dfc86cfb914ac (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido à importância da cultura do amendoim na região de Jaboticabal e à necessidade de incremento em sua tecnologia de produção, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de utilizar a técnica de peliculização em sementes dessa cultura. Foram realizados três ensaios: a) em laboratório, sobre o efeito do tratamento na germinação e vigor de sementes de amendoim, b) em casa de vegetação, sobre a eficiência do tratamento na germinação de sementes em solo infestado com Rhizoctonia solani e c) ensaio em campo, sobre a influência do tratamento na produção da cultura. Foram utilizados dois lotes de sementes de amendoim, da cultivar Runner IAC 886, de alto e baixo vigor. As sementes receberam os seguintes tratamentos: testemunha, polímero Laborsan® (2,0 mL.kg-1 sementes), fungicida Fludioxonil (Maxin XL) – (1,5 mL.kg-1 sementes) revestido com o polímero Laborsan® (2,0 mL.kg-1 sementes) e fungicida Fludioxonil (Maxin XL) – (1,5 mL.kg-1 sementes). O nível de vigor das sementes teve efeito em todas as avaliações realizadas. O polímero utilizado neste trabalho não afetou o potencial fisiológico das sementes de amendoim, nem a eficiência do fungicida testado, mostrando-se uma técnica promissora, porém, deve ser utilizado somente em conjunto com fungicidas por não controlar patógenos de solo. / Due to the importance of the peanut culture in Jaboticabal region and to the necessity of increase its production technology, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the possibility of to utilize the film-coating technique in this culture seeds. It was realized three assays: a) in laboratory relating to the effect of the treatment on peanut seeds germination and vigor, b) in greenhouse relating to seeds germination in infested soil with Rhizoctonia solani and c) in the field assay relating to the influence of treatment on culture production. It was utilized two peanut seed lots of Runner IAC 886 cultivar with high and low vigor. Seeds received the following treatments: control, Laborsan® film-coating (2,0 mL.kg-1 seeds), fungicide Fludioxonil (Maxin XL) – (1,5 mL.kg-1 seeds) recovered with the Laborsan® film-coating (2,0 mL.kg-1 seeds) and fungicide Fludioxonil (Maxin XL) – (1,5 mL.kg-1 seeds). Seeds vigor level had effect in all evaluations. The film-coating used in this work did not affect peanut seeds physiological potential and either the fungicide efficiency, showing a promising technique, however, it must had utilized only with fungicide because it does not control soil pathogens.

Este trabalho de conclusão tem como tema a relação entre as especificações de resinas alquídicas e de tintas preparadas com estas resinas, com foco nas características de teor de sólidos e viscosidade, fazendo uso das técnicas projeto de experimentos, superfície de resposta e análise de regressão. O objetivo principal é o estudo dos limites de especificação ideais para a resina alquídica, de forma que os lotes de tinta apresentem propriedades dentro da especificação já ao final do processamento, reduzindo a incidência de lotes fabris com necessidade de ajuste. Como conseqüência, temos redução de retrabalho e lead time fabril, adequação de custo de produtos, maior qualidade intrínseca e maior confiança na sistemática de desenvolvimento, produção e controle de qualidade. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a tecnologia de tintas e resinas alquídicas, conceitos de controle de qualidade, planejamento de experimentos, análise por superfície de resposta e análise de regressão. Na seqüência, foi conduzido o estudo de caso, realizado na empresa Killing S.A. Tintas e Adesivos, planta localizada na cidade de Novo Hamburgo. Os resultados experimentais indicaram modelos de regressão polinomial válidos para as propriedades avaliadas. Foram tomadas as propriedades teor de sólidos e viscosidade Copo Ford #2 da mistura A+B como parâmetros para análise dos limites de especificação da resina alquídica, onde se comprovou que a variabilidade atualmente permitida é excessiva. A aplicação dos modelos de regressão indicou novos limites de especificação para a resina alquídica, mais estreitos, viabilizando a obtenção de tintas com propriedades especificadas. / This master thesis presents an analysis of the relationship between specification of alkyd resins and relative coatings, regarding two characteristics: solids value and viscosity. The study was conducted applying the techniques of design of experiments, response surface and regression analysis. The main objective was to study the ideal specification limits to the alkyd resin, so that the coatings batches present properties equivalent to the specification reducing the occurrence of batch adjustments. Reduction in adjustments lead to reduced rework, lead time, and manufacturing costs. It also contributes to higher intrinsic quality and trust in the development, production and quality control system. The first step was a literature review about the coating and alkyd resin technology, control quality concepts, design of experiments, response surface and regression analysis. Then, a case study was developed in the company Killing S.A. Tintas e Adesivos, a producer located in the city of Novo Hamburgo. The experimental results denoted valid polynomial regression models to the evaluated properties.It was studied the properties solids value and viscosity Ford Cup #2 to the mixture A+B as parameters to the specification limits analysis of the alkyd resin, being proved that the actual permitted variability is excessive. The application of the regression models pointed narrower specification limits to the alkyd resin, permitting the production of coatings with specificated properties.

