Several times a year companies publish business reports to openly account for their business activities. This thesis examines the effect of those business reports on stock prices of businesses in the German automotive industry. Different statistical methods such as Event Coincidence Analysis and Superposed Epoch Analysis are used to examine possible negative and positive reactions of stock prices before and after the disclosure of business reports. It shows that there seems to be a stronger influence of a negative business report on the daily abnormal rate of return than of a positive business report. Furthermore the thesis confirms the hypothesis of Roeder that the information from a business report is processed not only on the day of publication but also on the day after.

Several times a year companies publish business reports to openly account for their business activities. This thesis examines the effect of those business reports on stock prices of businesses in the German automotive industry. Different statistical methods such as Event Coincidence Analysis and Superposed Epoch Analysis are used to examine possible negative and positive reactions of stock prices before and after the disclosure of business reports. It shows that there seems to be a stronger influence of a negative business report on the daily abnormal rate of return than of a positive business report. Furthermore the thesis confirms the hypothesis of Roeder that the information from a business report is processed not only on the day of publication but also on the day after.

Five projects are presented here that use Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) Spectroscopy to determine high-accuracy thermochemical data on small and intermediate size molecules and radicals that are relevant in modeling combustion and atmospheric processes. Some of the experiments were carried out on the laboratory-based Threshold PEPICO (TPEPICO) apparatus which has the advantage of having a low-temperature inlet system and unlimited measurement time, while most of the projects involved the use of the Imaging PEPICO (iPEPICO) apparatus at the Swiss Light Source, which is capable to determine ionic dissociation energies to sub-kJ/mol accuracy. The iPEPICO on the synchrotron beamline was also useful where measurements required energies in excess of 14 eV. The modeling framework of PEPICO is based on the RRKM statistical theory of dissociation kinetics and statistical energy distributions and models complex dissociation pathways to extract both kinetics and thermochemical data from the experiment. In the first project, we measured the onsets of Br- and I-loss reactions for C 2 H 5 Br and C 2 H 5 I using TPEPICO, respectively. The heats of formations of the two molecules are related through the ethyl cation, which was used in their determination. The second project involved measuring Cl-loss from four S i O j Cl k compounds viz. SCl 2 , S 2 Cl 2 , SOCl 2 , and SO 2 Cl 2 to obtain reliable thermochemistry. The second Cl-loss from S 2 Cl 2 + and SOCl 2 + helped us conclude that assuming three-dimensional translational degrees of freedom yields a more reliable statistical model of product-energy distributions. The third project investigated methanol and its isotopologues to explore the dissociation pathways through the H/D-losses. The 0 K appearance energies were used to determine the accurate heat of formation of CH 2 OH and the proton affinity of formaldehyde. The fourth project explores the dissociation pathways of cis -1-bromopropene, trans -1-bromopropene, 2-bromopropene, 3-bromopropene and bromocyclopropane to find that except for 2-bromopropene, all other isomers dissociate into the allyl cation. To derive accurate thermochemical information on the neutral precursors, a mixed theoretical and experimental thermochemical network was used to determine their 0 K heats of formation. The last project involves measurements on dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl diselenide, which are the simplest models that can be used to study disulfide and diselenide linkages. There are several discrepancies in the thermochemistry of DMDS, whereas ours is the first experimental attempt to study the ionic thermochemistry of dimethyl diselenide experimentally.

