Utilizando tecnicas de espectroscopia-GAMA em linha e reacoes do tipo (hi, xnypGAMA) que populam estados de alto spin estudou-se a estrutura do nucleo duplamente impar ANTPOT.136 PR atraves das reacoes ANTPOT.123 SB (ANTPOT.16 O, 3n)ANTPOT.136 PR e ANTPOT.126 TE (ANTPOT.14 N 4n)ANTPOT.136 PR. Foram realizadas medidas de funcoes de excitacao em quatro energias, e coincidencias GAMA-GAMA-t e distribuicoes angulares em 69mev e 56mev, respectivamente, utilizando detetores hpge de alta resolucao (2kev) e alvos de isotopos enriquecidos de ANTPOT.123 SB (99%) e ANTPOT.126 TE (94%) com espessuras de aproximadamente 9mg/CENTIMETROS QUADRADOS. O esquema de niveis de energia do ANTPOT.136 PR evidencia duas bandas rotacionais que populam um estado isomerico com meia-vida de 92ns. A banda yrast e caracterizada por um staggering em seus niveis de energia, com transicoes m1 intensas e e2 fracas baseada na configuracao PI (h ind.11/2) IND.1/2 TETA NI (h ind.11/2) IND.9/2, de acordo com a sistematica da regiao de massa a=130, mostrando um pequeno energy splitting de 40kev. Na banda secundaria pressupoe-se a configuracao PI (d ind.5/2) IND.3/2 TETA NI (h ind.11/2) IND.11/2. Os resultados experimentais foram interpretados com base no cranked shell model que predizem deformacoes GAMA pequenas e negativas na regiao dos LA e PR / The structure of the doubly odd nucleus 136pr has been studied using techniques of on-line -spectroscopy with the reactions 123Sb (16O,3n) 136 Pr and 126Te(14 N,4n)136 Pr populating high spin states. The excitation functions were measured at four energies, and - t coincidences and angular distributions at 69MeV and 56MeV , respectively, using high resolution HPGe detectors (2keV) and targets of enriched isotopes of 123 Sb (99%) and 126Te (94%) with thicknesses of approximately 9mg/cm². The energy level scheme of 136Pr shows two rotational bands which populate one isomeric state with a half-life of 92s. The Yrast band is characterized by the staggering in energy levels with intense M1 transitions and weak E2 transitions, based on a configuration (h11/2)1/2 v(h11/2)9/2 in agreemment with the sistematics of the mass region A = 130. There is a small energy splitting of 40keV. For the secondary band a configuration n(d5/2)3/2 (h11/2)11/2 is possible. Experimental results were interpreted within the framework of the Cranked Shell Model which predicts small negative deformations in the La and Pr region.

Orientador: Suzi Frankl Sperber / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T02:25:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santi_Julio_M.pdf: 2956974 bytes, checksum: 33010fe8b1c0be1edcf0254f1cabbdd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Análise de seis contos do livro "Primeiras Estórias", de Guimarães Rosa. O ponto de partida da análise foi uma estrutura linguística chamada voz média, uma espécie de síntese entre a voz ativa e voz passiva. Com ponto de partida linguístico, o trabalho se inspira na obra Was Geht Uns Noah An, de Wolfgang Von Schöfer, e tenta resgatar significados de palavras que se perderam ao longo do tempo. Assim, encontra-se um ponto de diálogo com a obra de Suzi Frankl Sperber, que defende que Guimarães Rosa utiliza um recurso que a autora chamou de abertura do sintagma e também o de fundir espaço e personagem na narrativa com o objetivo de potencializar, ampliar os sentidos. A presente dissertação explora as dimensões simbólicas da obra de Rosa, mostrando de que maneira o autor se abria e investigava os mistérios da vida. Foram levantados alguns temas que se repetem em todos os contos, e a partir de uma análise minuciosa sobre os contos, encontra-se um tema principal que é desenvolvido: a importância de viver é compreendida através do aprimoramento da alma - e isso se dá através do conhecimento não de ordem racional, mas prática / Abstract: Analysis of six shorts stories from the book "Primeiras Estórias", written by João Guimarães Rosa. The analysis' starting point was a linguistic structure called "Middle Voice", some kind of synthesis between active and passive voice. This work is inspired in the book from Wolfgang Von Schöfer, Was Geht Uns Noah An, and tries to retrieve some word's meanings that have got lost through time. Therefore, this work was able to dialogue with the work from Suzi Frankl Sperber, who defends that Rosa uses a technique that Suzi has called "syntagm 's opening", and also an important structural characteristic: Rosa merges the space and the character in the narrative, in order to amplify the possible meanings and interpretations. This current dissertation explores the symbolic dimension of six shorts stories from Primeiras Estórias and tries to analyze how the author explored the meaning and mysteries of life. Some subjects were noticed, and after a detailed analysis of each short story, a main subject is found: the importance of living is understood as the development of the soul - and this happens only through the acquisition of practical knowledge / Mestrado / Literatura Brasileira / Mestre em Teoria e Critica Literaria

