Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-143). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This study explored the role and effectiveness of a credit guarantee scheme targeting coffee farmers’ cooperatives in Ethiopia. The study, among other things, aims at exploring how provision of a credit guarantee influences supply of institutional credit to coffee farmers’ cooperatives as well as examines cooperatives guaranteed loan utilisation, the resultant changes/impacts and intervening factors. Credit guarantee schemes largely trace their roots in the liberal and neoliberal economic and social contexts. One of the key issues the current study tried to address is examining how a credit guarantee scheme operates in a partially liberal capitalist context where there is pervasive state intervention in the key sectors of the economy, including financial and coffee sectors. The study was conducted in eight zones of the two major coffee producing regions of Ethiopia – Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ regions. A mixed method with structured questionnaires (at two stages), key informant interviews, focus group discussions and extensive observation were used to collect data from primary cooperatives, financial institutions, coffee extension and cooperative experts. Qualitative analytical methods, descriptive statistics and econometric model were used in analysing the data. The study reveals that most primary cooperatives have weak institutional, business and financial capacities, and limited access to institutional services including credit. The findings show that cooperatives generally have limited role in the coffee production end, but they play an important role in its marketing. The study suggests that coffee or multipurpose cooperatives are not ideally suitable to serve as intermediaries for bank loans. The study reveals that the vast majority of the study cooperatives have potential demand for loans, but revealed low actual demand. Different sets of internal (demand side) and external factors influence cooperatives’ potential and actual demand for loan in different ways. The assessment of the guarantee scheme under analysis shows that though most of its design and operational features are in line with international practices, there are some obvious limitations. Low risk coverage level, limitation in the total volume of the guarantee fund, lack of capital enhancement mechanism for the lending banks, short life span of the scheme, lack of flexibility and adaptation and reliance on a single lending bank are among the notable limitations. In terms of utilisation of the guarantee fund and outreach of the lending activity, the scheme attained limited achievements with a low leverage ratio. However, substantial financial additionality was attained among the borrower cooperatives, but the intervention had little impacts in improving the terms and conditions of loans. The positive effects on the economic/business activities of beneficiary cooperatives include acquisition of processing facilities, increase in member size, increased volume of coffee processed and dry cherry traded and improvement in the income generated from such business activities. However, the scheme had limited effects on cooperatives’ human resources and type of management. A number of internal and external factors appear to influence effectiveness of a credit guarantee targeting farmers’ cooperatives. Several recommendations were made. First, there is a need to integrate attractive features into the scheme that can be periodically revised and adapted. These may include raising the risk coverage level especially at the initial stage, including liquidity boosting mechanism, lowering guarantee fee level, devising longer-term arrangement, integrating strong capacity building and technical support and other incentive packages. Second, the lending banks need to develop suitable loan products, revisit and improve their lending terms, requirements and approaches. Third, if they are to effectively demand for and make proper use of such guaranteed loans, cooperatives need to be supported so as to enhance their organisational, business and technical capacities. Fourth, there is a need for the government to further strengthen provision of a more supportive and enabling legal and institutional environments and relax some of the regulatory frameworks so as to facilitate the lending-borrowing activities. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 6.pdf: 4852173 bytes, checksum: 19cbfbd7f548bbdf6310128987f5769d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / O presente trabalho analisa as decorrências sociais, políticas e institucionais da broca do café (coffee berry borer), praga que atacou os cafeeiros paulistas e levou à constituição de uma comissão científica para combatê-la. Noticiada pela imprensa paulista em 1924, a broca levou à convocação de Arthur Neiva e Costa Lima para identificação do parasita, no qual confirmaram tratar-se da mesma praga que devastara a cafeicultura nas colônias holandesas do sudeste asiático. Um debate tomou lugar na imprensa sobre a responsabilidade pela introdução do inseto originário da África, culpa que recaiu sobre o Instituto Agronômico de Campinas e seu diretor, Arthaud Berthet. A gravidade e ameaça representadas pela praga fizeram com que o governo paulista nomeasse a Comissão de Estudo e Debelação da Praga Cafeeira, que conduziria a campanha contra a broca. Esta incluiu a determinação de medidas que incidiram sobre a dinâmica da produção cafeeira e a implementação de vigoroso aparato de fiscalização aliado à ampla campanha de divulgação científica. Por meio da divulgação, a Comissão procurou atingir todos os segmentos da economia cafeeira, desde os latifundiários aos pequenos sitiantes analfabetos. Face ao alargamento das atribuições da Comissão e persistência da praga, o governo paulista criou, em 1927, o Instituto Biológico de Defesa Agrícola e Animal, centro de pesquisas voltado à defesa sanitária da agropecuária paulista. O recrudescimento da broca no ano seguinte fez com que a instituição recém fundada adotasse como método de combate o controle biológico. Em 1929 foi enviada uma missão à Uganda para importar os inimigos naturais do inseto, ano marcante pela crise que abalou a economia cafeeira. Através desse estudo observamos a importância da broca do café como episódio da história das ciências e da economia, ao suscitar a utilização de meios inovadores na divulgação científica, ocasionar a fundação de uma instituição científica e implantar método pioneiro no controle de pragas agrícolas.

