This thesis is on the subject of how propellant heating considerations affect the design of a CubeSat cold gas propulsion system. Computer simulation tools are used to analyse heat flow through the system, as well as the fluid flow and phase change of butane. The heating performance is presented for different operational states and different designs. Finally, an optimal system design is suggested. The propulsion system in question is the deep space heading Hera Juventas 6DOF CGPS. The Juventas spacecraft will as part of ESA’s Hera mission be the first to perform radar measurements of an asteroid. It will determine the result of the NASA DART mission and will give insights to the internal structure of the Dimorphos minor- planet moon. / Detta examensarbete behandlar utformningen av ett CubeSat kallgasframdrivningssystem med avseende på drivmedelsuppvärmning. Datorsimuleringsverktyg används för att analysera värmeflöde genom systemet samt flödet och fasförändringen av butan. Värmningsprestanda presenteras för olika driftstillstånd och olika konstruktioner. Slutligen föreslås en optimal systemdesign. Framdrivningssystemet i fråga är Hera Juventas 6DOF CGPS. Rymdfarkosten Juventas kommer som en del av ESA:s Herauppdrag att vara den första som utför radarmätningar av en asteroid. Den kommer att avgöra resultatet av NASA:s DARTuppdrag och kommer att ge insikter om den interna strukturen i asteroidmånen Dimorphos.

Submitted by FERNANDO SANTOS DA SILVA null (fernandoquimicauems@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T02:21:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Fernando_Santos_da_Silva_IQ_UNESP.pdf: 19317124 bytes, checksum: b4f79b295bc22505ca8f3f01bd3db519 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T14:59:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fs_dr_araiq.pdf: 19317124 bytes, checksum: b4f79b295bc22505ca8f3f01bd3db519 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T14:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fs_dr_araiq.pdf: 19317124 bytes, checksum: b4f79b295bc22505ca8f3f01bd3db519 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a microestrutura, resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas de revestimentos produzidos por Aspersão Fria (AF) a base de: (I) pó de alumínio (Al), com ou sem alumina (Al2O3), depositados sobre aço comum; (II) revestimentos metálico-cerâmicos de WC-12Co e WC-25Co depositados sobre a liga Al7075-T6 e (III) revestimentos de cobre depositados sobre aço e obtidos a partir de pós submetidos a diferentes tratamentos. A análise dos materiais de partida e dos revestimentos, antes e após os ensaios de corrosão, foi realizada por difração a laser (DL), microscopia óptica (OM), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) acoplado a um sistema de espectroscopia de dispersão de energia de raios X (EDS) e difração de raios X (DRX). Foram realizadas medidas de dureza e ensaios de resistência ao desgaste por abrasão (Rubber Wheel) e por deslizamento (Ball on disk). A resistência à corrosão dos revestimentos foi avaliada por medidas eletroquímicas em meio de NaCl 3,5% e testes de névoa salina. Foram realizadas medidas de potencial em circuito aberto (ECA), espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) e curvas de polarização linear e cíclica. As imagens de SEM da secção transversal mostram que os revestimentos são densos, não possuem porosidade interconectada e nem trincas. Os resultados eletroquímicos e de névoa salina mostram que todos os revestimentos investigados protegem o substrato por longos tempos de imersão por serem compactos quando obtidos pela tecnologia de AF. Para os revestimentos a base de alumínio, os estudos mostram que o eletrólito atinge o substrato em alguns pontos somente após 2000 h de imersão e os ensaios de desgaste indicam que o revestimento compósito Al-Al2O3 apresenta melhores propriedades mecânicas. Quanto aos revestimentos metálicocerâmicos, o revestimento de WC-25Co apresentou maior espessura e também maior proteção contra corrosão até tempos maiores do que 2000 h. A caracterização dos revestimentos de cobre mostra claramente que os diferentes tratamentos dos materiais de partida exercem influência na eficiência de deposição, formação dos revestimentos e principalmente na sua resistência à corrosão. / The purpose of this work was to investigate the microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of coatings prepared by Cold Gas Spray (CGS) based on: (I) aluminum (Al) powder with or without alumina (Al2O3), deposited on common steel; (II) WC-12Co and WC-25Co metallic-ceramic coatings deposited onto Al7075- T6 alloy and (III) copper coatings deposited onto common steel and obtained from powders submitted to different treatments. The analysis of the feedstock materials and the coatings before and after the corrosion tests were performed by laser diffraction (LD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hardness measurements, abrasion testing (Rubber Wheel) and sliding wear test (Ball on disk) were performed. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by electrochemical measurements in 3.5% NaCl medium, and salt fog tests. Open circuit potential (EOC), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear and cyclic polarization measurements were performed. SEM images of the cross section showed that coatings are dense, without interconnected porosity and cracks. Electrochemical and salt fog results show that all investigated coatings protect the substrate during long immersion times because they are compact when obtained by CGS technology. For the aluminum based coatings, the studies show that the electrolyte reaches the substrate at some points only after 2000 h of immersion and the wear tests show that the Al-Al2O3 composite coating has better mechanical properties. For the metal-ceramic coatings, the WC-25Co coating show higher thickness and corrosion protection up to 2000 h of immersion when compared to WC-12Co. Copper coatings characterization clearly shows that the different treatments of the feedstock materials exert influence on the deposition efficiency, coating formation and especially on their corrosion resistance. / CNPq: 153177/2014-4