Coincidence factors have been researched since the late 1800s, as they displays the ratio between the maximum coincidencental power usage of a system, and the sum of the maximum individual loads of the system. Accurate estimations of the highest coincidental power usage allow for minimal material usage when constructing substations, transformers, overhead lines, and cables for power transmission. Scania is large bus and truck production industry in Sweden, and has realised that it over-estimate the largest coincidental power usage of production facilities, which leads to unnecessary investment costs and power subscription with the power distribution utility. This study is special, as the area of coincidence factors for industrial purposes are rarely investigated. In combination with modelling of BESS for power supply, this study aims to investigate established methods of calculating coincidence factors for industrial purposes and their relevance, as the results will be compared to actual values from measurements. The results of the study showed that Velander ́s method, used by utilities in Sweden and a few other countries, is not very relevant for estimating highest coincidental power usage, as this requires accurate estimation of yearly energy usage, and two other parameters, k1 & k2 . The normal distribution is better for this purpose but also requires accurate data. This study proposed a method based on the normal distribution, that requires follow-up in order to guarantee that it is accurate in multiple cases. In addition, a BESS was modelled using Matlab, with the initial aim of peak-shaving. Since this did not prove profitable with Scania ́s standards, the modelling simply aimed at being profitable using Net Present Value as economical tool for evaluating profitability. The results displayed a lot of profitable sizes of the BESS where the battery became profitable after five years minimum. / Sammanlagringsfaktorer har studerats sedan slutet på 1800-talet. De visar kvoten mellan den högsta sammanfallande effekten och summan av de högsta individuella effekterna per last i ett system. En mer träffsäker uppskattning av sammanfallande effekt, reducerar materialanvändning vid byggande av ställverk, transformatorer och elkablar som ska användas vid strömöverföring. Scania är en stor produktionsindustri i Sverige som tillverkar bussar och lastbilar. De har insett att de överdimensionerar sina effektbehov hos olika produktionsfabriker, vilket leder till onödigt höga investeringskostnader och höga effektabonnemang gentemot eldistributören. Studien är ovanlig, då sammanlagringsfaktorer inom industrin är väldigt lite forskat kring. Studien undersöker redan etablerade metoder för att beräkna sammanlagringsfaktorer och hur relevanta de är för området. Dessutom studeras batterier för energilagring. Detta görs genom jämförelse av mätningar av strömmar i en av Scanias lokaler. Resultaten av studien visar att Velanders metod är olämplig för användning då den kräver kunskap om årlig energiförbrukning, samt korrekta konstanter k1 & k2. Normaldistribution som är ett statistikt verktyg, gav mer liknande värden av de uppmätta strömmarna i B178, men hade sin svaghet i att metoden också krävde kunskaper om effektanvändning, vilket blir problematiskt när en ny fabrik ska byggas, samt uppskatta effektbehovet för denna. Studien föreslår en modell som baseras på normaldistribution, men som kräver uppföljning för att säkerställa relevans. Utöver detta, används Matlab för att modellera ett batteri, vars primära syfte är att kapa effekttoppar. När detta visade sig vara icke lönsamt med Scanias standarder blev målet att istället modellera ett batteri vars enda mål att vara lönsamt. Där visade det sig finnas flera storlekar på batterier som var lönsamma efter minst fem år.

<p>In this thesis we have performed core-electron spectroscopy studies of gas phase molecular systems starting with smaller diatomic, continuing with triatomic and extending our research to more complex polyatomic ones. We can subdivide the results presented here into two categories: the first one focusing on electronic fine structure and effect of the chemical bonds on molecular core-levels and the other one dealing with nuclear dynamics induced by creation of a core hole. In our research we have mostly used synchrotron radiation based techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), X-ray Absorption (XAS), normal and Resonant Auger (AES and RAS, respectively) and Energy-Selected Auger Electron PhotoIon COincidence (ES-AEPICO) spectroscopies.