This thesis examines the strategic drivers and processes governing the development of products and/or technologies by multiple economic entities. The thesis adopts an operational approach in addressing the question and examines the how of joint product development. For this purpose, the different mechanisms that enable joint product development licensing, outsourced development, and codevelopment are considered, and the focus is restricted to the analysis and characterization of the optimal management of joint product development mechanisms. Regarding the mechanism of licensing, the thesis examines both its dynamic inter-temporal implications (i.e., how licenses should be structured given that licensing will also occur in the future) as well as the role of the technology in question (i.e., how are licenses affected by the type of technology being licensed). Along the first dimension, the thesis finds that license fees (and the negotiation with potential licensees) may be structured so as to induce a controlled diffusion depending on the technology roadmap the provider firm has laid out for the future. On the second dimension, the study finds that when the technological solution being licensed requires minimal integration from the licensees side, it may be beneficial to restrict attention to a few potential licensees instead of licensing to the entire market. On the codevelopment side, the thesis presents an original case study that uncovers some of the salient features present in many joint development efforts. Subsequently, a mathematical model is proposed that captures the key dimensions of the phenomenon that were identified through the case study. Analysis of the normative model reveals the key role of market and development uncertainty in structuring the formal contractual agreements and sharing the value created through the codevelopment effort.

A inovação é um fator crítico para o sucesso das empresas. A indústria farmacêutica é historicamente movida pela inovação. Entretanto, neste ramo, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos envolve custos elevados e um longo ciclo de desenvolvimento de produto acarretando em um alto risco de negócio. Recentemente, a estratégia de inovação aberta (open innovation) surgiu com alternativa às empresas para inovação sugerindo que as empresas mantenham-se abertas a idéias internas e externas, tornando o processo de inovação mais ágil, econômico e seguro, uma vez que ele passa a ser compartilhado com outras partes. Porém, embora este novo paradigma se aplique ao ramo farmacêutico, há poucas pesquisas até o momento que estudem diretamente a estratégia de inovação aberta à indústria farmacêutica. Desta forma, este trabalho busca estudar de forma exploratória a prática da estratégia de inovação aberta por indústrias farmacêuticas brasileiras e compreender: os motivos que levaram as empresas nacionais a adotarem este modelo, como esta prática está estruturada dentro destas indústrias e de que maneira elas trabalham com seus parceiros de inovação. A pesquisa comprovou que as indústrias farmacêuticas estão utilizando a inovação aberta como estratégia de inovação. Entretanto, o modelo de inovação aplicado possui adaptações, em razões de questões culturais e maturidade da empresa, de forma que o fluxo de idéias criativas ocorre somente na direção do ambiente externo para o interno da empresa. Entre os problemas relacionados à inovação aberta no Brasil, optou-se por investigar as relações entre os envolvidos como forma de encontrar oportunidades de melhoria para o modelo brasileiro que ainda se baseia muito na relação empresa-universidade. Dentre as empresas estudadas no estudo de caso indicou serem os principais stakeholder as universidades e institutos de pesquisa públicos e que estas parceiras se consolidam preferencialmente através de convênios de pesquisa. / In a highly competitive environment, innovation is a critical factor to the success and maintenance of any company. The pharmaceutical industry is historically moved by innovation in products. However, in the pharmaceutical business, the development of new products demands huge investments and a long development cycle which consequently increase the risk of the business associated to uncertainty. Recently, the open innovation strategy emerged as an alternative to companies to innovate and develop new products. This new paradigm suggests that companies must be opened to ideas from the internal and external environments and to perform co-development projects with the purpose of developing products faster, cheaper and in a less risky way. Although this new paradigm is adequate to the pharmaceutical segment, there are few researches that discuss the open innovation strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, this research has the purpose to study the practice of open innovation strategy by Brazilian pharmaceutical companies and to access: the reasons that motivate the national companies to adopt this model, how this practice is structured inside the companies and how they work with their innovation partners. From this investigation it was possible to verify that the pharmaceutical industries in Brazil use open innovation as a strategy of innovation. However, the open innovation model characteristics in Brazil consider adaptations from the original model suggested by Chesbrough. For cultural and the companies’ business maturity level, it was noticed that the influx of creative ideas is mainly from the outside towards inside company. Additionally, it was investigated the relationship among the co-development stakeholders, as an opportunity to find improvements to the Brazilian open innovation model. The case study findings indicate that the most relevant partnership type is the consortium with the universities and research institutes.

