[pt] A preocupação ambiental é um tema que vem ganhando seu espaço em pesquisas de diversas áreas, é necessário que a dependência da utilização de combustíveis fósseis não aumente, para que os impactos gerados por eles no meio ambiente como a poluição e o efeito estufa sejam então controlados. Além disso, o uso de fontes alternativas como matéria-prima para a geração de energia possui grande importância nessa substituição. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o potencial do óleo de coco para a produção de um bio-óleo a partir da catálise heterogênea utilizando catalisadores metálicos de Ni e Mo suportados em sílica mesoporosa (SBA-15). Os catalisadores e o suporte foram sintetizados manualmente, calcinados e passaram por diversas análises de caracterização. Para a reação, utilizou-se a temperatura de 370 graus Celsius, pressão na faixa de 10 a 15 bar, e um tempo de reação de 2 horas. Após o bio-óleo ser produzido o mesmo foi filtrado e destilado, para se trabalhar na faixa do diesel. Por fim, o óleo passou por duas análises de caracterização, sendo elas, a determinação do ponto de fulgor e massa específica, para então avaliar o potencial do óleo de coco na substituição dos combustíveis tradicionais. A síntese do suporte e a impregnação dos catalisadores foi considerada satisfatória, pois os resultados se apresentaram de acordo com a literatura, mostrando que se tratam de materiais mesoporosos, e além disso, a presença dos metais foi comprovada. Após as análises de caracterização, o bio-óleo produzido a partir do catalisador de níquel foi considerado o melhor, visto que, suas propriedades ficaram dentro da faixa esperada (ponto de fulgor de 41 graus Celsius e uma massa específica de 0,8408 g/cm3) para um combustível derivado do petróleo, e além disso, teve uma eficiência de 45,05 porcento na redução da concentração de oxigênio. / [en] The environmental concern is a theme that has been gaining its place in several research, so it is necessary that the dependence on using fossil fuels must not increase, to control the impacts, like the pollution and the greenhouse effect, with are generate by them. Furthermore, the use of alternatives sources like feedstock to generation of energy has a big importance in this replacement. This work wants to evaluate the coconut oil s potential to produce a bio oil by heterogeneous catalysis using three metals catalysts (nickel, molybdenum and both of them) supported in a mesoporous silica. The catalysts and the support were manually synthesized, calcined and characterized. For the reaction, we used 370 Celsius degrees, a pressure in the range 10-15 bar and the time reaction was 2 hours. After the production of bio oil, it was filtrated and distillated, to work in the diesel range. Besides that, this oil was analyzed to determine two characteristics, flash point and specific mass, and with the result, we could evaluate the potential of coconut oil in the replacement of traditional fuels. The support s synthesis and the catalysts impregnation was considered satisfactory, because the results were presented according to the literature, showing that they are really mesoporous materials and besides that the presence of metals was proven. After characterization analyzes the bio oil produced by the nickel catalyst was considered the best, because your properties were within expected range (flash point equal 41 Celsius degrees and specific mass equal 0,8408 g/cm3 ), for a petroleum derived fuel, and had an efficiency of 45,05 percent in reducing oxygen concentration.

No description available.

[pt] Os catalisadores de platina, níquel e platina suportados em sílica-alumina e sílica mesoporosa (SBA-15) foram investigados para o hidrotratamento do óleo de coco para produção de bio-óleo. Os suportes foram carregados com 1 por cento de Pt e 5 por cento de Ni e os catalisadores resultantes foram caracterizados para determinar suas propriedades estruturais e de textura. Os catalisadores foram reduzidos e testados em um reator semi-descontínuo a 360 C sob 10 MPa de hidrogênio durante 4 horas. Foram obtidos 30-40 por cento de remoção de oxigênio. As curvas de destilação dos produtos e seu ponto de inflamação e gravidade específica (a 20 C) foram determinados pelos métodos oficiais ASTM e ABNT/NBR a serem comparados com o diesel derivado do petróleo. As curvas de destilação e as propriedades físico-químicas foram muito próximas das especificações estabelecidas pela legislação brasileira para o diesel comercial. Destilou-se 90 por cento do volume de cada produto na faixa de temperatura de 180-370 C, o ponto de inflamação ficou entre 76-81 e o número do índice de cetano foi calculado como 47-48, de acordo com as especificações do diesel comercial. Os produtos obtidos com os catalisadores Pt/SiO2Al2O3 e PtNi/SBA-15 também apresentaram gravidade específica dentro da faixa de especificação (865 e 860,0 kg/m3, respectivamente). Os catalisadores utilizados mostraram sua potencial aplicação para a produção de biocombustíveis na faixa de diesel de petróleo pelo processo de hidrotratamento de óleo de coco. / [en] Platinum, platinum nickel and nickel catalysts