</p><p>We have demonstrated that resonant Auger spectroscopy can be used to aid interpretation of the features observed in XAS for Rydberg structures in the case of Cl₂ and C1s⁻¹π*¹ states of allene molecules. The combined use of high-resolution spectroscopy with <i>ab initio</i> calculations can help the interpretation of strongly overlapped spectral features and disentangle their complex profiles. This approach enabled us to determine the differences in the lifetimes for core-hole 2p sublevels of Cl₂ which are caused by the presence of the chemical bond. We have shown that contribution in terms of the Mulliken population of valence molecular orbitals is a determining factor for resonant enhancement of different final states and fragmentation patterns reached after resonant Auger decays in N₂O.</p><p>We have also performed a systematic study of the dependence of the C1s resonant Auger kinetic energies on the presence of different substituents in CH₃X compounds. For the first time we have studied possible isomerization reaction induced by core excitation of acetylacetone. We could observe a new spectral feature in the resonant Auger decay spectra which we interpreted as a signature of core-excitation-induced keto-enol tautomerism.</p>

Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento da estrutura dos núcleos duplamente ímpares da região de massa A = 130- 140, foram medidos os estados de spin elevado do ANTIPOT. 138 Pr, que se aproxima da camada fechada N = 82, através de técnicas de espectroscopia y em linha utilizando a reação ANTPOT. 128 Te (ANTIPOT. 14 N,4ny). Pela primeira vez, três bandas rotacionais foram observadas neste núcleo. Uma análise teórica da sistemática desta região foi feita com base nos modelos de \"Cranking Shell Model\" e \"Projected Shell Model\". De um modo geral, uma boa concordância foi obtida entre os resultados experimentais e teóricos. O primeiro modelo indica a coexistência de formas no ANTIPOT. 138 Pr (N=79}, enquanto o segundo sugere forma unicamente oblata. Por outro lado, os dois modelos prevêm uma transição de forma de prolato (N = 73) para oblato (N = 79) passando por uma região de triaxialidade em torno de N = 77. / With the view of extending the systematics of the odd-odd, A = 130 - 140 mass region nuclei towards the N =82 closed shell, high spin states in 138Pr nucleus have been investigated with the 128 Te(l4N,4n7) reaction, using on-line 7-ray spectroscopy techniques. For the first time three rotational bands were observed in this nucleus. A theoretical analysis of the mass region A = 130 - 140 was carried out with the Cranking Shell Model and the Projected Shell Model. Generally speaking, a good agreement was obtained between the experimental and the theoretical results. The first model indicates a shape coexistence in the 138 Pr (N =79) nucleus, while the second one shows an oblate shape. On the other hand, both models suggest a shape transition from prolate (N=73) to oblate (N=79) passing through a triaxial region around N=77.

Dans ce travail, différents mécanismes conduisant à la double ionisation de plusieurs cibles atomiques ou moléculaires par impact d’électrons d’énergie incidente moyenne (600-700 eV) sont étudiés par des expériences de coïncidence dites (e, 3-1e) et (e, 3e). Dans ces expériences, les sections efficaces quadruplement et quintuplement différentielles en angles et en énergies ont été mesurées et analysées dans une géométrie coplanaire. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à ceux obtenus par des calculs théoriques utilisant des modèles aussi bien du premier ordre que du second ordre. La comparaison montre que les théories incluant les mécanismes de second ordre (tel que Two Step 2, TS2) sont en meilleur accord avec l’expérience que ceux incluant uniquement les mécanismes de premier ordre (tels que Shake Off et Two Step 1). Ceci démontre que, dans nos conditions cinématiques, les mécanismes de second ordre jouent un rôle important, voire même dominant par rapport aux mécanismes de premier ordre. Par ailleurs, l’ensemble de nos résultats de double ionisation sont compares aux prédictions d’un modèle ‘TS2-cinématique’ développé par Lahmam-Bennani et al (2010), et qui consiste à considérer le processus de double ionisation comme deux événements successifs de simple ionisation (e,2e). La plupart des structures observées dans les distributions angulaires des électrons éjectés ont pu être interprétées et expliquées par ce modèle ‘TS2-cinématique’. Nous avons également étendu ce modèle en tenant compte de la contribution de la diffusion de recul dans chacune des étapes (e,2e). Certaines structures qui étaient restées inexpliquées par « l’ancien » modèle le sont maintenant par le modèle ‘TS2-cinématique’ étendu. L’influence de la structure atomique versus moléculaire de la cible dans le processus de double ionisation a fait l’objet d’une étude préliminaire. Les résultats (e, 3-1e) des cibles iso électroniques Ne et CH₄ montrent certaines différences pour les mêmes conditions cinématiques. L’analyse plus approfondie de ces données est en