A inovação é um fator crítico para o sucesso das empresas. A indústria farmacêutica é historicamente movida pela inovação. Entretanto, neste ramo, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos envolve custos elevados e um longo ciclo de desenvolvimento de produto acarretando em um alto risco de negócio. Recentemente, a estratégia de inovação aberta (open innovation) surgiu com alternativa às empresas para inovação sugerindo que as empresas mantenham-se abertas a idéias internas e externas, tornando o processo de inovação mais ágil, econômico e seguro, uma vez que ele passa a ser compartilhado com outras partes. Porém, embora este novo paradigma se aplique ao ramo farmacêutico, há poucas pesquisas até o momento que estudem diretamente a estratégia de inovação aberta à indústria farmacêutica. Desta forma, este trabalho busca estudar de forma exploratória a prática da estratégia de inovação aberta por indústrias farmacêuticas brasileiras e compreender: os motivos que levaram as empresas nacionais a adotarem este modelo, como esta prática está estruturada dentro destas indústrias e de que maneira elas trabalham com seus parceiros de inovação. A pesquisa comprovou que as indústrias farmacêuticas estão utilizando a inovação aberta como estratégia de inovação. Entretanto, o modelo de inovação aplicado possui adaptações, em razões de questões culturais e maturidade da empresa, de forma que o fluxo de idéias criativas ocorre somente na direção do ambiente externo para o interno da empresa. Entre os problemas relacionados à inovação aberta no Brasil, optou-se por investigar as relações entre os envolvidos como forma de encontrar oportunidades de melhoria para o modelo brasileiro que ainda se baseia muito na relação empresa-universidade. Dentre as empresas estudadas no estudo de caso indicou serem os principais stakeholder as universidades e institutos de pesquisa públicos e que estas parceiras se consolidam preferencialmente através de convênios de pesquisa. / In a highly competitive environment, innovation is a critical factor to the success and maintenance of any company. The pharmaceutical industry is historically moved by innovation in products. However, in the pharmaceutical business, the development of new products demands huge investments and a long development cycle which consequently increase the risk of the business associated to uncertainty. Recently, the open innovation strategy emerged as an alternative to companies to innovate and develop new products. This new paradigm suggests that companies must be opened to ideas from the internal and external environments and to perform co-development projects with the purpose of developing products faster, cheaper and in a less risky way. Although this new paradigm is adequate to the pharmaceutical segment, there are few researches that discuss the open innovation strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, this research has the purpose to study the practice of open innovation strategy by Brazilian pharmaceutical companies and to access: the reasons that motivate the national companies to adopt this model, how this practice is structured inside the companies and how they work with their innovation partners. From this investigation it was possible to verify that the pharmaceutical industries in Brazil use open innovation as a strategy of innovation. However, the open innovation model characteristics in Brazil consider adaptations from the original model suggested by Chesbrough. For cultural and the companies’ business maturity level, it was noticed that the influx of creative ideas is mainly from the outside towards inside company. Additionally, it was investigated the relationship among the co-development stakeholders, as an opportunity to find improvements to the Brazilian open innovation model. The case study findings indicate that the most relevant partnership type is the consortium with the universities and research institutes.

