Thesis (M.Sc.)--Victoria University of Wellington, [2008] / Includes bibliographical references.

Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1938. Bibliography: leaves 150-158.

Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1951. Bibliography: leaves [98]-103.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / Research has shown that the activation of the NO-cGMP pathway leads to myocardial protection from oxidative stress conditions, such as ischaemia and reperfusion. Few of these studies have however combined diet induced oxidative stress with ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Although little is known about the effects of supplements such as red palm oil (RPO) on the NO-cGMP pathway, research has shown that dietary RPO-supplementation improved reperfusion aortic output recovery through mechanisms that may include activation of the NO-cGMP- and inhibition of the cAMP pathway. RPO is an antioxidant-rich oil containing ~carotene and Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). The aims of this study were to determine: 1) whether RPO-supplementation of an oxidative risk induced diet (ORD) and a high saturated fat diet (HFD) offers protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart and 2) the possible mechanisms for this protection. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups for a period of 14 weeks according to the dietary supplementation they received. The control groups received either an oxidative risk induced diet (ORD) or a high saturated fat diet (HFD), while the experimental groups received an ORD supplemented with RPO (ORD+RPO) or a HFD supplemented with RPO (HFD+RPO).

No description available.

Depuis maintenant plus de 30 ans, il est reconnu qu’au début de la maladie d’Alzheimer, le cerveau utilise moins bien le glucose, son principal carburant. Cependant, ce problème énergétique précoce dans la maladie semblerait limité au glucose et ne concernerait pas un autre carburant, celui-ci dérivé des gras, les cétones. Ces dernières sont produites par le corps après un exercice physique d’intensité modérée. Leur production est également stimulée avec la prise de suppléments alimentaires à base d’huile de noix de coco, un aliment riche en triglycérides de moyennes chaînes (MCT). La capture des cétones au cerveau augmente proportionnellement à leur concentration plasmatique. Ainsi, des conditions élevant la cétonémie augmentent aussi la capture cérébrale des cétones. Par conséquent, l’élévation de l’apport en cétones pourrait constituer une approche novatrice qui permettrait de potentiellement ralentir le développement de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Notre objectif général était d’optimiser le type de supplément MCT à utiliser afin d’élever la cétonémie de manière aigüe et, en second lieu, d’employer ce dernier en combinaison avec une seconde stratégie cétogène, l’exercice physique de type aérobie (EA). Lors de la première phase de ce projet, l’effet cétogène de différents produits alimentaires dérivant de l’huile de noix de coco (acide caprylique [C8], acide caproïque [C10], mélange de MCT typique [C8+C10]) était comparé chez 9 participants jeunes sains. Des échantillons sanguins étaient récoltés toutes les 30 min pendant 8 h. Lors de la seconde phase, le potentiel cétogène de la combinaison d’EA à une supplémentation MCT était évalué chez 10 femmes âgées saines pendant 5 jours. Les cétones plasmatiques sous ces différentes conditions étaient mesurées. Lors de cette étude, le C8 était le produit le plus cétogène testé suivi du supplément C8+C10. L’huile de noix de coco n’a pas induit une cétonémie plus élevée qu’un 8 h sans MCT. De plus, l’ajout de 5 jours d’EA a potentialisé la cétonémie observée suite à la prise de MCT C8+C10 seul. Ainsi, la combinaison de stratégies cétogènes, tant au niveau de la diversité des molécules utilisées ou des stratégies cétogènes employées, permet d’augmenter la présence de cétones dans le sang. / Abstract : Brain glucose consumption deteriorates with age, a situation that worsens with the onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, this early energy problem in the disease is limited to glucose and does not affect brain ketone uptake. Ketones are the main alternative fuel for the brain when glucose concentrations are decreased. They are produced endogenously after moderate aerobic exercise (AE) or with a medium chain triglyceride (MCT) exogenous supplement. Ketone brain uptake increases in proportion to their plasma concentration. Thus, providing a daily ketogenic fuel could help support brain energy needs during aging. Our aim was to optimize the type of MCT to use in a ketogenic supplementation and to combine this supplement with another ketogenic strategy, AE. In the first phase of this project, the acute ketogenic effect of products derived from coconut oil was compared. Nine healthy adults took various MCT supplements (coconut oil, caprylic acid [C8], capric acid [C10], classic MCT mix [C8+C10]). Blood was sampled every 30 min over 8 h. In the second phase, we evaluated the acute ketogenic potential of the combination of AE and MCT supplementation. Ten healthy older women took C8+C10 MCT supplement for 5 days combined with a 5-days AE program. Automated spectrophotometric assays where used to measure plasma ketones under these different conditions. Our results show that in this 8 h experimental design, C8 was the most ketogenic MCT followed by C8+C10. Coconut oil alone did not induce more net ketosis than an 8 h visit with no added MCT. Furthermore, the combination of AE and MCT supplementation enhanced the ketogenic response over 4 h compared to the control day. Thus, the combination of ketogenic strategies, both in terms of the diversity of the molecules or the ketogenic strategy employed, makes it possible to increase the presence of ketones in the blood.