De par leurs propriétés mécaniques et anti-corrosion élevées, les revêtements métalliques de chrome sont utilisés dans de nombreux domaines tels que l’aéronautique, l’automobile, le ferroviaire, la défense,… Aujourd’hui le chromage dur industriel, réalisé à partir de chrome hexavalent, est fortement menacé par la directive européenne REACH qui prévoit l’interdiction d’utilisation de sels de chrome VI (classé CMR) à l’horizon 2017. Dans ce contexte le projet HCTC (Hard Chromium by Trivalent Chromium) regroupe 16 partenaires industriels et 2 partenaires académiques sous la coordination de l’Institut de Recherche Technologique Matériaux, Métallurgie, Procédés (IRT M2P) afin de développer une alternative à base de sel de chrome trivalent. Le développement d’un procédé de substitution à partir de sels de chrome trivalent nécessite de répondre aux interrogations liées notamment à la difficulté de réduire les ions Cr3+ formant en solution aqueuse un complexe hexa-aqua [Cr(H2O)6]3+ très stable et difficilement réductible. Afin de faciliter la réduction, l’ensemble des travaux recensés dans la littérature prône l’utilisation d’un agent complexant organique afin d’augmenter l’accessibilité du chrome. Une première partie de ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser les dépôts de chrome métallique réalisés à partir de la formulation de chrome III (EXDBA 1318) afin de mettre en évidence l’influence des paramètres de chromage (température du bain de traitement, densité de courant,…) sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des dépôts (Morphologie, cristallinité, composition chimique). Les résultats ont montré que la diminution de fissures tranversantes est généralement accompagnée d’une augmentation du taux de carbure de chrome qui dégrade l’état cristallin. La compréhension et l’optimisation du procédé a permis la réalisation de dépôts avec des propriétés physico-chimiques permettant de lancer les premiers essaies industriels dont les premiers retours sont très encourageants pour certaines applications (essentiellement automobile).Dans une deuxième partie plus fondamentale, des analyses par HPLC-ICP/AES ont mis en évidence la complexation du chrome par différents agents complexant. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la complexation étaient d’autant plus importante que le pH est haut (pH=5) et le rapport molaire [Cr]/[Cplx] faible (1/10). Les mécanismes de réduction associés aux taux de complexation ont ensuite été déterminés par des mesures de voltammétrie cyclique en utilisant des électrodes sérigraphiées modifiées par de l’or. Les voltammogrammes obtenus montrent que la complexation du chrome par un agent complexant permet de passer d’un mécanisme de réduction en deux étape (Cr3+  Cr2+  Cr) en une seule (Cr3+  Cr).Une dernière partie du travail a été de définir l’influence de la chimie sur bain (pH et rapport molaire [Cr]/[Cplx]) sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des dépôts. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que pour des solutions faiblement complexées il est préférable de travailler à des pH bas et d’appliquer de faibles densités de courant (<15A/dm²) tandis qu’une augmentation du taux de complexation du chrome par l’agent complexant nécessite d’appliquer des densités de courant plus fortes. Ce travail a aussi permis de montrer l’existence d’une zone de pH optimale pour un rapport molaire [Cr]/[Cplx] donnée. L’existence de cette zone de pH révèle l’existence d’un domaine d’équilibre en solution, favorable à la réduction du chrome. L’ensemble de ces travaux plus fondamentaux ont permis d’améliorer les connaissances sur le procédé de chromage à partir d’un sel de chrome trivalent et ainsi de réfléchir à une nouvelle formulation pour des applications plus critiques où la solution actuelle a pu montrer quelques limites. / Due to their high mechanical and anti-corrosion properties, chromium metal coatings are used in many fields such as aeronautics, automotive, railway, defense, etc. Today industrial hard chromium coating, made from of hexavalent chromium, is strongly threatened by the European REACH Directive, which provides for the prohibition of the use of chromium VI salts (classified as CMR) by 2017. In this context, the HCTC project (Hard Chromium by Trivalent Chromium) groups together 16 industrial partners and 2 academic partners under the coordination of the Institute for Materials, Metallurgy and Process Technology Research (IRT M2P) to develop an alternative based on trivalent chromium salt. The development of a substitution process from trivalent chromium salts requires answering the questions related in particular to the difficulty of reducing the Cr3+ ions forming in aqueous solution a very stable hexa-aqua [Cr(H2O)6]3+ complex and hardly reducible. In order to facilitate the reduction, all the works listed in the literature advocate the use of an organic complexing agent in order to increase the accessibility of chromium.A first part of this thesis work was to characterize the chromium metal deposits made from the chromium III formulation (EXDBA 1318) in order to highlight the influence of chromium parameters (bath temperature, density of current, ...) on physico-chemicals properties of the deposits (Morphology, crystallinity, chemical composition). The results showed that the decrease of transverse cracks is generally accompanied by an increase in chromium carbide which degrades the crystalline state. The understanding and the optimization of the process allowed the realization of deposits with physico-chemical properties allowing to launch