cours. / In this work, different double ionization (DI) mechanisms of various atomic and molecular targets by electron impact at different intermediate incident energies have been studied by so-called (e, 3-1e) and (e, 3e) experiments. Four and five fold differential cross sections in angle and in energy have been measured and analyzed in a coplanar geometry. The experimental measurements are compared with both first order and second order theoretical model calculations. The results shows that the theories including second order mechanism (such as Two Step 2, TS2) are generally in better agreement with the experimental data than these only including first order mechanisms (such as Shake Off and Two Step 1). This demonstrates that under present kinematics, second order mechanism plays an important role or even dominates over first order mechanisms. Besides, all DI results are compared with the predictions of TS2 kinematical analysis developed by Lahmam-Bennani et al (2010). Most of the structures shown in the measured angular distribution can be correctly explained by the TS2 kinematical analysis predictions. Besides, we extend this model by including the recoil contribution in each step. Some structures which cannot be explained by the previous model are well explained by the extended TS2 kinematical model. The isoelectronic target structure influence in DI is investigated preliminarily. The (e, 3-1e) results on Ne and CH₄ indicate the differences under same kinematics. The data analysis is underway.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un détecteur innovant de particules chargées, dénommé 3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector (3D-SiCAD), réalisable en technologie silicium CMOS standard avec des techniques d’intégration 3D. Son principe de fonctionnement est basé sur la détection en "coïncidence" entre deux diodes à avalanche en mode "Geiger" alignées verticalement, avec la finalité d’atteindre un niveau de bruit bien inférieur à celui de capteurs à avalanche standards, tout en gardant les avantages liés à l’utilisation de technologies CMOS; notamment la grande variété d’offres technologiques disponibles sur le marché, la possibilité d’intégrer dans un seul circuit un système complexe de détection, la facilité de migrer et mettre à jour le design vers une technologie CMOS plus moderne, et le faible de coût de fabrication. Le détecteur développé dans ce travail se révèle particulièrement adapté au domaine de la physique des particules de haute énergie ainsi qu’à la physique médicale - hadron thérapie, où des performances exigeantes sont demandées en termes de résistance aux rayonnements ionisants, "material budget", vitesse, bruit et résolution spatiale. Dans ce travail, un prototype a été conçu et fabriqué en technologie HV-CMOS 0,35µm, en utilisant un assemblage 3D de type "flip-chip" avec pour finalité de démontrer la faisabilité d’un tel détecteur. La caractérisation du prototype a finalement montré que le dispositif développé permet de détecter des particules chargées avec une excellente efficacité de détection, et que le mode "coïncidence" réduit considérablement le niveau de bruit. Ces résultats très prometteurs mettent en perspective la réalisation d’un système complet de détection CMOS basé sur ce nouveau concept. / The objective of this work is to develop a novel position sensitive charged particle detector referred to as "3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector" (3D-SiCAD). The working principle of this novel device relies on a "time-coincidence" mode detection between a pair of vertically aligned Geiger-mode avalanche diodes, with the aim of achieving negligible noise levels with respect to detectors based on conventional avalanche diodes, such as Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPM), and, at the same time, providing single charged particle detection capability thanks to the high charge multiplication gain, inherent of the Geiger-mode operation. A 3D-SiCAD could be particularly suitable for nuclear physics applications, in the field of High Energy Physics experiments and emerging Medical Physics applications such as hadron-therapy and Proton Computed Tomography whose future developments demand unprecedented figures in terms of material budget, noise, spatial resolution, radiation hardness, power consumption and cost-effectiveness. In this work, a 3D-SiCAD demonstrator has been successfully developed and fabricated in the Austria Micro-Systems High-Voltage 0.35 μm CMOS technology by adopting a “flip-chip” approach for the 3D-assembling. The characterization results allowed demonstrating the feasibility of this novel device and validating the expected performances in terms of excellent particle detection efficiency and noise rejection capability with respect to background counts.