supported on silicaalumina and mesoporous silica (SBA-15) were investigated for hydrotreating of coconut oil to produce bio oil. The supports were loaded with 1 percent Pt and 5 percent Ni content and the resulted catalysts were caracterized to determine their strutural and textural properties. The catalysts were reduced and tested in a semi-batch reactor at 360 C under 10 MPa of hydrogen during 4 hours. It was obtainned 30-40 percent of oxygen removal. The distillation curves of products and their flash point and specific gravity (at 20 C) were determined by oficials ASTM, and ABNT/NBR methods to be compared with the petroleum-derived diesel. The distillation curves and physicochemical properties were very close to specifications stabilished by Brazilian legislation for comercial diesel. 90 percent of the volume of each product was distilled in the temperature range of 180-370 C, the flash point was between 76-81 and the cetane index number was calculated as 47-48 in agreement with the specifications for comercial diesel. The products obtainned using the Pt/SiO2Al2O3 and PtNi/SBA-15 catalysts also presented specific gravity within the specification range (865 e 860.0 kg/m3 respectively). The catalysts used showed their potential application for the production of biofuels in the petroleum diesel range by coconut oil hydrotreatment process.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Activation of the NO-cGMP pathway is associated with myocardial protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. However, high-cholesterol diets alter function of this pathway and these alterations have been implicated in both ischaemic/reperfusion injury and the development of ischaemic heart disease. Little is known about the effects of supplements such as Red Palm Oil (RPO) on the myocardial NO-cGMP-signalling pathway. RPO consists of saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids and is rich in antioxidants such as β-carotene and Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). The aims of this study were: 1) to determine whether dietary RPO-supplemention protects against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats fed a standard rat chow (control) and cholesterol-enriched diets and 2) if so, to investigate possible mechanisms for this protection. Male Long-Evans rats were fed a standard rat chow or a standard rat chow plus cholesterol and/or RPO-supplementation for 6 weeks. Myocardial functional recovery was measured and hearts were freeze-clamped for determination of myocardial phospholipid, cAMP/cGMP concentrations, total myocardial nitric oxide concentrations, lipid hydroperoxide production and superoxide dismutase- and nitric oxide synthase activity in isolated rat hearts subjected to 25 minutes of normothermic total global ischaemia. In addition, the degree of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of RPO-supplementation on caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-cleavage in hearts subjected to ischaemia and reperfusion was also investigated. Our data show that dietary RPO-supplementation protects the hearts of rats on a standard rat chow (control) and hypercholesterolaemic diet against ischaemia/reperfusion injury as reflected by improved aortic output recovery. Increased intracellular cardiomyocyte NO concentrations as observed in control hearts supplemented with RPO after 120 minutes hypoxia may contribute to the elevated cGMP concentration and may confer some of the cardioprotection to the ischaemic/reperfused heart. Although improved functional recovery with RPO-supplementation of a high-cholesterol diet was also associated with an increase in intracellular cardiomyocyte NO production after hypoxia compared to the non-hypoxic conditions, it could not be linked to increased NO-cGMP signalling. These data are in agreement with other studies, which showed that high-cholesterol diet impairs NO-cGMP signalling and confirms our hypothesis that elevated cGMP concentrations may not be the only mechanism of protection. We have also shown that RPOsupplementation caused increased phosphorylation of p38 and PKB, reduced phosphorylation of JNK and attenuation of PARP cleavage, which may contribute to the protection of the cell against apoptosis. Based on our results we propose that the myocardial protection offered by RPO-supplementation of rats on a normal and hypercholesterolaemic diet may be associated with either its antioxidant characteristics and/or changes in the fatty acid composition of the myocardium during ischaemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that RPO-supplementation protects the isolated perfused working rat heart during reperfusion from ischaemia/reperfusion-induced injury through a MAPK-dependent pathway. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aktivering van die NO-cGMP sein transduksie pad word geassosieer met miokardiale beskerming teen isgemie/herperfusie skade. Hoë cholesterol diëte verander egter die funksie van die pad en hierdie veranderings speel ‘n rol in beide isgemie/herperfusie besering en die ontwikkeling van isgemiese hartsiekte. Daar is egter min inligting beskikbaar oor die uitwerking van aanvullings soos rooi palm olie (RPO) op die miokardiale NO-cGMP sein transduksie pad. RPO bevat versadigde, mono-onversadigde en poli-onversadigde vetsure en is ryk aan anti-oksidante nl. β-karotene en vitamien E (tokoferole en tokotriënole). Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was: 1) om vas te stel of ‘n RPO-aanvulling beskerming bied teen isgemie/herperfusie besering in rotte wat gevoed is met ‘n standaard rotmengsel (kontrole) en cholesterol-verrykte dieet en 2) indien wel, om moontlike meganismes van beskerming te ondersoek. Long-Evans manlike rotte is vir 6 weke gevoer met ‘n standaard rotmengsel of ‘n standaard rotmengsel plus cholesterol en/of RPO-aanvulling. Miokardiale funksionele herstel is gemeet en harte is gevriesklamp vir die bepaling van miokardiale fosfolipied, cAMP/cGMP, totale stikstofoksied, lipied hidroperoksied, superoksied dismutase en stikstofoksied sintase in geïsoleerde rotharte wat vir 25 minute onderwerp was aan normotermiese totale globale isgemie. Hiermee saam is die graad van fosforilering van ekstrasellulêre sein gereguleerde kinase (ERK), p38 mitogeen-geaktiveerde proteïen kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun-N-terminale proteïenkinase (JNK) en proteïen kinase B (PKB/Akt) ondersoek, asook kaspase-3 aktivering en poli (ADP-ribose) polimerase (PARP) kliewing in harte blootgestel aan isgemie en herperfusie. Ons resultate toon dat RPO-aanvulling van rotte op ‘n normale en hipercholesterolemiese dieet die hart beskerm soos getoon deur verbeterde herstel van aortiese uitset. Verhoogde intrasellulêre miokardiale NO vlakke in kontrole harte met ‘n RPO-aanvulling wat blootgestel was aan 120 minute hipoksie, mag bygedra het tot die verhoogde cGMP vlakke en beskerming van die hart tydens isgemie en herperfusie. Alhoewel verbeterde funksionele herstel met RPO-aanvulling van ‘n hoë cholesterol dieet ook geassosieer is met ‘n toename in intrasellulêre miokardiale NO produksie ná hipoksiese toestande, kon dit nie verbind word met verhoogde aktivering van die NOcGMP sein transduksie pad nie. Hierdie resultate stem ooreen met ander studies wat aangetoon het dat hoë-cholesterol diëte die NO-cGMP seinpad onderdruk. Hierdie bevinding bevestig ons hipotese dat verhoogde cGMP vlakke moontlik nie die enigste beskermingsmeganisme is nie. Ons resultate het ook gewys dat RPO-aanvulling fosforilering van p38 en PKB/Akt verhoog, fosforilering van JNK verminder en PARP kliewing onderdruk. Dit dui op beskerming van die sel teen apoptose. Ons resultate dui aan dat die miokardiale beskerming wat RPO-dieet aanvulling bied moontlik geassosieer kan word met sy anti-oksidant eienskap en/of veranderinge in die vetsuur samestelling van die miokardium tydens isgemie/herperfusie. Ons het ook vir die eerste keer bewys dat RPO-aanvulling die geïsoleerde geperfuseerde werkende rothart gedurende herperfusie beskerm teen isgemie/herperfusie besering deur die aktivering en/of deaktivering van die MAPK afhanklike pad.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoRR.pdf: 1895833 bytes, checksum: 59d0cd6d03df2b5c8165e3ae0bf39a80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / An interesting development in surfactants science and technology is their application as corrosion inhibitors, since they act as protective films over anodic and cathodic surfaces. This work aims to investigate the efficiency of saponified coconut oil (SCO) as corrosion inhibitor and of microemulsified system (SCO + butanol + kerosene oil + distilled water), in saline medium, using an adapted instrumented cell, via techniques involving linear polarization resistance (LPR) and mass loss coupons (MLC). For this, curves of efficiency versus SCO concentration (ranging between 0 and 75 ppm) have been constructed. According to the obtained results, the following efficiency levels were reached with OCS: 98% at a 75 ppm concentration via the LPR method and 95% at 75 ppm via the MLC method. The microemulsified system, for a concentration of 15 ppm of SCO, obtained maximum inhibition of 97% (LPR) and 93% (MLC). These data indicate that it is possible to optimize the use of SCO in similar applications. Previous works have demonstrated that maximal efficiencies below 90% are attained, typically 65% as free molecules and 77% in microemulsified medium, via the LPR method in a different type of cell. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adapted instrumented cell (in those used methods) showed to be an important tool in this kind of study and the SCO was shown effective in the inhibition of the metal / Tensoativos v?m sendo alvo de interesse como inibidores de corros?o, pois funcionam como pel?culas protetoras sobre ?reas an?dicas e cat?dicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia de inibi??o ? corros?o do tensoativo ?leo de coco saponificado (OCS) e do sistema icroemulsionado (OCS + butanol + querosene + ?gua destilada), em meio salino, utilizando-se uma c?lula instrumentada adaptada. A efic?cia do OCS foi avaliada utilizando-se os m?todos de resist?ncia de polariza??o linear (LPR) e cupons de perda de massa (CPM), tendo sido constru?das curvas de efici?ncia versus concentra??o de OCS (variando de 0 a 75 ppm). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que este tensoativo apresenta a seguinte ordem de efici?ncia de inibi??o ? corros?o: para uma concentra??o de 75 ppm, 98% pelo m?todo LPR e 95% pelo m?todo CPM. O sistema microemulsionado, para uma concentra??o de 15 ppm de OCS, obteve inibi??o m?xima de 97% (LPR) e 93% (CPM). Atrav?s deste trabalho foi poss?vel otimizar o uso do tensoativo OCS, que em trabalhos anteriores mostrou efic?cia m?xima inferior a 90% (63% na sua forma livre e 77% na sua forma microemulsionada, pelo m?todo LPR, em um outro tipo de c?lula). Conclusivamente, pode-se dizer que a c?lula instrumentada adaptada (nos m?todos utilizados) provou ser uma ferramenta importante neste tipo de estudo e o OCS mostrou-se efetivo na inibi??o do metal

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease of the colon or large intestine that causes inflammation and ulceration of the inner lining of the colon and rectum. In patients with ulcerative colitis, the body’s immune system overreacts and the body mistakes food, bacteria or other internal materials in the colon for an invading substance. The immune system attacks the material, thus irritating the colon. Limited knowledge of inflammatory conditions coupled with a narrow range of therapeutic options necessitates investigating the role of natural products. This study describes the effect of natural coconut oil on chemically-induced acute and chronic disease in mice. Ulcerative colitis was induced in four groups (5 mice per group) of 10-week-old female C57BL/6 mice by exposing them to 2.5-3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 5 and 29 days in the acute and chronic models, respectively. Coconut oil treatment was given via food containing 5% coconut oil to three diseased groups in three different regimens: one, preventive group receiving treatment prior to disease induction (14 d in acute; 28 d in chronic); two, simultaneous group receiving treatment simultaneous to disease induction; and three, regular treatment group receiving treatment after the disease induction –until termination of the experiment (14 d in acute; 60 d in chronic). Coconut food was replaced by the regular chow in the disease and water control groups. Clinical symptoms (diarrhea, occult blood, anal bleeding and body weight change) and the size of the isolated colon were recorded for comparison between experimental and control groups. Groups receiving coconut food displayed remissions in clinical markers of the disease. Improvements in clinical symptoms, histopathology, as well as cytokine activities were observed in both models, but the effects were more significant on the basis of standard error in the chronic model.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-08T19:05:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANO PESSOA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1372058 bytes, checksum: e953b936619e36c851136deb1ffc76af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T19:05:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANO PESSOA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1372058 bytes, checksum: e953b936619e36c851136deb1ffc76af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08 / Realizou-se esta pesquisa com o objetivo de produzir palitos de inhame fritos em óleos de coco e de soja, estabelecendo parâmetros comparativos de qualidade nutricional e sensorial. Para obtenção do óleo de coco, foi realizada uma prensagem a frio, após estudo de secagem das tiras de coco em estufa a 60 e 70°C, que foram ajustadas as equações matemáticas de Cavalcanti Mata, Handerson & Pabis, Page, Verma e modelo difusional de Fick 4 termos. A caracterização dos óleos utilizados, avaliados antes e após as frituras quanto ao teor de água, índices de acidez, peróxido, refração, iodo, saponificação e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). Os palitos de inhame foram pré tratados em soluçõ es osmóticas salinas, contendo 5, 10 e 15% de sal (NaCl), onde realizou-se a cinética de desidratação osmotica, que pode-se calcular as perdas de massa e ganho de sólidos das amostras, em seguida foram fritos em óleo de coco e de soja, nas temperaturas de 150, 170 e 190°C, em que foram avaliados as características químicas e físico-químicas dos palitos de inhame In natura, após DO e frituras, quanto aos parâmetros: acidez, pH, atividade de água, teor de água, lipídeos, teor de sódio, teor de amido, absorção de gordura, remoção de água, razão de absorção de gordura. Para a cor (L, a e b) e textura instrumental os parâmetros: firmeza, coesividade, elasticidade e mastigabilidade . Para verificar a aceitação do produto, as amostras foram fritas a 190°C em seguida submetidas a análise sensorial. Concluiu-se que: A equação matemática de secagem proposta Cavalcanti Mata é, dentre aqueles testados, o que apresenta melhor ajuste sendo o selecionado para a representação da cinética dos palitos de coco; As características de identidades do óleo de soja analisado, apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões exigidos para os índices de acidez, peróxido, iodo, refração e saponificação; As caraterísticas de identidade do óleo de coco, apresentou-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos para os índices de acidez, peróxido e refração; O DSC permitiu verificar o seu desempenho térmico de oxidação com evento exotérmico em pico a 238,3 e 237,8°C, para o óleo de coco e de soja respectivamente; O índice de peróxido dos óleos utilizados nas frituras de 150°C ocorre um aumento do índice avaliado, com o aumento do número de frituras, o óleo de soja apresenta valores superiores a 8,494 (meq/1000 de óleo) quanto aos observados no óleo de coco valores menores que 4,244 (meq/1000 de óleo), que o torna indesejado para o consumo, quando se compara a legislação brasileira; O aumento da concentração de sal nas soluções favoreceu para uma maior perda de peso e ganho de sólidos dos palitos de inhame; Para a razão de absorção de gordura (RAG) amostras fritas com óleo de coco apresentaram menores valores de RAG. O aumento das temperaturas de fritura das amostras, tenderam apresentar menores valores de RAG; A textura instrumental dos palitos de inhame fritos, obtiveram influencias direta do tratamentos osmóticos, óleo e temperatura utilizados na fritura; Com base no perfil de atitude dos consumidores, pode-se concluir que as amostras que apresentaram maior aceitação foram: os palitos de inhame fritos em óleo de coco pré tratados com desidrat ação osmótica a 15% de solução salina, para os palitos de inhame fritos em óleo de soja, foram as amostras tratadas com desidratação osmótica a 10 e 15% de solução salina. Considerando os resultados obtidos na pesquisa para a produção de palitos de inhame frito, conclui-se que a união de matérias primas permitiu originar um produto com quam lidade sensorial e acessibilidade para o mercado consumidor. / Carried out this search in order to produce fried yams sticks coconut and soy oils, establishing comparative parameters of nutritional and sensory quality. To obtain coconut oil a cold pressing was performed after drying study of coconut strips in a greenhouse at 60 to 70 ° C, which were adjusted mathematical equations Cavalcanti Woods, Handerson & Pabis, Page Verma and model diffusive Fick 4 terms. The characterization of the oils used, evaluated before and after frying as the water content, acidity index, peroxide, refraction, iodine, saponification and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Yam sticks were pretreated with saline osmotic solutions containing 5, 10 and 15% salt (NaCl), which was he ld osmotic dehydration kinetics, which can calculate the mass loss and solid gain of sample then they were fried in coconut oil and soybean oil at temperatures of 150, 170 and 190°C, which evaluated the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of yam sticks in natura after DO and fried foods, as the parameters : acidity, pH, water activity, water content, lipids, sodium content, starch content, fat absorption, water removal rate of fat absorption. For color (L, a and b) and instrumental texture parameters: firmness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness. To verify acceptance of the product, samples were fried at 190°C and then subjected to sensory analysis. It was concluded that: The mathematical equation drying proposal Cavalcanti Mata is among thos e tested, which fits better being selected to represent the kinetics of coconut sticks; The characteristics of soybean oil identities analyzed were within the standards required for the acid values, peroxide, iodine, refraction and saponification The ident ity characteristics of coconut oil, was within the standards established for the acidity index, peroxide and refraction; The DSC has shown this thermal oxidation performance with peak exothermic event at 238.3 and 237.8 ° C for coconut oil and soybean oil, respectively; The peroxide value of the oils used in the frying of 150 ° C an increase of the estimated index, with increase of fried foods, soybean oil exhibited superior values 8.494 (meq / 1000 oil) as those observed in the oil coconut values less than 4,244 (mEq / 1000 oil) which makes it undesirable for consumption, when comparing the Brazilian legislation; Increasing the salt concentration in the solution favored for greater weight loss and gain the yams solid sticks; For the reason of fat absorption (RAG) chips with coconut oil samples showed lower values RAG. The increase in frying temperatures of the samples tended RAG have lower values; The instrumental texture of fried yam sticks, obtained direct influence of osmotic treatments, oil and temperature used for frying; Based on consumer attitude profile, it can be concluded that the samples had higher acceptance were fried yams sticks pre coconut oil treated with osmotic dehydration at 15% saline to fried yams sticks in soybean oil samples were treated with osmotic dehydration at 10 and 15% saline. Considering the results obtained in the research for the production of fried yam sticks, concluded that the union of raw materials allowed yield a product with sensory quality and affordability for the consumer market.