The objective of this study is to successfully deposit Titanium Ti-6Al-4V layers onto Ti-6Al-4V substrate using two new commercially available Cold Spray processes such as Low Pressure Cold Spray (LPCS) and Pulsed Gas Dynamic Spray (PGDS). The second objective of this work is to develop a technique to repair Titanium parts since there is currently no repair technique commercially available. It is envisioned that commercial cold spray systems could be used to repair gashes on Titanium components. The examination of both feedstock powders and coatings were performed by different techniques such as optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Porosity, hardness, adhesion strength, flattening ratio, wipe test, fracture surface, wear test, XRD and chemical composition of the coatings using EDS have been evaluated. Cold spray has shown to be a promising technique for the deposition of heat sensitive particles such as titanium. LPCS and PGDS both produced high quality coatings. Low porosity, high hardness, adhesion strength over 40 MPa, metallurgical bonding, similar to bulk material wear rate, no oxide and nitride phases inside coating were measured.

The present thesis is devoted to quantum simulation of strongly interacting systems of ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices. It is a theoretical work which focuses on the possibility to employ strong time-periodic forcing for the coherent control of these system. This form of quantum engineering is called Floquet engineering. Experimentally, time-periodic forcing has been successfully applied to realize a variety of physical models and phenomena, especially in the regime of weak interactions. We describe two novel proposals for interesting phenomena in the regime of strong interactions that rely on lattice shaking: melting of a Mott-insulator into an excited-state superfluid via coherent coupling of Bloch bands and the creation of 1D lattice anyons. Furthermore, the role of multiphoton excitations in a driven lattice is analyzed since these processes can lead to unwanted heating and thereby impeding of successful Floquet engineering in the experiment. The introductory Chapter 1 gives an overview over the field of quantum simulations with ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices and describes the experimental progress that has been made in the recent years. In Chapter 2, Floquet theory is reviewed, which provides an excellent framework to deal with time-periodic Hamiltonians and which is the basis of the analysis presented in the following chapters. Chapter 3 deals with the proposal of coherently coupling Bloch bands of an optical lattice via resonant lattice shaking. In particular, the orbital-driven phase transition from a Mott insulating to a superfluid ground state is described in detail. In Chapter 4, a proposal of realizing 1D lattice anyons from strongly interacting bosons in a shaken and tilted lattice is worked out. Furthermore, Friedel oscillations are proposed to provide a measurable real-space signature for the anyonization. Finally, in Chapter 5 multiphoton excitations to higher Bloch bands are analyzed for the cases of a shaken and an amplitude-modulated lattice. The strength and the location of resonances, which are associated with heating, are described theoretically and numerically. / Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt Quantensimulationen von stark wechselwirkenden Systemen ultrakalter Atome in optischen Gittern. Dabei fokussiert sich diese theoretische Arbeit auf die Möglichkeit, diese Systeme mit Hilfe eines hochfrequenten Antriebs kohärent zu kontrollieren. Diese Form des Quantenengineering nennt man Floquet-Engineering. Experimentell wurden mit Hilfe eines zeitperiodischen Antriebs des optischen Gitters bereits viele physikalische Phänomene und Modelle realisiert, insbesondere im Bereich geringer Wechselwirkungen. Hier beschreiben wir zwei neue Vorschläge für interessante Phänomene im Bereich starker Wechselwirkungen, welche durch zeitperiodisches Gitterschütteln ermöglicht werden: Das Schmelzen eines Mott-Isolators in einen angeregte suprafluiden Zustand durch kohärentes Koppeln von Bloch-Bändern, sowie die Erzeugung von eindimensionalen Gitter-Anyonen. Außerdem wird die Rolle von Multiphoton-Übergängen in angetriebenen Gittern untersucht, da diese Prozesse zu ungewolltem Heizen und damit zur Verhinderung von erfolgreichem Floquet-Engineering führen können. Das einleitende Kapitel 1 gibt einen Überblick über das Feld der Quantensimulationen mit ultrakalten Atomen und beschreibt den experimentellen Fortschritt der letzten Jahre auf diesem Gebiet. In Kapitel 2 wird die Floquet-Theorie eingeführt, die einen exzellenten Rahmen dafür bietet zeitperiodische Hamiltonians zu behandeln und die Grundlage für die folgenden Kapitel ist. Kapitel 3 stellt den Vorschlag vor, Bloch-Bänder in optischen Gittern durch das Schütteln des Gitters kohärent miteinander zu koppeln. Insbesondere wird im Detail gezeigt, wie dieses Bandkoppeln zu einem orbital getriebenen Phasenübergang von einem Mott-Isolator zu einem Suprafluid führen kann. In Kapitel 4 wird der Vorschlag erläutert, wie eindimensionale Anyonen durch stark wechselwirkende Bosonen erzeugt werden können, indem das Gitter gekippt und geschüttelt wird. Außerdem wird vorgeschlagen, Friedel-Oszillationen im Ortsraum als im Experiment messbare Signatur für die Anyonisierung zu nutzen. Schließlich werden in Kapitel 5 Multiphoton-Übergänge in höhere Bloch-Bänder untersucht, im Falle eines geschüttelten und eines Amplitudenmodulierten Gitters. Die Stärke und die Lage der Resonanzen, welche zu Heizen führen, werden hierbei theoretisch und numerisch beschrieben.

Aluminum alloys have been used for decades in aircraft as they offer a wide range of properties explicitly developed to provide a set of characteristics adapted to structural and non-structural components. However, aircraft components inevitably undergo degradation during service due to their extensive use and exposure to harsh environments. Typical repair methods are either not efficient for large scale repairs due to their low material growth rate, not suitable for field repair or involve the use of high process temperatures. The present research aims at evaluating the cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as a potential repair technology to restore Al7075-T6 nose landing gear steering actuator threads found on the Boeing 757 aircraft. Moreover, it studies the suitability of using cold spray to deposit Al2024 material. The influence of process parameters and substrate surface preparation on the material deposition efficiency and resulting microstructural and mechanical repair properties is also evaluated.

