The combustion of fossil fuels has for a long time been a problem from an environmental and sustainability point of view, especially when it comes to the emissions of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The environmental concern has for instance shifted the attention towards finding new sustainable alternatives for producing chemicals and fuels, as a substitute to today’s dependence on fossil based crude oil. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass is an excellent way to produce valuable chemicals and fuels using renewable resources. However, the process has some drawbacks, for example rapid deactivation of catalysts due to coke formation. Little is known about the characteristics of the formation of catalytic coke from pyrolysis processes, which should be a vital concern in future industrial processes. This thesis is dedicated to investigate the chemical coke characteristics found on zeolitic catalysts. Four zeolites of the type ZSM-5 were chosen for this thesis to deduce any chemical differences in the coke: HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5, and Fe-Ni/ZSM-5. The coke were characterized by TGA, GC/MS, and FTIR. The results show that Fe/ZSM-5 produced the highest amount of coke compared to the other zeolites, where HZSM-5 had the lowest amount of coke formation. The coke consisted mainly of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons, dominated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The content of ketones and alcohols in the coke found on HZSM-5 was higher compared to the metal-doped zeolites, while the formation of naphthalenes was lower. The FTIR results also show that coke was mainly comprised of aromatic hydrocarbons. However, traces of alkanes and alkenes reveal that the coke may have a greater variety than the GC/MS analysis suggests. The results show interesting features when metals are introduced to the zeolitic structure, at least when it comes to coke formation. The metal-doping of zeolites certainly seems to alter the chemistry of the catalytic reactions, compared to the parent zeolite. The differences in the chemical characteristics found in the coke are certainly interesting, and it could mean that the chemistry of the bio-oil also varies depending on the metals chosen for the ZSM-5. The new properties that metals introduce to the parent catalyst may open up new possibilities in industrial catalytic processes, and allow industries to take more advantage of the great benefits that biomass has to offer. / Förbränning av fossila bränslen har under lång tid utgjort ett problem ur miljö- och hållbarhetssynpunkt, i synnerhet gällande utsläppen av koldioxid. En större miljömedvetenhet har gett upphov till sökandet efter nya råvaror för att framställa bränslen och kemikalier, utan att förlita sig på fossil råolja. Katalytisk pyrolys av biomassa är ett utmärkt sätt att framställa värdefulla kemikalier från förnybara källor. Processen står dock inför en del tekniska utmaningar, bland annat en snabb deaktivering av använda katalysatorer genom koksning. Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka den kemiska sammansättningen av koks, som bildats på zeolitkatalysatorerna. Mer specifikt, att försöka undersöka huruvida den kemiska sammansättningen av koks skiljer sig mellan katalysatorn HZSM-5 och metalldopad HZSM-5. Fyra katalysatorer valdes för detta examensarbete, nämligen HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5 och Fe-Ni/ZSM-5. Kokset har analyserats genom termogravimetrisk analys (TGA), gaskromatograf kopplad med en masspektrometer (GC/MS), samt Fourier-transform-infraröd-spektroskopi (FTIR). Resultaten visar att Fe/ZSM-5 bildade en större mängd koks jämfört med de andra zeoliterna, varpå HZSM-5 hade lägst halt koks. Utöver detta bestod kokset till största del av aromatiska- och cykliska kolväten, speciellt polycykliska aromatiska kolväten. Innehållet av ketoner och alkoholer i kokset var störst för HZSM-5, medan bildandet av naftalenföreningar ökade för de metalldopade zeoliterna. FTIR-analysen gav även upphov till signaler som är signifikanta för både alkaner och alkener. Därför kan det innebära att kokset innehar en större kemisk variation än vad GC/MS-analysen påvisade. Resultaten visar intressanta egenskaper hos metallmodifierade zeoliter, i synnerhet gällande koksbildning. Det verkar som att de metalldopade zeoliterna påverkar de katalytiska reaktionerna som sker i katalysatorn, jämfört med den obehandlade katalysatorn. Skillnaderna i den kemiska sammansättningen hos kokset för de olika katalysatorerna är definitivt intressant och kan indikera att det även kan föreligga skillnader i den kemiska sammansättningen hos bio-olja, beroende på vilken metall ZSM-5 har behandlas med. De nya egenskaperna som metaller bidrar med till ZSM-5 kan öppna upp nya möjligheter i industriella katalytiska processer, vilket även kan medföra att industrier bättre kan ta tillvara på de fantastiska egenskaper biomassa innehar.