Caractérisation numérique de la technique de spectrométrie gamma par simulation Monte-Carlo : Application à la datation d'échantillons environnementaux.Résumé :Afin d'optimiser la détermination de l'activité d'échantillons environnementaux, l'étalonnage en efficacité de la chaîne spectrométrique se doit d'être de bonne qualité. Le travail de cette thèse consiste à rassembler les problématiques principales : les phénomènes d'auto-absorption et de coïncidence. Ces effets sont traités par métrologie et simulation Monte-Carlo (MCNP6), impliquant la bonne modélisation préalable de nos détecteurs. Le problème d'auto-absorption est dominant lorsque le standard utilisé pour l'étalonnage en efficacité a des caractéristiques physico-chimiques différentes des échantillons. Un étalonnage numérique semble plus approprié et nous l'appliquons à une archive sédimentaire du lac de Longemer (France). Nous proposons une méthode nouvelle se basant sur une mesure expérimentale ajustée numériquement afin de déterminer le coefficient d'atténuation massique des échantillons. Il est alors possible de remonter à une composition chimique fictive qui permettra d'utiliser la simulation Monte-Carlo pour réaliser l'étalonnage. Ainsi, à 59,54 keV la correction de l'auto-absorption peut atteindre 24 %. Les phénomènes de coïncidence peuvent également être corrigés par simulation. Le logiciel ETNA permet cette correction mais ne permet pas la modélisation d'un détecteur puits. Dans le but de corriger l'efficacité de notre détecteur puits, possédant une géométrie propice aux coïncidences, nous utilisons le transfert de rendement qui lui est adaptable pour n'importe quelle géométrie. Les résultats par cette méthode sont validés par MCNP6 et Génie 2000 sur les énergies principales du 214Bi. / In order to improve the determination of environmental samples activity, the detector efficiency calibration must be reliable. These studies deal with the main issues in gamma-ray spectrometry: the self-absorption and the true coincidence summing effects (TCS). These phenomena are studied by metrology and Monte-Carlo simulation (MCNP6) that imply the faithful of our detector models in relation to the experimental device. The self-absorption problem is the main one when the used standard for efficiency calibration has not the same physical and chemical characteristics than samples. A numerical calibration seems to be more suitable and we apply it for Longemer lake archives (France). A new method is proposed where an experimental measurement is processed through numerical simulations to determine the mass attenuation coefficient of the samples. It makes it possible to define a virtual chemical composition to use Monte-Carlo simulation. Then the numerical calibration at 59.54 keV gives a 24% self-absorption correction. The TCS problems can also be corrected by simulation. The ETNA software can determine this correction but it doesn’t make the well type detector model possible, with a geometry conducive to TCS effects. With the aim of correcting the efficiency of our well detector, the efficiency transfer, which can be adjusted to any device, is used. The results with this method are validated by MCNP6 and Genie 2000 software on the main lines of 214Bi.

The dissociative photoionization reactions of two small, oxygenated organics, namely 1,3-dioxolane and methyl vinyl ketone, were studied by photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy. Experiments involving 1,3-dioxolane were carried out in the photon energy range of 9.5‒13.5 eV. The statistical thermodynamics model shows that a total of six dissociation channels are involved in the formation of three fragment ions, namely C3H5O2+ (m/z 73), C2H5O+ (m/z 45) and C2H4O+ (m/z 44), with two channels contributing to the formation of each. By comparing the results of ab initio quantum chemical calculations to the experimentally derived appearance energies of the fragment ions, the most likely mechanisms for these unimolecular dissociation reactions are proposed, including a description of the relevant parts of the potential energy surface.In the case of methyl vinyl ketone, an important atmospheric intermediate in the oxidation of isoprene, between 9.5‒13.8 eV four main fragment ions were detected at m/z 55, 43, 42, and 27 aside from the parent ion at m/z 70. The m/z 55 fragment ion (C2H3CO+) is formed from ionized MVK by direct methyl loss, while breaking the C–C bond on the other side of the carbonyl group results in the acetyl cation (CH3CO+, m/z 43) and the vinyl radical. The m/z 42 fragment ion is formed via a CO loss from the molecular ion after a methyl shift. The lightest fragment ion, the vinyl cation (C2H3+ at m/z 27), is produced in two different reactions: acetyl radical loss from the molecular ion and CO-loss from C2H3CO+. Their contributions to the m/z 27 signal are quantified based on the acetyl and vinyl fragment thermochemical anchors and quantum-chemical calculations. Based on the experimentally derived appearance energy of the m/z 43 fragment ion, a new, experimentally derived heat of formation is proposed for gaseous methyl vinyl ketone (ΔfH0K = −94.2 ± 4.8 kJ mol−1; ΔfH298K = −110.4 ± 4.8 kJ mol−1), together with cationic heats of formation and bond dissociation energies.