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T14:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEYZI SANTOS GOUVEIA - TESE PPGEP 2013..pdf: 23818629 bytes, checksum: 1446eed173142071f0a7597927cef5f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T14:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DEYZI SANTOS GOUVEIA - TESE PPGEP 2013..pdf: 23818629 bytes, checksum: 1446eed173142071f0a7597927cef5f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Capes / Realizou-se esta pesquisa com o objetivo de analisar a composição lipídica do óleo de coco catolé (Syagrus oleracea Mart.) quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos, identidade do óleo e possíveis variações decorrentes da degradação térmica. Para este fim também foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: caracterização físico-química da amêndoa; secagem nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70°C e levantamento da cinética nessas temperaturas, aplicando-se os modelos de Page, Henderson & Pabis, Lewis, Wang & Singh e Midilli et al; extração do óleo da amêndoa do coco catolé in natura e procedentes dos 4 níveis de secagens; caracterização físico-química do óleo (índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, índice de refração, índice de saponificação e índice de iodo) segundo metodologia proposta pela AOCS (2009); determinação da viscosidade cinemática do óleo a 40 °C e composição em ácidos graxos láurico (C12:0), mirístico (C14:0), palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), oleico (C18:l) e linoleico (C18:2) do óleo, por cromatografia gasosa; avaliação da estabilidade térmica do óleo de coco catolé através da termogravimetria (TG); avaliação oxidativa do óleo utilizando-se o método Rancimat; avaliação do estresse térmico, segundo estudo da degradação dos componentes graxos do óleo de coco catolé devido à sua permanência durante 5 minutos, nas temperaturas de 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180°C, respectivamente, concluiu-se que: O teor lipídico, proteico e de carboidratos do coco catolé fornece cerca de 30,23% das necessidades calóricas de uma dieta de 2.000 Kcal de um indivíduo adulto; dentre os modelos testados o de Midilli et al. apresentou os maiores valores de R2 e os menores valores de DQM, para todas as temperaturas ajustando-se melhor aos dados observados; o óleo apresenta baixa possibilidade de deterioração oxidativa e boa estabilidade térmica com início de degradação em 203,1 °C; pela análise das curvas TG/DTG constatou-se a existência de duas etapas de decomposição térmica nos intervalos de 203,1 a 469,9 °C e 469,9 a 586,1 °C, com respectivas perdas de massa de 95,9 e 4,1 %; não houve variações relevantes com o aumento da temperatura no percentual do perfil de ácidos graxos do constituinte C 12:0 (ácido láurico), presente em maior quantidade no óleo. / This research was conducted with the objective of analyzing the lipid composition of catole coconut oil (Syagrus oleracea Mart.) with regard to the fatty acid profile, oil identity and possible variations resulting from thermal degradation. For this purpose the following procedures were performed: chemical and physico-chemical characterization of almond; drying (pre-extraction) at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C; drying kinetics in these temperatures, applying Page, Henderson & Pabis, Lewis, Wang & Singh e Midilli et al. models; extraction of catole coconut oil of fresh almond and coming from 4 levels of drying; physicochemical characterization of oil (water content, acid value, peroxide value, refractive index, saponification number, iodine number and density), according to the methodology proposed by AOCS (2009) and, finally, fatty acid of oil composition (lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:l) and linoleic (CI 8:2)) by gas chromatography; evaluating the thermal stability of the catole coconut oil using thermogravimetry (TG); Review of oxidative oil using the Rancimat method; kinematic viscosity determination of oil at 40 °C; evaluation of thermal stress, according to the degradation study of the fatty acids components from catole coconut oil due to the permanence of this by 5 minutes, at temperatures of 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180 °C, respectively. It was concluded: The content of lipid, protein and carbohydrate of catole coconut provides approximately 30.23% of the caloric needs of a 2,000 kcal diet for an adult; among the models tested, Midilli et al. models had the highest R2 values and lower values of DQM, for all temperatures, adjusting better to the observed data; The oil has a low possibility of oxidative deterioration and good thermal stability with degradation beginning at 203.1 °C; by analysis of the TG / DTG curves was observed the existence of two stages of thermal decomposition at intervals from 203.1 to 469.9 °C and 469.9 to 586.1 °C, with respective mass losses of 95.9 and 4,1%; there were no significant variations in percentage of the fatty acid profile of constituent C 12:0 (lauric acid), present in larger quantities in catole coconut oil, with temperature increase.