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[pt] A presente tese tem como objetivo discutir o que é marketing a partir de três momentos. No primeiro momento, uma apreciação histórica do conceito é apresentada, analisando eventos que nos dão pistas de como pôde ter surgido um pensamento de marketing, com o intuito de compreender a raiz cultural do conceito. O segundo momento se dá através de conceitos e teorias propostos pelos autores reconhecidos no campo de estudos do marketing. Para isso, foram entrevistados professores na área de marketing, que apontaram um conjunto de autores e livros relevantes. A pesquisa analisa as obras indicadas pelos especialistas, problematizando os sentidos e as matrizes teóricas do conceito de marketing para esses autores. Por fim, no terceiro momento, a pesquisa propõe uma análise do marketing na prática, cujo objetivo é entender como as empresas entendem marketing e que papéis elas desempenham nas organizações. Para isso, será desenvolvido um estudo de caso da Coca-Cola Brasil, através de entrevistas com funcionários e ex-funcionários do departamento de marketing da empresa. Depois de realizar esta triangulação – história das práticas culturais do marketing, conceitos e teorias de marketing e estudo de caso – a pesquisa aponta as convergências e divergências entre esses três âmbitos. As conclusões sugerem que o marketing possui como um de seus principais fundamentos os processos comunicativos e suas representações culturais, sociais e históricas. O conceito de marketing converge em alguns aspectos na história, na teoria e na prática e sua aplicação constrói novas teorias à medida que o marketing se transforma. / [en] The present thesis aims at discussing what marketing is from three moments. In the first moment, a historical appreciation of the concept is presented, analyzing events that give us hints of how a marketing thought could have arisen, in order to understand the cultural root of the concept. The second moment occurs through concepts and theories proposed by recognized authors in the field of marketing studies. For this, were interviewed teachers in the area of marketing who pointed out a set of relevant authors and books. The research analyzes the works recommended by the specialists, problematizing the meanings and theoretical matrices of the marketing concept for these authors. Finally, in the third moment, the research proposes a marketing analysis in practice, whose objective is to note how companies understand marketing and what roles they play in organizations. For this, a case study of Coca-Cola Brazil will be developed, through interviews with employees and former employees of the company s marketing department. After promoting this triangulation - history of cultural marketing practices, concepts and theories of marketing and case study - the research points out the convergences and divergences between these three scopes. The conclusions suggest that marketing has as one of its main foundations the communicative processes and their cultural, social and historical representations. The concept of marketing converges in some respects in history, theory and practice and its application builds new theories as marketing changes.