A inovação é um fator crítico para o sucesso das empresas. A indústria farmacêutica é historicamente movida pela inovação. Entretanto, neste ramo, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos envolve custos elevados e um longo ciclo de desenvolvimento de produto acarretando em um alto risco de negócio. Recentemente, a estratégia de inovação aberta (open innovation) surgiu com alternativa às empresas para inovação sugerindo que as empresas mantenham-se abertas a idéias internas e externas, tornando o processo de inovação mais ágil, econômico e seguro, uma vez que ele passa a ser compartilhado com outras partes. Porém, embora este novo paradigma se aplique ao ramo farmacêutico, há poucas pesquisas até o momento que estudem diretamente a estratégia de inovação aberta à indústria farmacêutica. Desta forma, este trabalho busca estudar de forma exploratória a prática da estratégia de inovação aberta por indústrias farmacêuticas brasileiras e compreender: os motivos que levaram as empresas nacionais a adotarem este modelo, como esta prática está estruturada dentro destas indústrias e de que maneira elas trabalham com seus parceiros de inovação. A pesquisa comprovou que as indústrias farmacêuticas estão utilizando a inovação aberta como estratégia de inovação. Entretanto, o modelo de inovação aplicado possui adaptações, em razões de questões culturais e maturidade da empresa, de forma que o fluxo de idéias criativas ocorre somente na direção do ambiente externo para o interno da empresa. Entre os problemas relacionados à inovação aberta no Brasil, optou-se por investigar as relações entre os envolvidos como forma de encontrar oportunidades de melhoria para o modelo brasileiro que ainda se baseia muito na relação empresa-universidade. Dentre as empresas estudadas no estudo de caso indicou serem os principais stakeholder as universidades e institutos de pesquisa públicos e que estas parceiras se consolidam preferencialmente através de convênios de pesquisa. / In a highly competitive environment, innovation is a critical factor to the success and maintenance of any company. The pharmaceutical industry is historically moved by innovation in products. However, in the pharmaceutical business, the development of new products demands huge investments and a long development cycle which consequently increase the risk of the business associated to uncertainty. Recently, the open innovation strategy emerged as an alternative to companies to innovate and develop new products. This new paradigm suggests that companies must be opened to ideas from the internal and external environments and to perform co-development projects with the purpose of developing products faster, cheaper and in a less risky way. Although this new paradigm is adequate to the pharmaceutical segment, there are few researches that discuss the open innovation strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, this research has the purpose to study the practice of open innovation strategy by Brazilian pharmaceutical companies and to access: the reasons that motivate the national companies to adopt this model, how this practice is structured inside the companies and how they work with their innovation partners. From this investigation it was possible to verify that the pharmaceutical industries in Brazil use open innovation as a strategy of innovation. However, the open innovation model characteristics in Brazil consider adaptations from the original model suggested by Chesbrough. For cultural and the companies’ business maturity level, it was noticed that the influx of creative ideas is mainly from the outside towards inside company. Additionally, it was investigated the relationship among the co-development stakeholders, as an opportunity to find improvements to the Brazilian open innovation model. The case study findings indicate that the most relevant partnership type is the consortium with the universities and research institutes.

Partant des interrogations légitimes soulevées par l'émergence d'un concept novateur, ce travail de recherche entend analyser plusieurs variables révélatrices d'un Etat en action. Ainsi, penser l'action publique internationale du co-développement sous le prisme des trajectoires franco-malienne et franco-sénégalaise, implique de relever ce qui en constitue son essence (mise en sens) et ses conditions d'existence (mise en action). Il en résulte que cette Policy comme processus a des conséquences intellectuelles et pratiques majeures qui induisent un autre modèle d'action publique. Cet objet de recherche, se pose en s'opposant aux trajectoires habituelles du développement et de la migration et permet de saisir le codéveloppement, non comme une vue de l'esprit réductible à une rhétorique instrumentale qui émerge lors des échéances électorales, mais comme le produit d'acteurs et d'institutions spécifiques sur le double espace France-Afrique (sahélienne). Cette analyse interroge l'imbrication d'acteurs multiples aux registres différents (local, régional, national, transnational, supranational, international, décentralisé, public et privé) qui participent au processus décisionnel et à la mise en œuvre du codéveloppement. Il nous reviendra ainsi d'analyser tour à tour la construction du codéveloppement comme action publique impliquant les questions migratoires et la gouvernementalité dynamique de cette nouvelle rationalité politique constituée d'acteurs multi-niveaux et asymétriques. / On the basis of the legitimate interrogations raised by the emergence of an innovative concept, this research intends to analyze several revealing variables of a State in action. In this study, we aim at re-thinking international policy-making, with references to "co-development" under the prism of the French-Malian and French Senegalese trajectories. The study seeks to explore "co-development" by looking into its essence (meaning setting) and its conditions of existence (action setting). The findings of this study show that this policy as a process has major intellectuel and practical challenges; therby displaying "co-development", not as an instrumental rhetoric, but as a product of specific institutions on the France-Africa (Sahel) "double space". This analysis examines the interaction of several actors at different levels (local, regional, national, transnational, supranational, international) and public and private sectors which jointly participate in the decision-making process and in the implementation of co-development policy. Specifically, we analyze the construction process of the concept of "co-development" as an international public policy, and the dynamic governmentality of this new political rationality made up of multilevel factors.