國內通說將因果歷程偏離當作構成要件錯誤的一種類型。認為因果歷程作為故意認識的對象；並且對於因果歷程重要部分沒有認識，則阻卻故意。德國實務所提出的重要性理論（相當性概念與其他正當化評價事由之欠缺）是建立起國內通說看法的主因。不過，近年德國學界普遍對這種說法提出質疑，認為因果歷程偏離不再是「心理事實」的問題，而是「規範評價」的問題。因而從過去的錯誤理論漸漸轉向歸責理論。對於因果歷程偏離的難題也從「故意」範疇轉向「故意歸責」的範疇。在故意歸責層次下，德國學界提出幾種具體的處理方式，但都不脫離傳統部分主客觀對應的看法。本文認為透過檢驗行為人主觀與客觀事實間是否一致（或者部分一致），無助於解決因果歷程偏離的難題。結論上，本文提出一個嶄新的想法—「獨立評價說」，期待能適當且方便的解決因果歷程偏離的問題。 / The general opinion in Taiwan’s academia considers the error of causal course as an error occurred in the composing elements of a crime. The academia is also of the opinion that the intent of crime shall include the essential parts of the causal course. If any such part is left out of account, the intent of crime shall also be excluded. The theory of essentiality (Theorie der Wesentlichkeit) brought forward by the German court is the main fundation for the opinion of Taiwan’s academia. German authors have questioned this theory in the recent years. They hold that the problem of deviation of causal course is rather a problem of norm assessment rather than a problem of psychological facts. Thus the past fallacy has been gradually replaced by the theory of attribution of intention, and the research on deviation of causal course which was undertaken under the category of intention has also been changed to the category of attribution of intention. As regards the attribution of intention, the German authors have developed some specific approaches to solve the error of the chain of causation. Nevertheless, these resolutions are much the same, for they all emphasize a partial coincidence between the intent and the real causal course. As a conclusion, the author claims that the coincidence can't solve the problem of deviation of causal course, and proposes a new theory, - the theory of independent assessment, with the hope of facilitating the research of the problem of deviation of causal course.

In this thesis we have performed core-electron spectroscopy studies of gas phase molecular systems starting with smaller diatomic, continuing with triatomic and extending our research to more complex polyatomic ones. We can subdivide the results presented here into two categories: the first one focusing on electronic fine structure and effect of the chemical bonds on molecular core-levels and the other one dealing with nuclear dynamics induced by creation of a core hole. In our research we have mostly used synchrotron radiation based techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), X-ray Absorption (XAS), normal and Resonant Auger (AES and RAS, respectively) and Energy-Selected Auger Electron PhotoIon COincidence (ES-AEPICO) spectroscopies. We have demonstrated that resonant Auger spectroscopy can be used to aid interpretation of the features observed in XAS for Rydberg structures in the case of Cl2 and C1s−1π*1 states of allene molecules. The combined use of high-resolution spectroscopy with ab initio calculations can help the interpretation of strongly overlapped spectral features and disentangle their complex profiles. This approach enabled us to determine the differences in the lifetimes for core-hole 2p sublevels of Cl2 which are caused by the presence of the chemical bond. We have shown that contribution in terms of the Mulliken population of valence molecular orbitals is a determining factor for resonant enhancement of different final states and fragmentation patterns reached after resonant Auger decays in N2O. We have also performed a systematic study of the dependence of the C1s resonant Auger kinetic energies on the presence of different substituents in CH3X compounds. For the first time we have studied possible isomerization reaction induced by core excitation of acetylacetone. We could observe a new spectral feature in the resonant Auger decay spectra which we interpreted as a signature of core-excitation-induced keto-enol tautomerism.