The steel manufacturing industry is one of the largest emitters of CO2, accounting for upwards of 8.8% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The governments are charging taxes on CO2 emissions, which incentivize the industry to further reduce CO2 emissions. At present, much of the CO2, produced in the steel manufacturing process occurs as a result of coke oven and blast furnace gas by-products. As such, two major strategies have been proposed to reduce steel-manufacturing-related CO2 emissions: producing more electricity via optimized combined cycle power plants (CCPP), and converting off-gas by-products into methanol (CBMeOH). The present research consists of an economic and environmental analysis of the status quo, CCPP, and CBMeOH systems for five locations: Ontario, the USA, Finland, Mexico, and China. The economic analysis considered factors such as carbon tax, electricity price, methanol price, electricity carbon intensity, power purchasing parity, and income tax. In the CCPP process, desulphurization is conducted using ProMax with MDEA as the solvent, while the CBMeOH process uses a membrane to separate the bulk H2S, with organic sulfurs such as thiophene being removed via CO2+steam reforming and middle-temperature removal. The results of the economic analysis revealed the CBMeOH plant to be the most profitable in Ontario, the USA, China, and Mexico, while the CCPP system was shown to be the most profitable in Finland. The environmental analysis was conducted using the TRACI, CML-IA, ReCiPe2016, and IMPACT2002+ tools in SimaPro V9, with the results showing the CBMeOH system to be the most environmentally option in Ontario, Finland, and China, and the CCPP system as the most environmentally friendly option in the USA and Mexico. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les propriétés physiques, mécaniques et chimiques des matières premières ont un effet majeur sur la qualité des anodes en carbone pour le procédé de production d’aluminium. Ce travail tente d’étudier la faisabilité de l’application de simulation de la Méthode des Élément Discrets (DEM) à la technologie de production d’anodes. L’effet de la forme des particules et de la distribution de leurs tailles sur la densité apparente vibrée (VBD) d’échantillons de coke sec est étudié. Les particules de coke sont numérisées en utilisant des techniques d’imagerie à deux et trois dimensions. Ces images donnent les formes et les aspects réels des particules qui sont utilisées pour les modèles DEM pour les tests VBD pour le codage de flux de particules (PFC). Le coefficient de friction interne des particules de coke est estimé par la méthode de mesure d’angle au repos. Les résultats ont montrés comme attendu, que la VBD des échantillons de coke est affectée par la forme et la distribution de taille des particules. Les simulations à deux dimensions ont confirmé qu’en général, les échantillons formés de particules de tailles poly-dispersées ont une VBD plus haute que ceux dont la taille des particules est mono-dispersée. De plus, la VBD des échantillons augmente lorsque la fraction de grosses particules augmente. Cependant, la présence de 10 % massique de particules fines est nécessaire pour remplir les pores entre les grosses particules. De même pour la simulation 3D, le modèle suit la tendance des données expérimentales montrant que dans une éprouvette de 2,9 cm de diamètre, l’augmentation de la quantité de particules de - 4+6 mesh (de 3,36 à 4,76 mm) engendre une augmentation de la VBD. En conclusion, un modèle DEM approprié est capable de prédire le réarrangement des particules et l’évolution de la densité pendant le processus de vibration. / Physical, mechanical and chemical properties of raw materials have considerable effects on quality of carbon anodes for aluminium smelting process. The present work attempts to investigate the feasibility of application of Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations in anode production technology. Effects of coke particles shape and size distribution on vibrated bulk density (VBD) of dry coke samples are studied. Coke particles are digitized using two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging techniques and real-shape particles are used in DEM models of VBD test in Particle Flow Code (PFC). Internal friction coefficient of coke particles were estimated by means of angle of repose tests. Results showed that, as expected, VBD of coke samples is affected by shape and size distribution of the particles. Two-dimensional simulations confirmed that in general, mixed-sized samples have higher VBD than mono-sized cokes and as the fraction of coarse particles increases vibrated bulk density increases. However, existence of 10 wt.% of fine particles to fill the pores between coarse particles is essential. For 3D simulations also, the model follows the trend of experimental data showing that in the container of 2.9 mm diameter, as the content of -4+6 mesh (3.36-4.76 mm) particles increase, VBD increases. It can be concluded that a well-tailored DEM model is capable of predicting the particle rearrangement and density evolution during the vibration process.