Idebenone is an antioxidant, a synthetic derivative of coenzyme Q10, with several applications, such as neuroprotection. However, this drug has low solubility in water, besides is irritant substance and has chemical instability. Hence, idebenone-loaded nano-organized systems have been developed, such as polymeric nanocapsules (NC). Vegetable oils containing antioxidants such as coconut oil and palm oil can be interesting for the composition of these particles. In this way, the aim of this work was to develop NC suspensions containing different oils as core (palm, coconut or medium chain triglycerides) for delivery of neuroprotective agent idebenone in order to compare the behavior of these systems concerning physico-chemical stability, photostability, controlled release, and conversion to redispersible solid dosage forms (lyophilized products). The nanocapsules were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. As the results, it was possible to prepare poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) NC suspensions and palm oil (PO/PCL) or Eudragit® RS100 and coconut oil (OC/EUD) containing idebenone (1.0 mg/mL) with appropriate physico-chemical characteristics. Parameters such as the proportion of aqueous phase/organic phase, type of both surfactant (low HLB) and polymer influenced the optimization of these systems. For comparison, corresponding formulations were prepared with medium chain triglycerides (TCM/PCL or TCM/EUD), using the same conditions. The suspensions had an average diameter between 166 and 216nm, low polydispersity index (0.085 to 0.142), positive or negative zeta potential, depending on the characteristics of the polymer, and high encapsulation efficiency. The maintenance of average particle diameter and low polydispersity index have be verified during stability study (room temperature and exposed or not to light) for 75 days. However, the idebenone content significantly decreased in this period, with influence on the type of polymer. Thereafter, photostability study has shown that the suspensions NC OP/PCL (UVC/UVA) and TCM/PCL (UVA) were able to significantly reduce the degradation of idebenone (content: 53,7-76,1%) compared to an aqueous micellar (content: 31,2-63,1%) dispersion containing the drug. In addition, these systems were able to promoting drug controlled release (t1/2 26 h), without burst effect, showing monoexponential profile (t1/2< 3.0 h for free drug). The lyophilization of suspensions, employing trehalose as soluble carbohydrate, resulted in suitable and redispersible products (content of 96-100%, less than 3.6% moisture; 0.8-1.2 index), presenting several spherical structures, including in colloidal range, featuring the presence of NC in these dried products. In the stability study (room temperature/protection from light and moisture), it was observed that the lyophilized products were able to delay or decrease the degradation of idebenone compared to suspensions of origin, regardless of the both type of polymer (PCL/EUD) and oil (OP/OC/TCM). In conclusion, the developed systems are promising for the controlled release of neuroprotective drug idebenone. / A idebenona é um antioxidante, derivado sintético da coenzima Q10, com várias aplicações, como em neuroproteção. No entanto, este fármaco possui baixa solubilidade em água, potencial irritativo e instabilidade química, fato que tem despertado o interesse em sua associação a sistemas nano-organizados. Dentre estes, destacam-se as nanocápsulas poliméricas (NC). Óleos vegetais, contendo compostos antioxidantes, como óleo de coco e de palma, podem ser interessantes para a composição destas partículas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver suspensões de NC contendo diferentes óleos como núcleo (palma, coco ou triglicerídeos de cadeia média), almejando à veiculação do neuroprotetor idebenona, de forma a comparar o comportamento dos sistemas quanto à estabilidade físico-química, fotoestabilidade, controle de liberação, além da conversão em formas farmacêuticas sólidas redispersíveis (liofilizados). As NC foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial de polímero pré-formado. Conforme os resultados, foi possível preparar suspensões de NC de poli(ε-caprolactona) e óleo de palma (OP/PCL) ou de Eudragit® RS100 e óleo de coco (OC/EUD), contendo idebenona (1,0 mg/mL), com características físico-químicas adequadas, sendo que fatores como proporção das fases aquosa/orgânica, tipo de tensoativo de baixo EHL e de polímero influenciaram a otimização dos sistemas. Para fins comparativos, formulações correspondentes foram preparadas com triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCM/PCL ou TCM/EUD), empregando as mesmas condições. As suspensões apresentaram diâmetros médios entre 166 e 216 nm, baixos índices de polidispersão (0,085-0,142), potencial zeta positivo ou negativo, dependendo das características do polímero e elevada eficiência de encapsulamento. Quando estas suspensões foram submetidas a estudo de estabilidade, à temperatura ambiente e expostas ou não à luz, durante 75 dias, verificou-se manutenção dos diâmetros médios de partículas e baixos índices de polidispersão. Entretanto, o teor de idebenona decaiu significativamente neste período, com influência significativa do tipo de polímero. Após, estudo de fotoestabilidade demonstrou que as suspensões de NC OP/PCL (UVC/UVA) e TCM/PCL (UVA) foram capazes de reduzir significativamente a degradação da idebenona (teor remanescente: 53,7-76,1%) em comparação a uma dispersão micelar aquosa contendo o fármaco (teor remanescente: 31,2-63,1%), além de promoverem liberação controlada da mesma (t1/2 26 h), sem efeito burst, com perfil ajustado ao modelo monoexponencial (t1/2<3,0 h para fármaco livre). A liofilização das suspensões, empregando trealose, um carboidrato solúvel, resultou em produtos adequados (teor entre 96-100 %; umidade inferior a 3,6 %), redispersíveis (índice de ressuspensão entre 0,8-1,2) e com a presença de inúmeras estruturas esféricas, inclusive na faixa coloidal, caracterizando a presença das NC nestes produtos secos. No estudo de estabilidade (temperatura ambiente/proteção da luz e da umidade), observou-se que os produtos liofilizados foram capazes de retardar ou diminuir significativamente a degradação da idebenona em comparação às suspensões de origem, independentemente do tipo de polímero (PCL/EUD) e de óleo (OP/OC/TCM). Sendo assim, os sistemas desenvolvidos são promissores para a liberação controlada do neuroprotetor idebenona.