This work is aimed at an analysis of frequency demodulation, design, simulation, and construction of a coincidence demodulator. Chapter 1 explains the basic characteristics of frequency modulated (FM) signals and provides an overview of the required signal bandwidth, the signal spectrum, and the signal-to-noise ratio after demodulation. Chapter 2 describes each type of FM demodulator separately, and it includes all significant types of demodulator for FM radio broadcast. The function of the coincidence demodulator and its characteristics are explained in detail. Chapter 3 contains a theoretical solution of the phase shift network. Calculated values of the circuit elements are verified by simulation with a view to the total harmonic distortion of the demodulator output signal. Chapter 4 describes the front-end circuit of the receiver. Here, the filter design and the mixer circuit description are provided. The final part of the thesis presents the applicable laboratory task.

Abstract In this thesis electronic structure of atomic chromium, rubidium and bromine are studied experimentally and theoretically through transitions and decay processes originating from selected M-shell hole states. The experiments are conducted with traditional methods of electron spectroscopy as well as more recent multicoincidence methods using pulsed synchrotron radiation and a magnetic bottle spectrometer. The observed electronic transitions are theoretically simulated with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method. Finally, the calculations are used to interpret the measured spectra to investigate the energy level structure and electron dynamics of the studied elements. / Original papers Original papers are not included in the electronically distributed version of the thesis. Keskinen, J., Huttula, S.-M., Mäkinen, A., Patanen, M., & Huttula, M. (2015). Experimental and theoretical study of 3p photoionization and subsequent Auger decay in atomic chromium. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 117, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.08.018 Keskinen, J., Lablanquie, P., Penent, F., Palaudoux, J., Andric, L., Cubaynes, D., … Jänkälä, K. (2017). Initial-state-selected MNN Auger spectroscopy of atomic rubidium. Physical Review A, 95(4). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.95.043402 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe201706207380 Keskinen, J., Jänkälä, K., Huttula, S.-M., Kaneyasu, T., Hikosaka, Y., Shigemasa, E., … Lablanquie, P. (2019). Auger decay of the 3d hole in the isoelectronic series of Br*, Kr⁺ and Rb²⁺. Manuscript in preparation.

The topic of this thesis What do children draw (not only) on the asphalt is to explore a material potential of outside environment as a specific device for teaching art education. The first part defines the role of the arts in contemporary education system, sets out the main goals and points out specialties of the field. The next section deals with the observation of spontaneous creative expressions of children on non-traditional sourfaces, their place in the natural need for exploration, and playing as a means of understanding the world. Compares the difference of the creation in outdoor environments on unconventional surfaces and the classical indoor creation and deals with the potential use of this knowledge. Looks for possibilities which would enrich the teaching of art and offer teachers new inspiration. Finally, on the basis of my own interventions, verifies the applicability of theoretical findings and their possible application in teaching at primary schools.

In this work is presented stochastic model of binaural hearing in context of another alternative models. According to latest experimental data on mammals, inhibition plays a role in interaural time difference recognition, which is a key for low frequency sound source localization. The outputs of experiments may lead to the conclusion that the binaural hearing works differently in mammals compared to birds. Nowadays there are a few theoretical works addressing this new phenomena, but all of them are relaying on a very precise inhibition timing, which was never proved as physiologically valid. On the other hand, models described in this work are based on the fact, that every neuron has a random delay when reacting to an excitation. If this time jitter is taken into account and combined with inhibitory signal, delay in the neuronal circuit and coincidence detection, then the output firing rate corresponds to the azimuth of the sound source. In this work it is shown, that such a neuronal circuits are giving the same output results compared to experimental data. The models are supported by analytical computations and numerical simulations including simulation of cochlear implant.