Epilepsy is a chronic disturbance of brain function characterized by the presence of recurrent and spontaneous seizures, making one of the most frequent and severe neurological diseases, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide, mainly children. Among these, 40% had antiepileptic drug refractory seizures. Non-drug options as surgery, vagus nerve stimulation and the ketogenic diet are timely. This diet, used since 1921 in treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy is characterized by a high concentration of lipids and often by low concentration of carbohydrates and proteins. Traditionally, the ketogenic diet use long chain triacylglycerols (LCT), however, the medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) are considered an alternative substrate for promoting faster ketonemia-ketonuria. The oil from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a natural source of MCT, and is used for several purposes, including therapeutic. This dissertation aims to investigate the effects of the ketogenic diet based on coconut oil and soybean oil on epileptic seizures in rats, consists of a review chapter, entitled Drug-resistant epilepsies: an emphasis on treatment ketogenic, and an article from the results, entitled Effects of ketogenic diet based on coconut oil on the seizures of rats with epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. The article deals an experimental study conducted in Wistar rats, divided into three groups (n=10), named according to the diet received, in Control (standard diet AIN-93G), CetoTAGcoco (ketogenic diet based in coconut oil; AIN-93G diet modified to contain 7% soybean oil, 22.79% of extra virgin coconut oil and 40% margarine) and CetoTAGsoja (ketogenic diet based in soybean oil; AIN-93G diet modified to contain 29.79% of soybean oil and 40% margarine). The ratio lipid:carbohydrate+protein of ketogenic diets was 3.5:1 (control diet, 1:11.8). The experimental period lasted 19 days. The animals fed ketogenic diets showed food intake (g) below, however, dispend energetic and weight gain similar to Control group. The behavioral analysis showed that the experimental groups did not differ in frequency and duration of seizures, however, the animals in group CetoTAGcoco had shorter duration of seizures in the 19th day, that the Control group (0.00±0.00 against 22.78±2.95, respectively, P<0.05). Additionally, the CetoTAGcoco group presented lower variation of frequency and duration of seizures between the 19th and 1st day of treatment than the Control group (9.00±1.73 against 11.00±1.00, for frequency, and 20.80±12.61 against 49.14±21.15, for duration, respectively, P<0.05). The results of this study suggest a possible protective effect of ketogenic diet based on extra virgin coconut oil on seizures. That result, coupled with studies attesting to confidence and tolerance of the coconut oil, particularly in ketogenic ratios, indicating a potential benefit of this oil for control the seizures, especially for individuals with medically refractory epilepsy. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A epilepsia é um disturbio crônico da função cerebral, caracterizado pela presença de crises convulsivas recorrentes e espontâneas. Trata-se de uma das mais frequentes e graves doenças neurológicas, que afeta cerca de 50 milhões de pessoas no mundo, principalmente crianças. Dentre estas, 40% apresentam crises refratárias às drogas antiepilépticas existentes. Opções não farmacológicas, como cirurgia, estimulação do nervo vago e dieta cetogênica, são oportunas. Esta dieta, utilizada desde 1921 no tratamento da epilepsia fármaco-resistente, caracteriza-se por alta concentração de lipídeos e, frequentemente, por baixa concentração de carboidratos e proteínas. Tradicionalmente, a dieta cetogênica utiliza como fonte lipídica os triacilgliceróis de cadeia longa (TCL); porém, os triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (TCM) são considerados um substrato alternativo, por promoverem cetonemia/cetonúria de forma mais