The consumption of trans fat is strongly associated to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by its action on plasma lipids and because they act in an inflammatory processes; besides, vegetable oils are used by population to prevent these kind of disease. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of consuming a high fat diet supplemented with coconut oil, avocado oil and chia oil in inflammatory and metabolic parameters in wistar rats. After seven days in adjustment period, 35 male Wistar rats received a standard diet for 45 days (TC), hyperlipidemic diet and coconut oil (DHCO), hyperlipidemic diet and avocado oil (DHAB) and hyperlipidemic diet and chia oil (DHCH), by gavage in the amount of 0.8 mL/kg body weight. The diet consumption and serum TG levels were higher in TC. Liver weight was higher in groups DHCO and DHAB, with no statistical difference between groups (p <0.05) considering weight gain, epididymal fat weight and TC, HDL and LDL serum levels. Higher plasma concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ were found in the groups DHSF, DHCO and DHAB and lower in TC and DHCH groups. The IL-10 was higher in the group DHCH. In the morphometric analysis, the DHCH group showed increase on the cell number and reduction on their cytoplasm area. The intervention on the hyperlipidemic diet consumption with trans fatty acid allowed to observe that the lipid profile is preceded by a systemic inflammatory environment, which is modulated by the omega-3 fatty acid (α-linolenic acid), present in chia oil, which reversed this scene, but does not override the consumption of a balanced diet observed by the TC group. This proves that dietary intervention to prevent CVD must be associated to appropriate choices of lipid intake, maintaining an adequate intake of omega-3, as evidenced in this paper by the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL -6, TNF-α and IFN-γ) and IL-10 increased, which is considered anti-inflammatory. / O consumo de gordura trans é fortemente associado ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) por sua ação sobre os lipídios plasmáticos e por atuarem em processos inflamatórios, sendo que os óleos vegetais são utilizados pela população para a prevenção dessas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do consumo de dieta hiperlipídica suplementada com óleo de coco, óleo de abacate e óleo de chia nos parâmetros metabólicos e inflamatórios em ratos wistar. Após sete dias em período de adaptação, 35 ratos wistar machos receberam por 45 dias dieta padrão (TC), dieta hiperlipídica e soro fisiológico (DHSF), dieta hiperlipídica e óleo de coco (DHCO), dieta hiperlipídica e óleo de abacate (DHAB) e dieta hiperlipídica e óleo de chia (DHCH), sendo que os óleos foram ofertados por gavagem na quantidade de 0,8 mL/kg de peso corporal. O consumo da dieta e níveis séricos de TG foram maiores no TC. O peso do fígado foi maior nos grupos DHCO e DHAB, sendo que não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (p< 0,05) quanto ao ganho de peso, peso de gordura epididimal e níveis séricos de CT, HDL e LDL. Concentrações plasmáticas mais elevadas de IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ foram encontradas nos grupos DHSF, DHCO e DHAB e as menores nos grupos TC e DHCH. A IL-10 foi maior no grupo DHCH. Na análise morfométrica, o grupo DHCH apresentou aumento do número de células e redução na área do citoplasma das mesmas. A intervenção do consumo de dieta hiperlipídica com ácido graxo trans permitiu observar que a alteração do perfil lipídico é precedida de um ambiente inflamatório sistêmico, o qual é modulado pelo ácido graxo ômega 3 (α-linolênico), presente no óleo de chia, o qual reverteu este quadro, mas não sobrepõe-se ao consumo de uma dieta equilibrada observada pelo grupo TC. Isto comprova que a intervenção dietética para prevenir a ocorrência de DCV deve estar associada a escolhas adequadas da ingestão de lipídios, mantendo um aporte adequado de ácido graxo ômega-3, evidenciado no trabalho pela diminuição das citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ) e aumento da IL-10 considerada anti-inflamatória.