the first industrial tests whose first returns are very encouraging for certain applications (mainly automobile).In a second, more fundamental part, HPLC-ICP / AES analyzes have demonstrated the complexation of chromium by different complexing agents. The results obtained showed that the complexation was all the more important that the pH is high (pH = 5) and the molar ratio [Cr] / [Cplx] low (1/10). Reduction mechanisms associated with complexation rates were then determined by cyclic voltammetry measurements using gold-modified screen-printed electrodes. The voltammograms obtained show that the complexation of chromium by a complexing agent makes it possible to go from a reduction mechanism in two steps (Cr3+  Cr2+  Cr) to a single one (Cr3+  Cr).A final part of the work was to define the influence of bath chemistry (pH and [Cr]/[Cplx] molar ratio) on the physico-chemical properties of coatings. The results obtained showed that for weakly complexed solutions it is preferable to work at low pH and to apply low current densities (<15A / dm²) while an increase in the chromium complexation rate by the complexing agent requires the application of higher current densities. This work also showed the existence of an optimal pH zone for a given [Cr]/[Cplx] molar ratio. The existence of this zone of pH reveals the existence of a balance domain in solution, favorable to the reduction of chromium. All of these more fundamental works have made it possible to improve the knowledge on the chromium plating process from a trivalent chromium salt and thus to think about a new formulation for more critical applications where the current solution has been able to show some limits.

abstract: Cavitation erosion is a significant cause of wear in marine components, such as impellers, propellers or rudders. While the erosion process has been widely studied on metals, the effect of cavitation on polymers is not well-understood. The stress response in metals differs greatly from that of polymers, e.g. rate and temperature effects are far more important, thus damage and wear mechanisms of polymers under cavitating flows are significantly different. In this work, heat-driven failure caused by viscous dissipation and void nucleation resulting from tensile stresses arising from stress wave reflections are investigated as two possible material failure mechanisms. As a first step in developing a fundamental understanding of the cavitation erosion process on polymer surfaces, simulations are performed of the collapse of individual bubbles against a compliant surface e.g. metallic substrates with polyurea coatings. The surface response of collapse-driven impact loads is represented by a idealized, time-dependent, Gaussian pressure distribution on the surface. A two-dimensional distribution of load radii and durations is considered corresponding to characteristic of cavitating flows accelerated erosion experiments. Finite element simulations are performed to fit a response curve that relates the loading parameters to the energy dissipated in the coating and integrated with collapse statistics to generate an expected heat input into the coating. The impulsive pressure, which is generated due to bubble collapse, impacts the material and generates intense shock waves. The stress waves within the material reflects by interaction with the substrate. A transient region of high tensile stress is produced by the interaction of these waves. Simulations suggests that maximum hydrostatic tension which cause failure of polyurea layer is observed in thick coating. Also, the dissipated viscous energy and corresponding temperature rise in a polyurea is calculated, and it is concluded that temperature has influence on deformation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2015

abstract: Lithium ion batteries have emerged as the most popular energy storage system, but they pose safety issues under extreme temperatures or in the event of a thermal runaway. Lithium ion batteries with inorganic separators offer the advantage of safer operation. An inorganic separator for lithium ion battery was prepared by an improved method of blade coating α-Al2O3 slurry directly on the electrode followed by drying. The improved separator preparation involves a twice-coating process instead of coating the slurry all at once in order to obtain a thin (~40 µm) and uniform coat. It was also found that α-Al2O3 powder with particle size greater than the pore size in the electrode is preferable for obtaining a separator with 40 µm thickness and consistent cell performance. Unlike state-of-the-art polyolefin separators such as polypropylene (PP) which are selectively wettable with only certain electrolytes, the excellent electrolyte solvent wettability of α-Al2O3 allows the coated alumina separator to function with different electrolytes. The coated α-Al2O3 separator has a much higher resistance to temperature effects than its polyolefin counterparts, retaining its dimensional integrity at temperatures as high as 200ºC. This eliminates the possibility of a short circuit during thermal runaway. Lithium ion batteries assembled as half-cells and full cells with coated α-Al2O3 separator exhibit electrochemical performance comparable with that of polyolefin separators at room temperature. However, the cells with coated alumina separator shows better cycling performance under extreme temperatures in the temperature range of -30°C to 60°C. Therefore, the coated α-Al2O3 separator is very promising for application in safe lithium-ion batteries. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2016