В работе обсуждается проблема дефиниции критического мышления, описывается структура критического мышления. Также обсуждаются различные виды когнитивных ошибок, выделяются 11 основных разновидностей. Представлен дизайн методики «Опросник когнитивных искажений». / The paper discusses the problem of defining critical thinking, describes the structure of critical thinking. Various types of cognitive errors are also discussed, and 11 major varieties are highlighted. The design of the “Cognitive distortion questionnaire” technique is presented.

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La présence de distorsions cognitives chez les délinquants sexuels est considérée comme étant intimement liée à l’étiologie et au maintient des comportements sexuels déviants. Selon Ward et Keenan (1999), les distorsions cognitives émergent des théories implicites. Les théories implicites peuvent être définies comme étant un réseau de croyances interreliées que les délinquants ont à propos d’eux et du monde qui les entoure. Polaschek et Ward (2002) ainsi que Polaschek et Gannon (2004) ont postulé qu’il existe 5 théories implicites chez les violeurs : Les femmes sont des objets sexuels; L’excitation sexuelle de l’homme est incontrôlable; Le droit de faire ce que nous voulons; Le monde est dangereux; et Les femmes sont dangereuses. La présente recherche avait pour but d’examiner si les théories implicites chez les violeurs étaient pleinement représentées par les travaux de Polaschek et collègues. Les distorsions cognitives de 21 agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes ont été analysées à partir de l’analyse de leurs discours. Les analyses indiquent que quatre des cinq théories implicites sont présentes dans notre échantillon. De plus, la théorie implicite Les femmes sont des objets sexuels serait mieux conceptualisée en tant que Les femmes sont des objets. Finalement, et en complément aux résultats des études de Polaschek, notre échantillon présente des cognitions qui normalisent la criminalité, la délinquance, la violence et la sexualité pour atteindre leurs buts; nous conduisant à la création d’une nouvelle théorie implicite : Normalisation du crime. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y aurait peut-être d’autre / The presence of cognitive distortions among sex offenders are considered to be highly influential in the etiology and maintenance of deviant sexual behavior. According to Ward and Keenan (1999), cognitive distortions emerge from implicit theories. Implicit theories can be defined as a network of interrelated beliefs that sex offenders hold about them, the others and the world. Polaschek and Ward (2002) and Polaschek and Gannon (2004) postulates that there is five implicit theories amongst rapists: Women are Sexual objects; Male Sex Drive is Uncontrollable; Entitlement; Dangerous World; and Women are Dangerous. The current research examined whether the cognitive distortions of rapists are fully represent by the implicit theories proposed by Polaschek and colleagues. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 convicted rapists and their cognitive distortions were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Our analysis indicates the presence of four of the five Polaschek’s implicit theories among our sample. In addition, the implicit theory Women are Sex object would better be conceptualise as Women are Object. Finally, and in contrast to Polaschek’s research, our sample of rapists demonstrated cognitions that normalize the use of criminality, delinquency, violence and sexuality to achieve their goals. These findings lead us to the creation of a new implicit theory : Normalisation of Crime. Our findings indicate that there may be implicit theories among rapists that have not yet been fully explored.

O objetivo geral desta tese foi investigar as associações entre as variáveis autoeficácia, locus de controle, distorções cognitivas, catastrofização da dor, depressão, ansiedade, nível de incapacidade gerado pela cefaleia e qualidade de vida em pacientes com migrânea. Para isso, 147 indivíduos foram selecionados dentre os pacientes cadastrados nos ambulatórios de cefaleia de três hospitais de referência da região Sul do Brasil. A tese foi composta por quatro estudos. Os dois primeiros tiveram por objetivo adaptar e validar para o contexto brasileiro a Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale e a Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale, respectivamente. O terceiro estudo teve por objetivo construir e validar um instrumento de avaliação de distorções cognitivas, aplicado ao contexto do tratamento da migrânea. Por fim, o quarto estudo buscou investigar as associações entre a frequência e a severidade da cefaleia, as principais comorbidades psiquiátricas e as medidas validadas nos três estudos anteriores. Os resultados indicaram que a versão brasileira reduzida da Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale (HMSE-10), a versão brasileira da Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale e o Inventário de Distorções Cognitivas relacionadas à Cefaleia (INDICCE) representam medidas válidas e confiáveis de crenças de autoeficácia, locus de controle e distorções cognitivas na migrânea, respectivamente. Ademais, as respostas cognitivas e emocionais dos pacientes estiveram associadas aos níveis de incapacidade e cronicidade da cefaleia. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos nos quatro estudos da tese contribuam para o desenvolvimento de futuros protocolos de intervenções psicológicas para a migrânea. / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationships between self-efficacy, locus of control, cognitive distortions, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, headache-related disability and quality of life in patients with migraine. 147 individuals were selected among patients enrolled in the headache outpatient clinics of three reference hospitals in the southern region of Brazil. The thesis is composed of four studies. The first two studies had the objective of adapting and validating the Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale and the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale, respectively. The third study aimed to construct and validate an instrument to evaluate cognitive distortions applied to the context of migraine treatment. Finally, the fourth study sought to investigate the associations between frequency and severity of headache, main psychiatric comorbidities and the measures validated in the three previous studies. The results indicate that the Brazilian short version of the Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale (HMSE-10), the Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale and the Inventory of Cognitive Distortions related to Headache (INDICCE) are valid and reliable measures of self-efficacy beliefs, locus of control and cognitive distortions in migraine, respectively. In addition, cognitive and emotional responses of patients were associated with headache-related disability and chronicity. We hope that the results obtained in the four studies in this thesis will contribute to the development of future protocols for psychological interventions for migraine.

