The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.

The cold gas dynamic spray process developed in the middle of the 80’s reached the industrial stage in development. Even so, many scientific investigations still go on. The nature of the bond between the coating and the substrate is the subject of some controversy. The development of the process will be improved by understanding how the properties of the powder and the mechanical properties of the substrate influence the bonding process. This study analyses the basic dynamics of the process when copper is sprayed.<p>• The one dimensional isentropic model of the gas behaviour in a Laval type nozzle allows evaluating the effect of the gas stagnation pressure P0 and temperature T0 on the impact velocity and temperature of the powder particle.<p>• The analysis of single splats on two substrates (aluminium and steel) shows the influence of the substrate on the deformation of single particles and the influence of the impact speed on the impact shape.<p>• Coatings are made of with powders with a specific size distribution. Two copper powders with a different size distribution are compared based on the deposition efficiency (D.E.) and the mechanical properties of the coating. The mechanical properties tested are the microhardness, the bond strength and the nanohardness.<p>• X-ray diffraction will show that the two powders have an initial very different microstructure. The consequence of this is a different deformation mechanism during the coating build up.<p>• An Auger analysis of the interface has shown the presence of diffusion zone when copper was sprayed on the Al and TA6V substrate.<p>It appears that the size distribution will determine the final impact conditions of the powder. The microstructure of the powder and the oxide content of the powder yield different deformation processes and may explain the differences in D.E. and mechanical properties. The Auger analysis of the interface has yielded diffusion zone that were not expected but some mechanisms under impact loading can explain their presence./<p>Le procédé de projection thermique à froid a été développé dans le milieu des années 80 et il arrive au stade industriel. Néanmoins, plusieurs développements scientifiques sont encore en cours. La nature du lien entre la poudre et le substrat est toujours l’objet de certaines controverses. Le développement futur du procédé nécessite une bonne compréhension de l’influence de la poudre et des propriétés du substrat sur le mécanisme d’adhérence. Cette étude va mettre en évidence les principaux facteurs influençant la projection de cuivre.<p>• Le modèle unidimensionnel isentropique du gaz parfait dans une buse convergente/ divergente permet de déterminer l’influence de la pression de stagnation et de la température de stagnation sur la vitesse et la température d’impact des particules de poudre.<p>• L’analyse d’impact unique sur les substrats d’acier et d’alliage d’Al (AA2014) montre l’influence du substrat sur la déformation des particules de poudre. La vitesse d’impact a une conséquence importante sur la forme d’une particule projetée sur une surface. <p>• Les revêtements sont fabriqués à partir de poudre avec une granulométrie donnée. Deux poudres avec une distribution de taille différente sont comparées par leur rendement de déposition et les propriétés mécaniques des revêtements obtenus. Les propriétés mécaniques testées sont la microdureté, l’adhérence et la nanodureté.<p>• La diffraction par rayons-X montre que les deux poudres ont initialement une microstructure très différente. Lors de l’impact, les deux poudres vont se déformer de manière différente et ceci se traduit dans la microstructure.<p>• La spectroscopie Auger montre qu’une zone de diffusion s’est formée à l’interface entre le cuivre et les deux substrats d’Al et de TA6V.<p>La distribution de taille des poudres a une influence considérable sur la vitesse et la température d’impact des particules de poudres mais il apparaît que d’autres facteurs ont aussi énormément d’influence. Le taux d’oxyde dans la poudre a une influence très importante sur le rendement et l’adhérence du dépôt. Les deux poudres projetées ont une microstructure initiale très différente et ceci se traduit par une déformation différente des particules de poudre dans le revêtement.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are commonly used for thermal protection of components in modern gas turbine application and typically consisting of ceramic top coat and CoNiCrAlY bond coat (BC), both thermally sprayed. Nanostructured CoNiCrAlY bond coatings were deposited onto Ni-based alloy (Inconel 718) by both HVOF and CGDS spraying techniques. Subsequently the deposits were remelted by electron beam up to depth of about 100 m which resulted in removal of defects on the substrate to the bond coat interface. The primary objective of this thesis was to investigation of the influence of parameters used for EB remelting, including multiple remelting on the microstructural changes, phase modification and final state of the coatings. The amount of porosity in the coatings and surface roughness has been evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction were performed in order to characterize the phase modification before and after the applied treatment. The results indicated that multiple remelting process improved the coating properties in terms of porosity, smooth surface, strength and chemical homogeneity and at last but not least this study demonstrate that low-temperature processing of CoNiCrAlY bond coat represents an interesting and promising alternative for their manufacturing.