rápida. O óleo proveniente do coco (Cocos nucifera L.) representa uma fonte natural de TCM, sendo utilizado para diversos fins, inclusive terapêuticos. A presente dissertação visa investigar os efeitos de dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco e óleo de soja sobre as crises convulsivas de ratos epilépticos. É constituída por um capítulo de revisão, intitulado Epilepsias fármaco-resistentes: uma ênfase no tratamento cetogênico, e um artigo de resultados, intitulado Efeito de dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco sobre as crises convulsivas de ratos portadores de epilepsia induzida por pilocarpina. O artigo trata de um estudo experimental realizado com ratos Wistar, alocados em três grupos (n=10), denominados, segundo a dieta recebida, em Controle (dieta padrão AIN-93G), CetoTAGcoco (dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco; AIN-93G modificada, com 7% de óleo de soja, 22,79% de óleo de coco extra-virgem e 40% de margarina) e CetoTAGsoja (dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de soja; AIN-93G modificada, com 29,79% de óleo de soja e 40% de margarina). A proporção lipídeos: carboidratos+proteína das dietas cetogênicas foi de 3,5:1 (dieta controle, 1:11,8). O período experimental totalizou 19 dias. Os animais submetidos aos tratamentos cetogênicos apresentaram consumo alimentar (g) inferior, porém, consumo energético (Kcal) e ganho de peso corporal (g) semelhantes ao grupo Controle. As análises comportamentais demonstraram que os animais dos grupos experimentais não diferiram entre si quanto à freqüência e à duração total das crises; entretanto, os animais do grupo CetoTAGCcoco tiveram menor duração média de crises no 19º dia, que o grupo Controle (0,00±0,00 contra 22,78±12,95, respectivamente; p<0,05). Adicionalmente, o grupo CetoTAGcoco apresentou valores inferiores de variação de frequência e de duração das crises entre o 19° e o 1° dia de tratamento, que o grupo Controle (9,00±1,73 contra 11,00±1,00, para freqüência, e 20,80±12,61 contra 49,14±21,15, para duração, respectivamente; p<0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para um possível efeito protetor da dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco extra-virgem sobre as crises convulsivas. Tais resultados, associados a estudos que atestem a confiabilidade e a tolerância do consumo de óleo de coco, particularmente em proporções cetogênicas, poderiam indicar um benefício potencial deste óleo no controle das crises convulsivas, especialmente para indivíduos portadores de epilepsia refratária a medicamentos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aimed the preparation of clotrimazole-loaded nanocapsule suspensions for vulvovaginal fungal infections treatment. For the first time, virgin coconut oil and medium chain triglycerides were used as an oil core of polymeric nanocapsules containing clotrimazole. The analytical method for quantification of this drug into nanoparticles was developed and validated. The method proved to be selective, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Using the method of interfacial deposition of preformed polymer, the nanoparticles were successfully prepared at three different concentrations of clotrimazole (1, 2 and 3 mg/mL). The physicochemical parameters measured were pH, particle diameter, polydispersity index, drug content, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential and stability in storage during 60 days. The encapsulation efficiency was near to 100%, zeta potential was positive due to the cationic polymer employed, the pH was around 5.6 and drug contents were close to the theoretical values. The size distribution was nanometer (140-200 nm) with polydispersity index lower than 0.2. The formulations had adequate physicochemical characteristics and were stable during storage. Photodegradation studies have shown that the nanoencapsulation improved the stability of clotrimazole against UVC radiation compared to free drug solution after 14 hours of experiment. The in vitro drug