La présence de distorsions cognitives chez les délinquants sexuels est considérée comme étant intimement liée à l’étiologie et au maintient des comportements sexuels déviants. Selon Ward et Keenan (1999), les distorsions cognitives émergent des théories implicites. Les théories implicites peuvent être définies comme étant un réseau de croyances interreliées que les délinquants ont à propos d’eux et du monde qui les entoure. Polaschek et Ward (2002) ainsi que Polaschek et Gannon (2004) ont postulé qu’il existe 5 théories implicites chez les violeurs : Les femmes sont des objets sexuels; L’excitation sexuelle de l’homme est incontrôlable; Le droit de faire ce que nous voulons; Le monde est dangereux; et Les femmes sont dangereuses. La présente recherche avait pour but d’examiner si les théories implicites chez les violeurs étaient pleinement représentées par les travaux de Polaschek et collègues. Les distorsions cognitives de 21 agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes ont été analysées à partir de l’analyse de leurs discours. Les analyses indiquent que quatre des cinq théories implicites sont présentes dans notre échantillon. De plus, la théorie implicite Les femmes sont des objets sexuels serait mieux conceptualisée en tant que Les femmes sont des objets. Finalement, et en complément aux résultats des études de Polaschek, notre échantillon présente des cognitions qui normalisent la criminalité, la délinquance, la violence et la sexualité pour atteindre leurs buts; nous conduisant à la création d’une nouvelle théorie implicite : Normalisation du crime. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y aurait peut-être d’autre / The presence of cognitive distortions among sex offenders are considered to be highly influential in the etiology and maintenance of deviant sexual behavior. According to Ward and Keenan (1999), cognitive distortions emerge from implicit theories. Implicit theories can be defined as a network of interrelated beliefs that sex offenders hold about them, the others and the world. Polaschek and Ward (2002) and Polaschek and Gannon (2004) postulates that there is five implicit theories amongst rapists: Women are Sexual objects; Male Sex Drive is Uncontrollable; Entitlement; Dangerous World; and Women are Dangerous. The current research examined whether the cognitive distortions of rapists are fully represent by the implicit theories proposed by Polaschek and colleagues. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 convicted rapists and their cognitive distortions were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Our analysis indicates the presence of four of the five Polaschek’s implicit theories among our sample. In addition, the implicit theory Women are Sex object would better be conceptualise as Women are Object. Finally, and in contrast to Polaschek’s research, our sample of rapists demonstrated cognitions that normalize the use of criminality, delinquency, violence and sexuality to achieve their goals. These findings lead us to the creation of a new implicit theory : Normalisation of Crime. Our findings indicate that there may be implicit theories among rapists that have not yet been fully explored.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-25T12:53:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoDuraes.pdf: 2397528 bytes, checksum: 3131144d042e53cdfcb5df2acb1abbc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-25T12:53:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoDuraes.pdf: 2397528 bytes, checksum: 3131144d042e53cdfcb5df2acb1abbc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-16 / Automatic thoughts, emotions, behaviors and physiological responses have relationships with each other and are directly linked to the attribution of the causes, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations in the relationship of couples and are associated with marital satisfaction and psychological distress. The aim of this study was to identify cognitive distortions couples and intervene from cognitive-behavioral therapy and increase levels of marital satisfaction. The sample consisted of 16 heteroafetivos couples, Brazilian, 18 years, literate and at least one year of marriage. Thus, the average age of the sample was 30.4 (SD=4,13) years and the majority (37.5%) reported having completed high school. The following instruments were used: Marital Satisfaction Scale (ESC); Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS); Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI); Marital Social Skills Inventory (IHSC); Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ); Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (EAD); Back Depression Inventory - (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) applied before and after cognitive behavioral intervention, and a Questionnaire Sociodemographic. In the procedure, the couples came by 12 therapy sessions for 50-minutes weekly with cognitive-behavioral approach. Only the second session was individual. However, the first and the other sessions were combined. The results discloused as the most frenquentes cognitive distortions have the Mind Reading 34.4% (n = 11) and Hipergeneralization 31.3% (n = 10). In terms of final considerations it was observed that the cognitive behavioral intervention showed its effective, and then, corroborating improvement in marital satisfaction of most couples. Thus, the correlations of paired samples showed statistical significance (p=0,00) in the improvement of the levels of marital satisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital social skills and automatic thought compared to before and after the intervention. / Os pensamentos automáticos, as emoções, os comportamentos e as respostas fisiológicas têm relações entre si e estão diretamente ligados às atribuição das causas, crenças, valores, atitudes e expectativas na relação dos casais e estão associados à satisfação conjugal e sofrimento psíquico. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar distorções cognitivas em casais e intervir a partir da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e aumentar os níveis de satisfação conjugal. A amostra foi composta por 16 casais heteroafetivos, brasileiros, maiores de 18 anos, alfabetizados e com no mínimo um ano de união. Assim, a idade média da amostra foi de 30,4 (DP=4,13) anos e a maioria (37,5%) relatou ter ensino médio completo. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC); Escala de Ajustamento Diádico (DAS); Inventário de Crença Sobre Relacionamento (RBI); Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais (IHSC); Questionário de Pensamentos Automáticos (ATQ); Escala de Atitudes Disfuncionais (EAD); Inventário Back de Depressão – (BDI) e Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) aplicados antes e depois da intervenção cognitivo comportamental, além de um Questionário Sociodemográfico. Quanto ao procedimento, os casais passaram por 12 sessões de terapia de 50 minutos com base cognitivo-comportamental. Somente a segunda sessão foi individual. No entanto, a primeira e as demais sessões foram conjuntas. Os resultados mostraram que as distorções cognitivas mais frenquentes foram a Leitura de pensamento 34,4% (n=11) e de hipergeneralização 31,3% (n=10). Foi possível observar que a intervenção cognitivo comportamental se mostou eficaz, corroborando melhora nas satisfação conjugal da maioria dos casais. As correlações de amostras emparelhadas apresentaram significância estatística (p=0,00) na melhora dos níveis de satisfação conjugal, depressão, ansiedade, habilidades sociais conjugais e pensamentos automáticos comparado com o antes e depois da intervenção.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Objectif : Les auteurs s’intéressant à la relation entre le déni, la minimisation et les distorsions cognitives ont tous utilisé des méthodes et des définitions différentes pour décrire ces concepts, entrainant une importante variabilité des résultats. La recherche actuelle a donc pour objectif de clarifier la mesure du déni, de la minimisation et des distorsions cognitives. Méthode : Les participants étaient 313 détenus masculins ayant complété le programme national de traitement pour délinquants sexuels du Service correctionnel du Canada entre 2000 et 2004. Ces individus ont complété une série de tests psychométriques avant et après leur participation au programme, dont le SOARS et les échelles de Bumby. L’analyse des données a suivi le processus de validation de construit établi par Nunnally et Bernstein (1994). Résultats : Les résultats des analyses statistiques indiquent que le Sex Offender Acceptance of Responsibility Scales (SOARS; Peacock, 2000) ne mesure pas efficacement le construit du déni et de la minimisation. Ses propriétés psychométriques sont discutables. La réduction de l’instrument à dix variables permet cependant d’améliorer la mesure. L’échelle résultante est composée de deux facteurs, soit l’« acceptation du tort sexuel » et l’« acceptation de l’intention sexuelle ». Ces deux facteurs ont été mis en relation avec les facteurs des échelles de Bumby afin d’explorer les similitudes entre les concepts de déni, minimisation et distorsion cognitive. Or, malgré des corrélations faibles à moyennes, les différentes variables ne convergent en aucun facteur lors d’une analyse factorielle et les variables du SOARS corrèlent très peu au total de l’échelle, suggérant qu’il s’agit de concepts distincts. / Objective: Until now, a handful of authors have examined the relationship between denial, minimization and cognitive distortions, all using different methods and definitions to describe these concepts, resulting in a significant variability in the results. The primary aim of the current research is therefore to clarify the assessment of denial, minimization, and cognitive distortions. Method: Participants were 313 male inmates who completed the national sex offenders treatment program of the Correctional Service of Canada between 2000 and 2004. These individuals completed a series of psychometric tests before and after their participation in the program, including the SOARS and the Bumby scales. Data analysis followed the principles of construct validation established by Nunnally and Bernstein (1994). Results: The results of statistical analyses indicate that the Sex Offender Acceptance of Responsibility Scales (SOARS, Peacock, 2000) does not effectively measure the construct of denial and minimization. Its psychometric properties are questionable. However, the reduction of the scale to ten items improve the instrument. The resulting scale is composed of two factors, "Acceptance of sexual harm" and "Acceptance of sexual intent." These two factors were then examined in relation with the Bumby scales to explore the similarities between the concepts of denial, minimization and cognitive distortion. Despite low to moderate correlations, the various items failed to converge in a factor analysis and the SOARS variables correlate very little to the total score of the scale, suggesting that they are distinct concepts. These results indicate that denial and minimization and cognitive distortions of sexual offenders are two distinct constructs.