Carbon fibre reinforced composites are known for their high specific strength-to-weight ratio and are of great interest to the aerospace industry. Incorporating these materials into the fuselage, like in Boeing's 787 "Dreamliner", offers considerable weight reduction which increases flying efficiency, and reduces the cost of flying. In flight, aircraft are often subject to lightning strikes which, in the case of composites, can result in localized melting given the high resistive nature of the material. Aerospace carbon fibre composites often incorporate a metallic mesh or foil within the composite layers to dissipate the electrical charge through the large aircraft. The damage to the aircraft is minimized but not always eliminated. This research aims to elaborate a practical technique to deposit thin layers of conductive material on the surface of aerospace grade composites. Using Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS), such coatings could be used to repair damaged components. An experimental research approach was used to develop metallic coated composites. Using the CGDS equipment of Centerline (SST-P), specific parameters (such as gas temperature and stagnation pressure) were determined for each type of metallic coating (tin-based & copper-based). The use of bond coats was explored in order to attain the desired coatings. Once optimized, these coatings were evaluated with respect to their corrosive, adhesive, and electrical properties following industry standards.

The Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray process also known as Cold Spray (CS) has been researched for three decades. The CS process is a solid-state deposition technique via supersonic velocity of powder particles at a temperature significantly below the melting point of the spray material. This thesis presents background on the overall CS process parameters, and additional information on the microstructural and mechanical properties of typical Cold Sprayed materials.This Thesis primarily presents a study on the microstructural annealing response of CS Al 6061. It should be noted that for this study, the term “annealing” is used in the sense of the classical metallurgical definition of annealing, and not a specific temper designation for the 6061 alloy. Cross sections of CS Al 6061 were imaged with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in secondary electron (SE), backscatter electron (BSE), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) imaging mode for quantitative and qualitative information on the grain size and orientation of the CS microstructure. The detailed SE, BSE and EBSD mode images present the grain size and grain orientation of the original powder, as received (AR) state and after heat treating at 200°C for 1 hour, 10 hours, and 100 hours. Three different regions, characterized with distinctly differing microstructures, are labeled as low, medium, and high deformation regions, and their microstructures, and evolving features are discussed. Vickers microhardness testing are performed to examine the differences in hardness values between different heat treatments, and for correlation with the level of deformation and grain refinement in the microstructure. SEM imaging was used in BSE mode to correlate microhardness variation to the different regions within the CS microstructure.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ausgehend vom Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik für Ver-fahren und Werkstoffe des Titanlötens das Kaltgasspritzen in seiner Eignung als Vorbelo-tungsprozess beim löttechnischen Fügen von Titanlegierungen untersucht und qualifiziert. Die Parameter des Beschichtungsvorgangs werden dabei mit den resultierenden Schichtgefügen und späteren Lötergebnissen korreliert, wodurch eine Bewertung ermöglicht und ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der Mechanismen einer spritztechnischen Vorbelotung geliefert wird. Es werden dabei sowohl materialografische als auch mechanische Charakterisierungen durchge-führt. Ergänzt werden die Arbeitspunkte durch eine hochauflösende TEM-Untersuchung der Grenzfläche von kaltgasgespritzten Zink-Schichten und Aluminium-Substraten, die der Über-prüfung theoretischer Erkenntnisse zum Haftungsmechanismus kaltgasgespritzter metallischer Schichten auf Leichtmetallsubstraten dient. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion und Fol-gerung und gibt Empfehlungen für weiterführende Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet. / The present work qualifies the cold gas dynamic spray process (CGS) as a process for the application of braze filler coatings onto titanium alloy substrates. The work program results from needs and problems that were identified in the state-of-the-art of science and technology. The parameters of the coating process are correlated with the resulting coating microstruc-tures and the posterior brazing results. Materialographic and mechanic characterisations of the filler coatings and braze seams are carried out. Thereby, an evaluation of the braze filler ap-plication by cold gas spraying is permitted. In addition, high-resolution TEM investigations within the interfaces of a cold sprayed zinc coating and an aluminium base material proof the theory of the bonding mechanisms of CGS coatings on light weight metals. The work dis-cusses the achieved results and gives an outlook to continuative investigations in this field of science.

The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.

The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.