This thesis investigates sound transmission loss through flat finite panels using composite materials, which incorporate both carbon and flax fibres. The study wascarried out by performing FEM simulations developed and validated in steps. Thevalidation process was time-consuming but crucial in ensuring the model’s reliability.The analysis demonstrates the relationship between the panels’ mass, stiffness, andsound reduction effectiveness by studying the sound transmission loss for a flat plate.The results show how by adjusting the plate’s stiffness, thickness, and mass one cancontrol its reaction to the incoming sound. This allows resonance frequencies to beshifted away from critical points and avoids coincidence frequencies. By understanding the acoustic behavior of composite panels, this research contributes to improvingsoundproofing properties while preserving their mechanical advantages. In an era ofgrowing demand for better acoustic performance in the automotive industry, exploring innovative methods to optimize the sound transmission loss of composite panelsis essential. / Denna studie undersöker ljudöverföringsförluster genom platta finita paneler sombestår av kompositmaterial, som innehåller både kol- och linfiber. Studien utförFEM-simuleringar som utvecklats och validerats i steg. Valideringsprocessen vartidskrävande men avgörande för att säkerställa modellernas tillförlitlighet. Analysenvisar sambandet mellan panelernas massa, styvhet och ljudreducerande effektivitetgenom att studera ljudtransmissionsförluster för en platt panel. Resultatet visarhur justering av plattans styvhet, tjocklek och massa kan styra dess reaktion på detinkommande ljudet, vilket gör att resonansfrekvenser kan flyttas bort från kritiskapunkter och undvika sammanfallande frekvenser. Genom att förstå det akustiskabeteendet hos kompositpaneler bidrar denna studie till att förbättra ljudisoleringsegenskaperna samtidigt som deras mekaniska fördelar bevaras. I en tid av växande efterfrågan på bättre akustisk prestanda inom bilindustrin, blir det viktigt att utforska innovativa metoder för att optimera ljudöverföringsförlusten hos kompositpaneler.

Research on photon counting detectors (PCDs) is focused on semiconductor materials, and silicon is a strong candidate to use in PCDs for photon counting computer tomography (CT). In a silicon detector, a significant portion of the counts is due to Compton scattering events. Since only part of the incident photon energy is deposited in a Compton interaction, Compton interactions lead to a loss of spectral information. By using Compton coincidence detection, i.e., combining information from multiple Compton events caused by the same incident photon, it is possible to obtain more spectral information from Compton scattered photons, increasing the energy resolution of the detector. The goal of this thesis is to develop and evaluate a method for Compton coincidence detection for photon counting CT. In this thesis, a method for Compton coincidence detection based on Compton kinematics and a χ2 test is presented and compared to a previously developed method based on maximum likelihood estimation. The χ2 method utilised the connection between the energy before vs after a Compton interaction, and the scattering angle. The possible scattering angles due to deposited energy in each interaction were called the energy angles. The spatial angles between the interaction positions in the detector were calculated and compared to the energy angles through a χ2 test in order to find the correct order of interaction and the incident photon energy. The χ2 method correctly identified the interaction order of 85.8% of simulated interaction chains ending in photoelectric effect and 64.1% of simulated interaction chains containing only Compton interactions. The energy estimation was 100% correct for all chains ending in photoelectric effect, since all of the incident energy was deposited in the detector. For chains of only Comptoninteractions, the energy was estimated with an RMS error of 21.2 keV. Combining the results from chains ending in a photoelectric interaction and chains of only Comptoninteractions, the total RMS error of the energy estimation was 11.5 keV. / Datortomografi (CT) är en viktig del av dagens sjukvård, och fotonräknande detektorer för CT är på väg från forskning till klinisk användning. Forskningen inom fotonräknande detektorer fokuserar på att använda halvledande material, och kisel är en stark kandidat till att användas för fotonräknande detektorer. I en kiseldetektor interagerar en betydande andel av fotonerna genom Compton-spridning. Då endast en del av fotonenergin deponeras i detektorn när en Compton-interaktion sker leder det till en förlust av spektral information. Genom att kombinera information från flera Compton-interaktioner som orsakats av samma infallande foton, så kallad sammanfallsdetektering, är det möjligtatt erhålla en ökad mängd spektral information från Compton-spridna fotoner. Målet med detta examensarbete är att utveckla och utvärdera en metod för sammanfallsdetektering för att erhålla spektral information från Compton-spridda fotoner i en detektortill fotonr¨aknande CT. I detta arbete presenteras en metod baserad på kinematiken bakom en Compton-interaktion och ett χ2-test. Metoden jämförs sedan med en tidigare utvecklad metod baserad på maximum likelihood-uppskattning. χ2-metoden utnyttjade sambandet mellan deponerad energi i en Compton-interaktion och möjliga spridningsvinklar, här kallade energivinklar. De spatiella vinklarna mellan interaktionerna i detektorn mättes och jämfördes genom ett χ2-test för att hitta interaktionsordningen och den infallande energin. χ2-metoden identifierade interaktionsordningen korrekt för 85.5% av alla simulerade interaktionskedjor som slutade i fotoelektrisk effekt och 64.1% av alla simulerade interaktionskedjorsom endast innehöll Compton-interaktioner. Uppskattningen av infallande energi var 100% korrekt för alla interaktionskedjor som slutade med en fotoelektrisk interaktion,eftersom all infallande energi deponerats i detektorn. För kejdor som endast bestod av Compton-interaktioner uppskattades den infallande energin med ett RMS-fel på 21.2 keV. Genom att kombinera resultaten från kedjor som slutade med en fotoelektrisk interaktion och resultaten från kejdor som endast bestod av Compton-interaktioner blev det totala RMS-felet för energi-uppskattningen 11.5 keV.