Companies including their stakeholders, investors and nongovernmental organizations have an increasing interest regarding the information about the impact of their products in terms of who, how and where the products were produced (Kashmanian, 2017). A qualitative field study including interviews and observations was conducted in order to carry out the comparison of Supply Chain Transparency (SCT) between certified and conventional businesses. In fact, it argued that these two type of businesses differ greatly from each other when it comes to the safety and quality of the product (Manning & Baines, 2004), price premiums (Lakhal et al., 2008; Jena et al., 2012), increased environmental (Ibanez & Blackman, 2016; Burivalova et al., 2016) as well as social benefits (Milder et al., 2015; Stranieri, Cavaliere & Banterle, 2017). The comparison of certified and conventional businesses was carried out as a case study in the coffee industry in Colombia, where it is common to have both these type of businesses. Empirical data of three certified businesses was compared to five conventional ones, which is supported by additional interviews. This field study belongs to Minor Field Studies and is supported by a scholarship from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Conceptual framework was created for this thesis and it provides new theoretical insights by presenting SCT variables used for conducting a comparison between certified and conventional businesses. The findings of the study suggest that SCT does not exist in the supply chains in the coffee industry in Colombia and by utilizing the conceptual model for analysing the empirical data, this thesis contributes to the academic literature by creating a generally applicable conceptual model of SCT variables, and shows the interrelation between traceability and visibility in supply chains.

Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T00:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gloria_MariaBeatrizdeAbreu_M.pdf: 7775276 bytes, checksum: d5a76e445af39ce61ca60f1663287d67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1982 / Resumo: A concentração de extrato de café por osmose inversa foi estudada a nlvel de laboratório, visando um melhor conhecimento do comportamentoe da qualidade do extrato de café assim concentrado. Extrato de café, fornecido por indústria de café solúvel a 200Brix, foi utilizado neste processo. Foram estudados os efeitos de pré-tratamento aplicado na matéria prima anterior ao processo de concentração quando se constatou ser de grande importância a filtração do extrato. Ensaios de concentraçãoforam efetuados em regime de recirculação variando-se: tipo de membrana (acetato de celulose e polieteramida), pressão e temperatura de operação. Taxas de concentração e permeação, foram analisadas em cada um dos experimentos realizados. Após cada operação, foram feitos testes de limpeza e higienização da membrana, verificando a eficiência de agente de limpeza e higienização quimicos. Os concentrados e permeados resultantes de cada experimento, com as variáveis acima estabelecidas,foram analisados quanto a Brix, pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis e sólidos totais, cinzas, ferro, potássio, magnésio, cálcio, sódio, cafeína, açúcares totais, viscosidade, cromatografia em fase gasosa dos aromas no espaço livre do recipiente com o extrato de café. O produto final foi submetido a avaliação sensorial com referência a sabor e preferência. A membrana de polieterarnida foi considerada melhor que a de acetato de celulose por possibilitar maior:remoção de água, rejeição de sólidos solúveis, resistência mecânica, pode ser usada numa faixa menos ampla de pH e temperatura o que permite melhores condições de sanificação. O extrato foi concentrado até 420Brix (pela membrana de polieteramida e suas qualidades sensoriais foram significativamentemenos danificadasquando comparado com extrato original. As condições ideais de operação foram consideradas: 56,25 kg/cm e temperatura de 12 C. Com o uso da osmose inversa, o uso de derivados de petróleo seria reduzido na indústria de café solúvel e energia elétrica seria então usada. Isto traz a boa chance da osmose inversa ser também um processo alternativo mais econômico, desde que não há mudança de fase da água. A agua é removida em seu estado liquido, o que exige menor gasto em calorias / Abstract: The eoneentration of eoffee extract hy reverse osmosis was studied in laboratory seale with the nurnose obtaininq better knowledge of its behavlor and quality. The Coffee extraet ( 209 Brix ), provioed by an Instant Coffee Industry, was used. The