La présente thèse aborde la question de la migration de retour sous l’angle peu commun du transfert de connaissances, au travers de la création d’entreprise, susceptible d’être novatrice, dans l’hypothèse où l’expatriation du migrant qualifié, aux fins de formation supérieure dans un pays comparativement plus développé, peut être l’occasion pour celui-ci de maîtriser un savoir ou un savoir-faire profitable à la mise en place d’affaires à plus forte valeur ajoutée dans son pays d’origine. De plus, notre travail ambitionne de pouvoir au final renseigner sur des approches opportunes pour la mobilisation des compétences diasporiques, –en faveur d’investissements servant par exemple les plans d’émergence industrielle de ce pays d’origine qu’est le Maroc– au travers de recommandations basées sur notre revue de la littérature théorique et empirique, appuyée par une étude de terrain originale et une analyse formalisée de ses résultats, suivant une démarche hypothético-déductive prédictive. Ceci, en vue de contribuer à faire face à cette rareté des études qui, comme la nôtre, font appel aux variables qualitatives (ouvertes) plus riches –pour une compréhension en profondeur du sujet– mais aussi plus complexes à traiter et à interpréter que celles se limitant aux variables quantitatives. Il s’agit ainsi, d’étudier une tranche de la diaspora marocaine de France et son degré de contribution au développement socio-économique du Maroc, de par son potentiel entrepreneurial souvent synonyme d’une plus grande valeur ajoutée à ce pays en développement, grâce aux qualités propres à cette tranche. La problématique a, en effet, pour population cible : les diplômés et étudiants originaires du Maroc qui préparent ou qui ont fait des études supérieures et/ou disposent d’une qualification professionnelle acquise en France, et dont l’éventuel projet de retour serait associé ou pas à une création d’entreprise. L'objectif recherché est donc l'étude du retour, lié à la probable intention d’entreprendre, et delà celle des variables explicatives pouvant affecter cette décision et/ou ce choix positivement ou négativement, en en repérant les incitations et les freins par l’examen d’un échantillon représentatif qui nous permettra de faire ressortir les motivations et contraintes mais aussi les opportunités qui se présentent à un candidat au retour au pays et qui serait éventuellement porteur d’un projet de création d’entreprise innovante ou non au Maroc. / This thesis addresses the issue of return migration, in the unusual terms of knowledge transfer through business creation, which may have the potential to drive innovation from the host to the home country, in the event that the expatriation of skilled migrant, for the purpose of achieving higher qualification in a comparatively more developed country, may be an opportunity for this migrant to master knowledge or know-how beneficial to value added businesses development in its country of origin. Our work also aims to provide guidance on formulating appropriate approach for mobilizing diaspora entrepreneurship to promote economic growth and development (that could, for example, be in harmony with the Moroccan national plan for industrial emergence) through recommendations, based on critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature, supported by an original field study and its formal analysis results, using an hypothetico-deductive approach, associated with econometric modeling for predictive purposes by simulations. In an attempt to contribute to fill the lack of studies, like ours, that take the challenge of making use of (open-ended) qualitative variables richer –for a deeper understanding of the subject– but also more complex to treat and interpret than quantitative variables. So, we study a portion of the Moroccan diaspora of France and its degree of contribution to the socio-economic development of Morocco, through its entrepreneurial potential, that may be synonymous with greater added value in this “developing” country thanks to the unique qualities of this portion. The problem statement, or thesis, has indeed as target population: graduates & students originating from Morocco who prepare or have completed graduate studies and /or have a professional qualification acquired in France, and whose return project may or may not be associated with starting a business in Morocco. The aim is the study of return linked to the probable intention to undertake a business project, and therefore the examination of explanatory variables that could affect, positively or negatively, this decision and/or choice, by identifying its incentives and brakes through the analysis of a representative sample that will allow us to highlight motivations and constraints, but also the opportunities that present themselves to a candidate for return who is possibly bearer or not of an innovative business creation project in Morocco.