release using the dialysis bag technique was characterized by a prolonged release. No burst effect was observed. Profilesare based on an anomalous transport and first order kinetics, regardless of the oil used. The in vitro microbiological test of nanocapsules suspensions was performed against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata susceptible and resistant to fluconazole by microdilution method. In combination with clotrimazole into nanoparticles, medium chain triglycerides was reported to have similar MICs of methanolic solution containing the oil and the drug. In addition to the antifungal activity in solution, coconut oil did not lose its activity after incorporation into the nanostructures and, in combination with drug, showed greater inhibition of microbial growth than the nanocapsules of medium chain triglycerides with clotrimazole. Finally nanoparticle suspensions were incorporated into hydrogels containing polymers with mucoadhesive properties, Pemulen® and Pullulan, which presented appropriate drug content, pH and spreadability. The formulations developed in this study represent promising alternatives for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. / Este trabalho objetivou a preparação de suspensões de nanocápsulas contendo clotrimazol para o tratamento de infecções fúngicas vulvovaginais. Pela primeira vez, o óleo de coco virgem e os triglicerídeos de cadeia média foram empregados como núcleo oleoso de nanocápsulas poliméricas contendo clotrimazol. A metodologia analítica para a quantificação do fármaco nas nanopartículas foi desenvolvida e validada. O método mostrou-se seletivo, linear, preciso, exato e robusto. A partir do método de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado, as nanopartículas foram preparadas com sucesso em três concentrações diferentes de clotrimazol (1, 2 e 3 mg/mL). Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram pH, diâmetro de partícula, índice de polidispersão, teor, eficiência de encapsulamento, potencial zeta e estabilidade frente ao armazenamento por 60 dias. A eficiência de encapsulamento foi próxima a 100%, o valor do potencial zeta foi positivo devido ao polímero catiônico empregado, valor de pH em torno de 5,6 e teores de fármaco próximos aos teóricos. A distribuição de tamanho foi nanométrica (140-200 nm), com índice de polidispersão menor que 0,2. As formulações apresentaram características físico-químicas adequadas e foram estáveis durante o armazenamento. Estudos de fotodegradação mostraram que o nanoencapsulamento melhorou a estabilidade do clotrimazol sob radiação UVC, em comparação com a solução do fármaco livre, após 14 horas de experimento. A liberação do fármaco in vitro, a partir da técnica de sacos de diálise, foi caracterizada como uma liberação prolongada sem efeito burst, que foi mediada por transporte anômalo e seguiu cinética de primeira ordem, independente do óleo utilizado. As suspensões foram capazes de diminuir a velocidade de liberação do clotrimazol nas 24 horas de experimento. A partir do método de microdiluição, procedeu-se a avaliação microbiológica in vitro das suspensões de nanocápsulas contra Candida albicans e Candida glabrata sensíveis e resistentes ao fluconazol. Em combinação com o clotrimazol nas nanopartículas, os triglicerídeos de cadeia média apresentaram valores de CIMs semelhantes à solução metanólica contendo o óleo e o fármaco. Além de apresentar atividade antifúngica em solução, o óleo de coco não perdeu sua atividade após a incorporação na nanoestrutura e, em associação com o fármaco, apresentou maior inibição do crescimento microbiano do que as nanocápsulas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média com clotrimazol. Por fim, as suspensões nanoparticuladas foram incorporadas em hidrogéis contendo polímeros com propriedades mucoadesivas, Pemulen® e Pullulan, que apresentaram teor, pH e espalhabilidade adequados. As formulações desenvolvidas neste estudo representam alternativas promissoras para o tratamento da candidíase vulvovaginal.

