No description available.

No description available.

<p>Den här uppsatsen handlar om trafiksäkerhet och, mer specifikt, den mänskliga faktorns inverkan vid olyckor och incidenter. Arbetet är skrivet inom FICA- projeketet, vars målsättning är att förstå förarbeteende för att kunna utveckla aktiv säkerhetsteknologi för fordon. I första delen (kapitel 2–6) presenteras ett teoretiskt ramverk för att förstå förarbeteende i olika kontexter. I andra delen (kapitel 7–8) redovisas en metod för att analysera olycks- och incidentförlopp, kallad DREAM – Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method. Metoden demonstreras med en walkthrough av en exempelolycka. Uppsatsen avrundas sedan med en diskussion av hur man utifrån analyser med hjälp av DREAM kan utforma olika tekniker för aktiv säkerhet.</p> / <p>This thesis concerns traffic safety, and more specifically, the way in which the human factor influence the development of accidents and incidents. A theoretical framework for understanding the human factor in the complex traffic environment is introduced. Then a method for analysing the interaction between driver, vehicle and traffic environment in accidents/incidents is presented, called DREAM (Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method). The thesis concludes with a discussion of how DREAM can influence research and development of new active traffic safety technologies.</p>

Function allocation is the design decision which assigns work functions to all agents in a team, both human and automated. Efforts to guide function allocation systematically has been studied in many fields such as engineering, human factors, team and organization design, management science, and cognitive systems engineering. Each field focuses on certain aspects of function allocation, but not all; thus, an independent discussion of each does not address all necessary issues with function allocation. Four distinctive perspectives emerged from a review of these fields: technology-centered, human-centered, team-oriented, and work-oriented. Each perspective focuses on different aspects of function allocation: capabilities and characteristics of agents (automation or human), team structure and processes, and work structure and the work environment. Together, these perspectives identify the following eight issues with function allocation: 1)Workload, 2)Incoherency in function allocations, 3)Mismatches between responsibility and authority, 4)Interruptive automation, 5)Automation boundary conditions, 6)Function allocation preventing human adaptation to context, 7)Function allocation destabilizing the humans' work environment, and 8)Mission Performance. Addressing these issues systematically requires formal models and simulations that include all necessary aspects of human-automation function allocation: the work environment, the dynamics inherent to the work, agents, and relationships among them. Also, addressing these issues requires not only a (static) model, but also a (dynamic) simulation that captures temporal aspects of work such as the timing of actions and their impact on the agent's work. Therefore, with properly modeled work as described by the work environment, the dynamics inherent to the work, agents, and relationships among them, a modeling framework developed by this thesis, which includes static work models and dynamic simulation, can capture the issues with function allocation. Then, based on the eight issues, eight types of metrics are established. The purpose of these metrics is to assess the extent to which each issue exists with a given function allocation. Specifically, the eight types of metrics assess workload, coherency of a function allocation, mismatches between responsibility and authority, interruptive automation, automation boundary conditions, human adaptation to context, stability of the human's work environment, and mission performance. Finally, to validate the modeling framework and the metrics, a case study was conducted modeling four different function allocations between a pilot and flight deck automation during the arrival and approach phases of flight. A range of pilot cognitive control modes and maximum human taskload limits were also included in the model. The metrics were assessed for these four function allocations and analyzed to validate capability of the metrics to identify important issues in given function allocations. In addition, the design insights provided by the metrics are highlighted This thesis concludes with a discussion of mechanisms for further validating the modeling framework and function allocation metrics developed here, and highlights where these developments can be applied in research and in the design of function allocations in complex work environments such as aviation operations.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om trafiksäkerhet och, mer specifikt, den mänskliga faktorns inverkan vid olyckor och incidenter. Arbetet är skrivet inom FICA- projeketet, vars målsättning är att förstå förarbeteende för att kunna utveckla aktiv säkerhetsteknologi för fordon. I första delen (kapitel 2–6) presenteras ett teoretiskt ramverk för att förstå förarbeteende i olika kontexter. I andra delen (kapitel 7–8) redovisas en metod för att analysera olycks- och incidentförlopp, kallad DREAM – Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method. Metoden demonstreras med en walkthrough av en exempelolycka. Uppsatsen avrundas sedan med en diskussion av hur man utifrån analyser med hjälp av DREAM kan utforma olika tekniker för aktiv säkerhet. / This thesis concerns traffic safety, and more specifically, the way in which the human factor influence the development of accidents and incidents. A theoretical framework for understanding the human factor in the complex traffic environment is introduced. Then a method for analysing the interaction between driver, vehicle and traffic environment in accidents/incidents is presented, called DREAM (Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method). The thesis concludes with a discussion of how DREAM can influence research and development of new active traffic safety technologies.

No description available.

No description available.

This study explores the concept of feedback from various perspectives in psychology and cognitive science. Specifically, the theories of ecological psychology, situated and Distributed Cognition, Cognitive Systems Engineering and Embodied cognition are investigated and compared. Cognitive Systems Engineering provides a model of feedback and related constructs, to understand human behavior in complex working environments. Earlier theories such as ecological psychology, considered feedback as direct perception. Situated cognition clearly inherits ideas from ecological psychology, whereas distributed cognition provides a deeper understanding of feedback through artifact use. Cognitive Systems Engineering provides a systematic view of feedback and control. This framework is a suitable perspective to understanding feedback in human-machine settings.

No description available.

No description available.