Nesta tese foram desenvolvidos procedimentos analíticos fotométricos automáticos para determinação simultânea de sulfato e cloreto em coque de petróleo, molibdênio em plantas sem etapa de pré-concentração com solvente orgânico e zinco em águas empregando microextração líquido-líquido. Em todos os procedimentos reportados nesta tese, o módulo de análise foi baseado no processo de multicomutação, utilizou-se bomba de seringa como propulsor de fluidos e válvulas solenoide de três vias como dispositivos de comutação para controlar as inserções das alíquotas da amostra e dos reagentes no percurso analítico. As detecções fotométricas foram realizadas empregando fotômetros de LEDs, construídos para este projeto, equipados com celas de fluxo com caminho óptico longo (50,0 mm para cloreto, sulfato e zinco, 200,0 mm para molibdênio). O fotômetro foi construído com LEDs de alto brilho como máximos de emissão em 472 nm para cloreto, sulfato e molibdênio e 525 nm para zinco. Os procedimentos para determinação simultânea de sulfato e cloreto apresentaram faixa linear entre 10-700 mg L-1; 0,25-10 mg L-1; limite de detecção de 5,3 mg L-1; 0,16 mg L-1; coeficiente de variação de 3,0%; 0,9 % (n=10), respectivamente, e frequência de amostragem de 75 determinações por hora para cada analito. O procedimento para determinação de molibdênio apresentou faixa linear entre 50 - 500 ?g L-1, limite de detecção 9,1 ?g L-1, coeficiente de variação 1,07% (n=10) e frequência de amostragem de 51 determinações por hora. O procedimento para zinco apresentou uma faixa linear entre 10-100 ?g L-1, limite de detecção 8,3 ?g L-1, coeficiente de variação 3,3% (n=10) e frequência de amostragem de 19 determinações por hora / In this thesis, automated photometric analytical procedures for simultaneous determination of sulfate and chloride in petroleum coke, molybdenum in plants without pre-concentration step and zinc in water using liquid-liquid microextraction were developed. All procedures reported in this thesis, employed flow analysis modules based on multicommuted process, syringe pump for fluid propulsion and solenoid three-way valves as commutation devices the insertion aliquots of sample and reagents solutions in the analytical path. Photometric detections were performed, using LEDs-photometers, built for this project, equipped with flow cells with long optical path (50.0 mm for chloride, sulfate and zinc, 200.0 mm for molybdenum) and the high intense radiation beam LEDs with maximum emission at 472 nm for chloride, sulfate and molybdenum and 525 nm for zinc. The procedures for simultaneous determination of sulfate and chloride showed linear response between 10 to 700 mg L-1; 0.25 to 10 mg L-1; detection limit of 5.3 mg L-1; 0.16 mg L-1; variation coefficient of 3.0%; 0.9% (n = 10), respectively, and sampling throughput of 75 determinations per hour for each analyte. The procedure for molybdenum presented a linear response between 50 to 500 ?g L-1, detection limit of 9.1 ?g L-1, variation coefficient of 1.07% (n = 10) and sampling throughput of 51 determinations per hour. The procedure for zinc showed linear response between 10 to 100 ?g L-1, detection limit of 8.3 ?g L-1, variation coefficient of 3.3% (n = 10) and sampling throughput of 19 determinations per hour

Nesta tese foram desenvolvidos procedimentos analíticos fotométricos automáticos para determinação simultânea de sulfato e cloreto em coque de petróleo, molibdênio em plantas sem etapa de pré-concentração com solvente orgânico e zinco em águas empregando microextração líquido-líquido. Em todos os procedimentos reportados nesta tese, o módulo de análise foi baseado no processo de multicomutação, utilizou-se bomba de seringa como propulsor de fluidos e válvulas solenoide de três vias como dispositivos de comutação para controlar as inserções das alíquotas da amostra e dos reagentes no percurso analítico. As detecções fotométricas foram realizadas empregando fotômetros de LEDs, construídos para este projeto, equipados com celas de fluxo com caminho óptico longo (50,0 mm para cloreto, sulfato e zinco, 200,0 mm para molibdênio). O fotômetro foi construído com LEDs de alto brilho como máximos de emissão em 472 nm para cloreto, sulfato e molibdênio e 525 nm para zinco. Os procedimentos para determinação simultânea de sulfato e cloreto apresentaram faixa linear entre 10-700 mg L-1; 0,25-10 mg L-1; limite