abstract: There are limited studies exploring the direct relationship between coconut oil and cholesterol concentrations. Research in animals and a few intervention trials suggest that coconut oil increases the good cholesterol (high density lipoprotein, HDL) and thus reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Preliminary research at Arizona State University (ASU) has found similar results using coconut oil as a placebo, positive changes in HDL cholesterol concentrations were observed. The goal of this randomized, double blind, parallel two arm study, was to further examine the beneficial effects of a 2g supplement of coconut oil taken each day for 8 weeks on cholesterol concentrations, specifically the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, compared to placebo. Forty-two healthy adults between 18-40 years of age, exercising less than 150 minutes each week, non smoking, BMI between 22-35 and not taking any medications that could effect blood lipids were recruited from the ListServs at ASU. Participants were randomized to receive either a placebo capsule of flour or a coconut oil capsule (Puritan’s Pride brand, coconut oil softgels, 2g each) and instructed to take the capsules for 8 weeks. Results indicated no significant change in total cholesterol to HDL ratio between baseline and 8 weeks in the coconut oil and placebo groups (p=0.369), no significant change in HDL (p=0.648), no change in LDL (p=0.247), no change in total cholesterol (p=0.216), and no change in triglycerides (p=0.369). Blood lipid concentrations were not significantly altered by a 2g/day dosage of coconut oil over the course of 8 weeks in healthy adults, and specifically the total cholesterol to HDL ratio did not change or improve. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2017

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-03-21T15:00:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5385104 bytes, checksum: 7478e30f306c97b371a5c28d9be101d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-21T15:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5385104 bytes, checksum: 7478e30f306c97b371a5c28d9be101d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / The hypothesis that oral supplementation with virgin coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) and exercise training would improve impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and reduce oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was tested. Furthermore, the effects caused by lauric acid (LA) on oxidative stress and cardiovascular parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated. In the first stage of the study, SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used and divided in five groups: WKY + saline (n = 8); SHR + saline (n = 8); SHR + coconut oil (2 mL·day -1, n = 8); SHR + training (n = 8); and SHR + training + coconut oil (n = 8). The swimming protocol under 4% body weight workload lasted 60 minutes. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded and BRS was tested using phenylephrine (8 μg.kg-1, iv) and sodium nitroprusside (25 μg·kg-1, iv). Oxidative stress was measured using dihydroethidium by microscopy fluorescence in tissue sections from heart and aorta samples. SHR + coconut oil, SHR + training and SHR + training + coconut oil groups presented lower MAP compared to SHR + saline (148 ± 6, 147 ± 7, 134 ± 8 vs. 175 ± 6 mmHg, P < 0.05). Coconut oil combined with exercise training improved BRS in SHR compared with SHR + saline group (-2.47 ± 0.3 vs. -1.39 ± 0.09 ± bpm-1·min-1·mmHg, p <0.05). SHR + saline group showed higher superoxide levels when compared with WKY + saline (774 ± 31 vs. 634 ± 19 arbitrary units (AU), respectively; p <0.05). SHR + training + coconut oil group presented a reduction in oxidative stress compared with SHR + saline in heart (622 ± 16 vs. 774 ± 31 AU, p <0.05). Moreover, coconut oil