This thesis deals with reaction synthesis of materials Fe–Al, Fe–Cu and Fe–Ni from cold spray. In literature analysis are introduced these systems and for each system there is brief description of binary equilibrium diagram. Furthermore here are some short explanations of diffusion, Kirkendall effect and other possible processing technologies of intermetallic materials. In experimental part, samples of sprayed materials were annealed and then microstructural changes were investigated. This thesis contains photographs of microstructure, results from scanning electron microscopy, X-ray, and measurements of microhardness.

The ever-growing Internet of Things is promoting more data acquisition, data exchange and fewer human interactions, engendering a higher demand for sensors and therefore power. While in most cases it is possible to directly connect these sensors to the power grid, it will not always be feasible with emerging technologies, especially in remote areas where human access is limited. Moisture-Electric Energy Transformation (MEET) devices are components that use moisture as a “fuel” to generate electrical power. Upon contact with moisture, a potential difference results from a diffusion mechanism, allowing charge to be stored locally in capacitors or rechargeable batteries to be utilized for useful work. The focus of the present work was to investigate the potential of Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) as an additive manufacturing (AM) process for the fabrication of MEET devices. Following a layer-by-layer approach, MEET devices were successfully built by CGDS, by combining aluminum (electrode material) and an in-situ composite of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and alumina (diffusion medium). The main challenges of this work were the determination of the spray parameters of PEEK and the investigation of the MEET capability of the manufactured devices. On the other hand, the main contributions of this work were the demonstration of the viability of CGDS in the deposition of PEEK/Al2O3 on aluminum 6061-T6 substrates, as well as the potential of PEEK as a MEET-capable material. The diffusion mechanisms that govern power generation were also hypothesized, explained and summarized. Initial tests of a MEET device of 66 mm x 34 mm indicate an uninterrupted power generation cycle of over 30 hours, and a maximum output voltage of 268 mV with a 6.8 MΩ load. The output power and power per unit area of the device were computed to be 10.63 nW and 4.736 µW/m2 respectively. The output current and current density were evaluated to 39.53 nA and 17.62 µA/m2.

The Canadian Nanosatellite Advanced Propulsion System is a liquefied cold-gas thruster system that provides propulsive capabilities to CanX-4/-5, the Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment 4 and 5. With a launch date of early 2014, CanX-4/-5's primary mission objective is to demonstrate precise autonomous formation flight of nanosatellites in low Earth orbit. The high-level CanX-4/-5 mission and system architecture is described. The final design and assembly of the propulsion system is presented along with the lessons learned. A high-level test plan provides a roadmap of the testing required to qualify the propulsion system for flight. The setup and execution of these tests, as well as the analyses of the results found therein, are discussed in detail.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ausgehend vom Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik für Verfahren und Werkstoffe des Titanlötens das Kaltgasspritzen in seiner Eignung als Vorbelotungsprozess beim löttechnischen Fügen von Titanlegierungen untersucht und qualifiziert. Die Parameter des Beschichtungsvorgangs werden dabei mit den resultierenden Schichtgefügen und späteren Lötergebnissen korreliert, wodurch eine Bewertung ermöglicht und ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der Mechanismen einer spritztechnischen Vorbelotung geliefert wird. Es werden dabei sowohl materialografische als auch mechanische Charakterisierungen durchgeführt. Ergänzt werden die Arbeitspunkte durch eine hochauflösende TEM-Untersuchung der Grenzfläche von kaltgasgespritzten Zink-Schichten und Aluminium-Substraten, die der Überprüfung theoretischer Erkenntnisse zum Haftungsmechanismus kaltgasgespritzter metallischer Schichten auf Leichtmetallsubstraten dient. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion und Folgerung und gibt Empfehlungen für weiterführende Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet.:1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 2.1 Leichtmetalle als Konstruktionswerkstoffe 2.1.1 Aluminium 2.1.2 Magnesium 2.1.3 Titan 2.2 Titan und Titanlegierungen als Konstruktionswerkstoffe 2.3 Stoffschlüssiges Fügen von Titan und Titanlegierungen 2.3.1 Kleben und Schweißen von Titanwerkstoffen 2.3.2 Löten von Titanwerkstoffen 2.3.2.1 Begriffe des Lötens 2.3.2.2 Löten von Titan und Titanlegierungen 2.3.2.3 Hartlote zum Löten von Titan und Titanlegierungen 2.3.2.4 Das Dreistoffsystem Titan-Kupfer-Nickel 2.4 Thermisches Spritzen 2.4.1 Begriffe des Thermischen Spritzens 2.4.2 Verfahren des Thermischen Spritzens 2.4.3 Kaltgasspritzen 2.4.3.1 Prozesstechnische und physikalische Grundlagen des Kaltgasspritzprozesses 2.4.3.2 Haftungsmechanismen kaltgasgespritzter Schichten 2.4.3.3 Eigenschaften kaltgasgespritzter Schichten 3 Folgerungen aus dem Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 4 Zielsetzung 5 Versuchsdurchführung 5.1 Voruntersuchungen mit Aluminiumsubstraten 5.1.1 Metallografische TEM-Untersuchungen 5.2 Untersuchungen mit TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 5.2.1 Versuchsplanung 5.2.2 Kaltgasspritzen von Lotschichten 5.2.3 Vakuumdiffusionslöten 5.2.4 Metallografische Charakterisierung 5.2.5 Mechanische Charakterisierung der Lötverbindungen 6 Ergebnisse 6.1 Voruntersuchungen mit Aluminiumsubstraten 6.1.1 AlSi 12-CGS-Lotschichten 6.1.2 Zn-basierte CGS-Lotschichten 6.1.3 Metallografische TEM-Untersuchungen 6.1.4 Zusammenfassung der Untersuchungsergebnisse mit Aluminiumsubstraten 6.2 Untersuchungen mit TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 6.2.1 Kaltgasspritzen von Lotschichten 6.2.2 Lötverbindungen 6.2.2.1 Metallografische Charakterisierung der Ti-Cu-Ni-Schichtlotfolien 6.2.2.2 Metallografische Charakterisierung der Lötverbindungen 6.2.2.3 Mechanische Charakterisierung der Lötverbindungen 7 Ergebnisdiskussion 7.1 Kaltgasspritzen von Lotschichten auf TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 7.2 Charakterisierung von TiAl 6 V 4-Lötverbindungen 7.3 Bewertung der Ergebnisse mit TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 8 Folgerungen 9 Zusammenfassung 10 Quellennachweis / The present work qualifies the cold gas dynamic spray process (CGS) as a process for the application of braze filler coatings onto titanium alloy substrates. The work program results from needs and problems that were identified in the state-of-the-art of science and technology. The parameters of the coating process are correlated with the resulting coating microstructures and the posterior brazing results. Materialographic and mechanic characterisations of the filler coatings and braze seams are carried out. Thereby, an evaluation of the braze filler application by cold gas spraying is permitted. In addition, high-resolution TEM investigations within the interfaces of a cold sprayed zinc coating and an aluminium base material proof the theory of the bonding mechanisms of CGS coatings on light weight metals. The work discusses the achieved results and gives an outlook to continuative investigations in this field of science.:1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 2.1 Leichtmetalle als Konstruktionswerkstoffe 2.1.1 Aluminium 2.1.2 Magnesium 2.1.3 Titan 2.2 Titan und Titanlegierungen als Konstruktionswerkstoffe 2.3 Stoffschlüssiges Fügen von Titan und Titanlegierungen 2.3.1 Kleben und Schweißen von Titanwerkstoffen 2.3.2 Löten von Titanwerkstoffen 2.3.2.1 Begriffe des Lötens 2.3.2.2 Löten von Titan und Titanlegierungen 2.3.2.3 Hartlote zum Löten von Titan und Titanlegierungen 2.3.2.4 Das Dreistoffsystem Titan-Kupfer-Nickel 2.4 Thermisches Spritzen 2.4.1 Begriffe des Thermischen Spritzens 2.4.2 Verfahren des Thermischen Spritzens 2.4.3 Kaltgasspritzen 2.4.3.1 Prozesstechnische und physikalische Grundlagen des Kaltgasspritzprozesses 2.4.3.2 Haftungsmechanismen kaltgasgespritzter Schichten 