de detecção de 5,3 mg L-1; 0,16 mg L-1; coeficiente de variação de 3,0%; 0,9 % (n=10), respectivamente, e frequência de amostragem de 75 determinações por hora para cada analito. O procedimento para determinação de molibdênio apresentou faixa linear entre 50 - 500 ?g L-1, limite de detecção 9,1 ?g L-1, coeficiente de variação 1,07% (n=10) e frequência de amostragem de 51 determinações por hora. O procedimento para zinco apresentou uma faixa linear entre 10-100 ?g L-1, limite de detecção 8,3 ?g L-1, coeficiente de variação 3,3% (n=10) e frequência de amostragem de 19 determinações por hora / In this thesis, automated photometric analytical procedures for simultaneous determination of sulfate and chloride in petroleum coke, molybdenum in plants without pre-concentration step and zinc in water using liquid-liquid microextraction were developed. All procedures reported in this thesis, employed flow analysis modules based on multicommuted process, syringe pump for fluid propulsion and solenoid three-way valves as commutation devices the insertion aliquots of sample and reagents solutions in the analytical path. Photometric detections were performed, using LEDs-photometers, built for this project, equipped with flow cells with long optical path (50.0 mm for chloride, sulfate and zinc, 200.0 mm for molybdenum) and the high intense radiation beam LEDs with maximum emission at 472 nm for chloride, sulfate and molybdenum and 525 nm for zinc. The procedures for simultaneous determination of sulfate and chloride showed linear response between 10 to 700 mg L-1; 0.25 to 10 mg L-1; detection limit of 5.3 mg L-1; 0.16 mg L-1; variation coefficient of 3.0%; 0.9% (n = 10), respectively, and sampling throughput of 75 determinations per hour for each analyte. The procedure for molybdenum presented a linear response between 50 to 500 ?g L-1, detection limit of 9.1 ?g L-1, variation coefficient of 1.07% (n = 10) and sampling throughput of 51 determinations per hour. The procedure for zinc showed linear response between 10 to 100 ?g L-1, detection limit of 8.3 ?g L-1, variation coefficient of 3.3% (n = 10) and sampling throughput of 19 determinations per hour

Physical activation of oil-sands fluid coke, a dense carbonaceous material, using sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated as a means of utilizing a plentiful and inexpensive waste for elemental mercury (Hg) removal. A new model was developed to elucidate physical activation of dense carbonaceous materials. Experiments and model simulations revealed that, during activation with SO2, a sulfur-rich porous layer is formed around the periphery of the coke particles; this porous layer reaches a maximum thickness as a result of diffusion limitations; the maximum porous layer thickness is controlled by activation conditions and determines the maximum achievable specific surface area (SSA). Pre-oxidation in air prior to activation, acid washing after activation and smaller coke particle size all result in higher SSA. The highest SSA achieved was 530 m2/g, the highest yet found for oil-sands fluid coke with physical activation. If present, oxygen out-competed SO2 for carbon during activation. SO2 activation and porous layer formation did not occur until oxygen was depleted. Sulfur added to coke through SO2 activation is mainly in reduced forms which are more thermally stable than elemental sulfur in commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs). TGA and elemental analyses revealed that only 17% of sulfur was removed at 800°C from SO2-activated coke under inert conditions, compared with 100% from a commercial SIAC. The role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in vapor Hg capture by activated carbon (AC) was studied due to conflicting findings in the recent literature. In the absence of other oxidizing species, it was found that Hg could be oxidized by oxygen which enhanced vapor Hg adsorption by AC and Hg absorption in H2SO4 solution at room and elevated temperatures. At 200°C, AC treated with 20% H2SO4 reached a Hg loading of more than 500 mg/g, which is among the highest Hg capacities yet reported. When oxygen was not present, S6+ in H2SO4 was found to act as an oxidizer of Hg, thus enabling Hg uptake by H2SO4-treated AC at 200°C. Treating the AC with SO2 at 700°C improved the initial rate of Hg uptake, with and without subsequent H2SO4 treatment.