reduced oxidative stress in SHR compared with SHR + saline in aorta (454 ± 33 vs. 689 ± 29 AU, p <0.05). In the second stage of thestudy, LA reduced blood pressure at 3, 4, 8 and 10 mg/kg doses compared with vehicle (-41±9.4;-41±6;-51.7±8.1;-61±11 vs. -1,3±0.4 mmHg, n = 6). LA (10-8 to 3x10-3M) induced vasorelaxation in isolated cranial mesenteric artery rings in the presence or absence of functional endothelium (Emax=104,1 ± 2,8% e pD2= 4,1 ± 1,4; n=7 vs. Emax= 103,5 3,7 pD2 = 3,3 ± 0,5; n=8, respectively). LA (10-3 M) reduced superoxide levels similar to Tempol, a superoxide anion scavenger, compared to tissue containing only NADPH oxidase in the heart (18.1 ± 0.7; 9.5 ± 0.3 vs. 25.3 ± 0.4 UML / min / ug protein, respectively) and kidney (81.9 ± 2.8, 79 ± 1.3, 99 ± 4.3 vs. UML / min / ug protein, respectively). In conclusion, coconut oil combined with exercise training reduced oxidative stress and improved BRS in SHR. Those effects seem to be, at least in part, to its major component (Lauric acid). / Testamos a hipótese de que a suplementação com óleo de coco virgem (OCV) associada ao treinamento físico é capaz de melhorar a sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) e de reduzir o estresse oxidativo (EO). Além disso, os efeitos promovidos pelo ácido láurico (AL), um dos constituintes majoritários do OCV, nos parâmetros cardiovasculares e EO em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) também foram testados. Na primeira etapa do estudo utilizamos animais SHR e Wistar Kyoto (WKY) adultos, divididos em cinco grupos: WKY + salina (n = 8); SHR + salina (n = 8); SHR + óleo de coco (2 mL·dia-1, n = 8); SHR + treinamento (n = 8); e SHR + treinamento + óleo de coco (n = 8). O protocolo de natação teve duração de 60 minutos e sobrecarga de 4% da massa corporal dos animais. A pressão arterial média (PAM) foi registrada e a SBR foi testada usando fenilefrina (8 μg.kg-1, i.v) e nitroprussiato de sódio (25 μg·kg-1, i.v). O EO foi quantificado utilizando dihidroetídio por microscopia de fluorescência no coração e aorta. Os grupos SHR + Óleo de coco, SHR+ treinamento e SHR + treinamento + óleo de coco apresentaram menores níveis de PAM, comparado ao grupo SHR + salina (148 ± 6, 147 ± 7, 134 ± 8 vs. 175 ± 6 mmHg; p <0,05). O OCV associado ao treinamento físico melhorou a SBR em SHR em comparação com o grupo SHR + salina (-2,47 ± 0,3 vs. -1,39 ± 0,09 bpm·min-1·mmHg-1; p<0,05). O grupo SHR + salina apresentou níveis elevados de superóxido, quando comparados com WKY + salina (774 ± 31 vs. 634 ± 19 unidades arbitrárias (u.a), respectivamente; p <0,05). O grupo SHR + treinamento + óleo de coco apresentou redução do EO em comparação com SHR + salina no coração (622 ± 16 vs. 774 ± 31 u.a, p <0,05). Em tecidos de aorta, o óleo de coco reduziu o EO em SHR em comparação com SHR + salina (454 ± 33 vs. 689 ± 29 u.a, p <0,05). Na segunda etapa do trabalho, observamos que o AL promoveu hipotensão a partir das doses de 3, 4, 8 e 10 mg/kg, quando comparado com o veículo (-41 ± 9,4; -41±6; -51,7 ± 8,1; -61 ± 11 vs. -1,3 ± 0,4 mmHg; n=6, respectivamente). O AL (10-8 a 3x10-3 M) induziu vasorrelaxamento em anéis de artéria mesentérica cranial isolada de SHR, na presença ou na ausência do endotélio funcional (Emax = 104,1 ± 2,8% e pD2= 4,1 ± 1,4; n=7 vs. Emax =103,5 3,7 pD2=3,3 ± 0,5; n=8, respectivamente). O AL (10-3 M) reduziu a produção de ânion superóxido no tecido cardíaco e renal respectivamente, quando comparados com tecidos apenas na presença de NADPH oxidase, (18,1 ± 0,7; 9,5 ± 0,3 vs. 25,3 ± 0,4 UML/min/μg proteína, respectivamente) e (81,9 ± 2,8; 79 ± 1,3; vs. 99 ± 4,3 UML/min/μg proteína, respectivamente). Concluímos que a suplementação com OCV associada ao treinamento físico reduziu o EO e melhorou a SBR que estava reduzida durante a hipertensão arterial. Além disso, os efeitos benéficos do OCV alcançados parecem ser oriundos do AL presente no óleo vegetal.