Bakgrund: Lagen om psykiatrisk tvångsvård är en kompletterande föreskrift till hälso- och sjukvårdslagen samt patientlagen, och utgör ett undantag från autonomiprincipen. Riktlinjer och forskning beskriver att vården ska bygga på tillit och relationer där patienten ska vara delaktig så mycket som möjligt för att främja återhämtning. Sjuksköterskor beskriver ett etiskt konfliktproblem i det dubbla uppdraget att ge säker vård som ser till patientens rättigheter och autonomi, samtidigt som tvång innebär att utöva kontroll och motverkar terapeutiska relationer byggda på tillit. Syfte: Att belysa patienters upplevelser av psykiatrisk tvångsvård. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserat på tio kvalitativa studier från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl Complete. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre teman: 1) Att förstå – vikten av information. 2) Att bli sedd och hörd – som människa, inte sjukdom. 3) Delaktighet – för att bevara autonomi. Att inte få information, inte bli sedd och hörd samt inte vara delaktig medförde en känsla av maktlöshet bland patienterna. Sammanfattning: Resultatet i denna litteraturöversikt visade att de flesta av patienterna hade övervägande negativa upplevelser av tvångsvård även om den många gånger sågs som nödvändig. Det framkom att patienterna inte fått tillräcklig information för att få en förståelse för sin situation och de saknade möjlighet att få bli delaktiga i sin vård. Patienterna uttryckte också att de inte blev sedda och hörda av personalen. Information och bra relationer med personalen skapade en känsla av delaktighet hos patienterna och tvångsvården upplevdes då som bidragande till återhämtning. / Background: The Act on Involuntary Psychiatric Care is a supplementary regulation to the Health and Medical Care Act and the Patient Act, and constitutes an exception to the principle of autonomy. Guidelines and research describe that care should be based on trust and relationships where the patient should be involved as much as possible to promote recovery. Nurses describe an ethical conflict problem in the dual mission of providing safe care that promotes the patient’s rights and autonomy, while coercion means exercising control and counteracts therapeutic relationships built on trust. Aim: To luminate patients experiences of psychiatric involuntary treatment. Method: Literature review based on ten qualitative studies from the databases PubMed and Cinahl Complete. Results: Three themes emerged in the results: 1) Understanding – the importance of information. 2) To be seen and heard – as a human being, not illness. 3) Participation – to preserve autonomy. Not receiving information, not being seen and heard and not being involved led to a feeling of powerlessness among the patients. Summary: The results of this literature review showed that most of the patients had predominantly negative experiences of involuntary treatment, even though it was often seen as necessary. It emerged that the patients did not receive sufficient information to gain an understanding of their situation and they lacked opportunities to participate in their care. The patients also expressed that they were not seen and heard by the staff. Information and good relationships with the staff created a feeling of participation among the patients, and involuntary treatment was then experienced as contributing to recovery.

Through several wars, Israel has proven itself capable of standing up against superior foes, and the Israeli Air Force has always played a significant role in these successes. During the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli forces faced a new threat in the form of superior anti-aircraft weaponry when Egypt and Syria launched an attack on October 6, 1973. The Israeli Air Force was forced to stray from its established doctrine, yet they still managed to once again achieve victory. The purpose of this case study was to gain an understanding of the factors that contributed to Israel achieving victory during the Yom Kippur War and how a small state can defeat a superior foe. The actions of the Israeli Air Force during the Yom Kippur War were analyzed through the theoretical perspectives of John A. Warden and Robert A. Pape. The analysis shows that neither theory can provide a clear-cut answer to why Israel ended up victorious, but several aspects of them are prominent enough to help explain how Israel managed to get into an advantageous situation. A more extensive study that looks into factors such as the combined effort of the Israeli Air Force and the Israeli Army would be required to reach a more definitive conclusion.