Physical activation of oil-sands fluid coke, a dense carbonaceous material, using sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated as a means of utilizing a plentiful and inexpensive waste for elemental mercury (Hg) removal. A new model was developed to elucidate physical activation of dense carbonaceous materials. Experiments and model simulations revealed that, during activation with SO2, a sulfur-rich porous layer is formed around the periphery of the coke particles; this porous layer reaches a maximum thickness as a result of diffusion limitations; the maximum porous layer thickness is controlled by activation conditions and determines the maximum achievable specific surface area (SSA). Pre-oxidation in air prior to activation, acid washing after activation and smaller coke particle size all result in higher SSA. The highest SSA achieved was 530 m2/g, the highest yet found for oil-sands fluid coke with physical activation. If present, oxygen out-competed SO2 for carbon during activation. SO2 activation and porous layer formation did not occur until oxygen was depleted. Sulfur added to coke through SO2 activation is mainly in reduced forms which are more thermally stable than elemental sulfur in commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs). TGA and elemental analyses revealed that only 17% of sulfur was removed at 800°C from SO2-activated coke under inert conditions, compared with 100% from a commercial SIAC. The role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in vapor Hg capture by activated carbon (AC) was studied due to conflicting findings in the recent literature. In the absence of other oxidizing species, it was found that Hg could be oxidized by oxygen which enhanced vapor Hg adsorption by AC and Hg absorption in H2SO4 solution at room and elevated temperatures. At 200°C, AC treated with 20% H2SO4 reached a Hg loading of more than 500 mg/g, which is among the highest Hg capacities yet reported. When oxygen was not present, S6+ in H2SO4 was found to act as an oxidizer of Hg, thus enabling Hg uptake by H2SO4-treated AC at 200°C. Treating the AC with SO2 at 700°C improved the initial rate of Hg uptake, with and without subsequent H2SO4 treatment.

Carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere today cause problems around the world. In Sweden, the steel production contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions. The steel industry challenge is to improve the metallurgical processes to decrease the carbon dioxide emissions. One way to reduce the emissions is to use renewable carbon sources. The blast furnace process is a counter current reduction process for ironmaking. Raw materials such as iron ore agglomerates, coke and slag formers are charged at the top of the furnace while oxygen-rich blast air and powdered coal are injected in the bottom. The gases produced by combustion rise through the burden on the top of the furnace. The combustion of carbon produces carbon monoxide which is the reducing gas used for the reduction of iron oxides to pig iron. The process is the highest producer of CO2 emissions in Sweden; biomass can partially replace fossil carbon in coal blends for cokemaking, coal powder for coal injection and coke in self-reducing briquettes.  The purpose of this project was to maximize the addition of biomass in coal blends for cokemaking and the addition in briquettes produced for the recovery of iron bearing rest products. The challenge with biomass in cokemaking is its low density and high reactivity which decrease the coke yield and coke strength at the same time that it increases the coke reactivity. The coke quality has to be kept at sufficient quality in order to avoid effects on productivity and process stability in the blast furnace. The addition of biomass in briquettes is limited due to the low density of the biomass which may affect the strength of the briquettes. The effect of the addition of sawdust in coke and briquettes has been studied to understand the effect on reaction behaviour of bio-coal. Heat-treatment of sawdust with high volatile coal was performed in order to achieve a coating of coal on the sawdust surface and get less reactive sawdust. Torrefied sawdust contained 23 wt. % fixed carbon while the pre-treatment of sawdust with high volatile coal increased the content to about 60 wt. %. Pre-treated sawdust was added to coal blend for coke making and briquettes containing iron oxide. The pre-treated sawdust was added to five coal blends for coke production, the contents were 5, 10 and 20 wt. %, and a base blend was used as reference. Coke reactivity, chemical composition and cold compression strength in coke were studied. This work resulted in an improved bulk density; up to 20 wt. % pre-treated