effeets of pre-treatrnents applied to the raw material prior to the eoneentration process were studied and filtration was observed to play an important role in the processo Coneentration assays were done by reeirculation systems where type of rnernbrane (cellulose acetate and polyeter arnioe- TFC) , pressure and ternperature were studied.Coneentration and perrneation rates were analyzed in each of the experiments performed.The resultinq eoneentrates and perrneates from eaeh experirnent were analyzed for: Brix, pU, total aCidity, soluble and total solids, ash, iron, potassiurn, magnesium, ealeiurn, sodium, eaffeine, total sugars, viseosity, volatiles by gas ehromatography. The eoneentrateo produet was sensorily evaluat ed with referenee to flavor and preferenee. The TFC mernbrane gave better results with respect to: water removal, soluble solids rejeetion, nechanieal resistanee, resistanee to pH and temperature ehanqes and sanitation eonditions. The extraet was concentrated up to 4?9 Drix, which 1mproved its quality and flavor. The ideal operatinq conditions were found to be: pressure of 800 psi and ternperature of l29C. By using reverse osnosis, the consumption petroleum derivatives in the Instant Coffee Industry will be reduced and electrical energy used instead. Reverse osmosis is also a more econonical alternative process because there is no water phase change. Water is removed in its liquid state, which reduces the heat energy required. / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This project focuses on Nescafe's advertising in two main markets, namely the United States and India, and it analyzes the similarities and differences of global brands across different markets.

Kaffeindustrin är en stor bidragande faktor till de livshotande miljöproblem jorden genomgår. Sverige är ett av de länder som dricker mest kaffe i världen, därmed undersöker denna studie hur en svensk kafékedja arbetar med CSR inom området kommunikation. Syftet är att undersöka hur hållbarhetskommunikation bedrivs inom en kafékedja vars ambition är att genomföra ett hållbart arbete. Därmed undersöks det KRAV-märkta företaget Wayne’s Coffees hållbarhetskommunikation utifrån kommunikationsteorins två indelningar, symmetrisk och asymmetrisk kommunikation. Denna studie bidrar med ny data inom CSR och hållbarhetskommunikation genom att undersöka hur ett svenskt företag kommunicerar sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Datainsamling har skett genom intervjuer med Wayne’s Coffees produkt- och hållbarhetschef samt företagets anställda. Likaså har företagets kunder besvarat en webbenkät och en fysisk enkätundersökning. Slutsatserna är att Wayne’s Coffee arbetar både symmetriskt och asymmetriskt i sin hållbarhetskommunikation. Företaget använder sig främst av asymmetrisk kommunikation internt och externt. Wayne's Coffees hållbarhetskommunikation är fungerande internt genom intranät och dialog med ledningen. Däremot finns brister i den externa kommunikationen, asymmetrisk kommunikation i form av reklamkampanjer når inte ut till företagets kunder. / The coffee industry has a significant environmental impact and is a major contributor to environmental issues. Since Sweden is one of the countries that consumes the most coffee in the world, this study examines how a Swedish coffee chain works with CSR, specifically communication. The purpose is to investigate how communication regarding sustainability is conducted within a cafe chain whose ambition is to be environmental friendly. To answer the purpose, the KRAV-labeled company Wayne's Coffee's environmental communication is examined on the basis of the two divisions of communication theory, symmetrical and asymmetric communication. This study contributes with new data in environmental communication, specifically CSR, by examining how a Swedish company communicates its environmental work. The method is conducted through interviews with Wayne's Coffee's product and sustainability manager as well as the company's employees, a web survey and physical survey with the company's customers. The conclusions are that Wayne's Coffee works both symmetrically and asymmetrically in its environmental communication. The company mainly uses asymmetric communication both internally and externally. Wayne’s Coffee's environmental communication is functioning internally through intranet and dialogue with management. However, there are shortcomings in external communication, asymmetric communication in the form of advertising campaigns does not reach out to the company's customers.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979. / Bibliography: p. 96-98.