sawdust could be added to the coal blend and still keep a bulk density of 800 kg/m3. The coke yields in cokes with pre-treated sawdust were comparable to the coke reference. The temperature at which carbon in coke began to be consumed was slightly higher in coke containing sawdust treated with 50 wt. % high volatile coal. It was estimated that the CO2 emission from fossil coal could be reduced with 8.6 % per ton hot metal (THM) with the addition of 10 wt. % pre-treated sawdust to coal blends for cokemaking. The addition of 20 wt. % pre-treated sawdust could reduce the CO2 emission with 10% per THM. In addition, two different mixes of briquettes were produced, one with torrefied sawdust and one with pre-treated sawdust. The chemical composition and reduction of iron oxides in briquettes was also studied and evaluated. Briquettes with treated sawdust were more compact, i.e. had a higher density than briquettes containing torrefied sawdust. The amount of hematite that could be added to the briquette mixes was 0.107 moles in briquettes with torrefied sawdust and 0.112 moles in briquettes with pre-treated torrefied sawdust. / Koldioxidutsläppet till atmosfären orsakar idag problem runt om i världen. I Sverige bidrar stålproduktionen avsevärt till koldioxidutsläppet. Stålindustrin har som en utmaning att förbättra de metallurgiska processerna för att sänka utsläppet av koldioxid. Ett sätt att sänka koldioxidutsläppen är att minska påverkan genom att använda förnybara kolkällor. Masugnsprocessen är en kontinuerlig reduktionsprocess för råjärnframställning och en av processerna där det används reduktionsmedel från fossila kolkällor. Råmaterial som järnmalm, koks och slaggformare chargeras på toppen av ugnen medan syrgasberikad blästerluft och pulveriserat kol injiceras i botten av ugnen genom masugnens formor. De gaser som produceras vid förbränning stiger upp genom beskickningen upp till ugnens topp. Vid förgasning av kol bildas kolmonoxid som är den reducerande gasen, den möjliggör reduktionen av järnoxider vid framställning av råjärn. Torrefierad biomassa kan delvis ersätta fossilt kol i kolblandningarna för kokstillverkning, i kolinjektionen och i briketter. Syftet med detta projekt var att maximera mängden tillsatt biomassa i kolblandningarna för kokstillverkning och i briketter för återvinning av järnbärande restprodukter. Utmaningen med biomassa i kokstillverkningen är den höga reaktiviteten och den låga densiteten av kol, vilket resulterar i låg koksutbyte när den tillsätts i kolblandningar. Biomassa innehåller också en högt halt flyktiga ämnen vilket resulterar i koks med låg hållfasthet och hög reaktivitet. Kokskvalitén måste behållas för att undvika processvariationer i masugnen. Tillsatsen av biomassa i briketter, är begränsat då biomassa kan påverka briketternas hållfasthet. Effekten av tillsatsen av biomassa i koks och briketter har studerats för att kunna förstå reaktionsbeteendet i dessa när torrefied sågspån och förbehandlat sågspån med hög fluiditetskol har tillsatts till blandningarna. Värmebehandling av torrifierat sågspån med en hög fluiditeteskol gjordes för att uppnå en mindre reaktiv biomassa. Torrifierat sågspån innehöll 22.9 viktsprocent kol, förbehandlingen av sågspån med hög fluiditetskol ökade halten till cirka 60 viktsprocent. Den behandlade sågspånen tillsattes till fem kolblandningar för koksframställning, 5, 10 och 20 viktprocent tillsattes till en bas blandning som användes referens. Koksreaktiviteten, kemisk sammansättning och hållfasthet i koks studerades. Arbetet resulterade i en förbättrad bulkdensitet då upp till 20 viktprocent förbehandlad biomassa kunde tillsättas i kolblandningen och fortfarande behålla en bulkdensitet på 800 kg/m3. Koksutbytet i alla koks med förbehandlat sågspån var jämförbart med koksreferensen. Temperaturen där kemisk kol i koks började förbrukas, var något högre i koks som innehöll sågspån med 50 viktsprocent hög fluiditetskol. Koldioxidutsläppen från fossilt kol per ton råjärn (THM) uppskattades att vara 8,6 % lägre med tillsatsen av 10 viktprocent förbehandlat sågspån i kolblandningar för kokstillverkning. Tillsatsen av 20 viktprocent skulle innebära en minskning på 10 % per ton råjärn. Briketter med två olika blandningar framställdes, en blandning med torrifierat sågspån och en blandning med behandlat sågspån. Briketterna karakteriserades genom att analysera den kemiska sammansättningen och reduktionen av järnoxider i termisk reducerade briketter. Briketter med behandlat sågspån var mer kompakta, d.v.s. hade en högre densitet än briketter som innehöll torrifierad sågspån. Mängden hematit som kunde tillsättas i mixen med torrifierad sågspån var 0.107 mol, medan i mixen med förbehandlat sågspån 0.112 mol kunde tillsättas. / Bio4metals / CAMM