2.4.3.3 Eigenschaften kaltgasgespritzter Schichten 3 Folgerungen aus dem Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 4 Zielsetzung 5 Versuchsdurchführung 5.1 Voruntersuchungen mit Aluminiumsubstraten 5.1.1 Metallografische TEM-Untersuchungen 5.2 Untersuchungen mit TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 5.2.1 Versuchsplanung 5.2.2 Kaltgasspritzen von Lotschichten 5.2.3 Vakuumdiffusionslöten 5.2.4 Metallografische Charakterisierung 5.2.5 Mechanische Charakterisierung der Lötverbindungen 6 Ergebnisse 6.1 Voruntersuchungen mit Aluminiumsubstraten 6.1.1 AlSi 12-CGS-Lotschichten 6.1.2 Zn-basierte CGS-Lotschichten 6.1.3 Metallografische TEM-Untersuchungen 6.1.4 Zusammenfassung der Untersuchungsergebnisse mit Aluminiumsubstraten 6.2 Untersuchungen mit TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 6.2.1 Kaltgasspritzen von Lotschichten 6.2.2 Lötverbindungen 6.2.2.1 Metallografische Charakterisierung der Ti-Cu-Ni-Schichtlotfolien 6.2.2.2 Metallografische Charakterisierung der Lötverbindungen 6.2.2.3 Mechanische Charakterisierung der Lötverbindungen 7 Ergebnisdiskussion 7.1 Kaltgasspritzen von Lotschichten auf TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 7.2 Charakterisierung von TiAl 6 V 4-Lötverbindungen 7.3 Bewertung der Ergebnisse mit TiAl 6 V 4-Substraten 8 Folgerungen 9 Zusammenfassung 10 Quellennachweis

The present research project is carried out at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium) with the financial support of the European Space Agency.<p><p>The first stage of spacecrafts (e.g. Ariane 5, Vega, Shuttle) generally consists of large solid propellant rocket motors (SRM), which often consist of segmented structure and incorporate a submerged nozzle. During the combustion, the regression of the solid propellant surrounding the nozzle integration part leads to the formation of a cavity around the nozzle lip. The propellant combustion generates liquefied alumina droplets coming from chemical reaction of the aluminum composing the propellant grain. The alumina droplets being carried away by the hot burnt gases are flowing towards the nozzle. Meanwhile the droplets may interact with the internal flow. As a consequence, some of the droplets are entrapped in the cavity forming an alumina puddle (slag) instead of being exhausted through the throat. This slag reduces the performances.<p><p>The aim of the present study is to characterize the slag accumulation process in a simplified model of the MPS P230 motor using primarily optical experimental techniques. Therefore, a 2D-like cold-gas model is designed, which represents the main geometrical features of the real motor (presence of an inhibitor, nozzle and cavity) and allows to approximate non-dimensional parameters of the internal two-phase flow (e.g. Stokes number, volume fraction). The model is attached to a wind-tunnel that provides quasi-axial flow (air) injection. A water spray device in the stagnation chamber realizes the models of the alumina droplets, which are accumulating in the aft-end cavity of the motor.<p><p>To be able to carry out experimental investigation, at first the the VKI Level Detection and Recording(LeDaR) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement techniques had to be adapted to the two-phase flow condition of the facility.<p><p>A parametric liquid accumulation assessment is performed experimentally using the LeDaR technique to identify the influence of various parameters on the liquid deposition rate. The obstacle tip to nozzle tip distance (OT2NT) is identified to be the most relevant, which indicates how much a droplet passing just at the inhibitor tip should deviate transversally to leave through the nozzle and not to be entrapped in the cavity.<p><p>As LeDaR gives no indication of the driving mechanisms, the flow field is analysed experimentally, which is supported by numerical simulations to understand the main driving forces of the accumulation process. A single-phase PIV measurement campaign provides detailed information about the statistical and instantaneous flow structures. The flow quantities are successfully compared to an equivalent 3D unsteady LES numerical model.<p><p>Two-phase flow CFD simulations suggest the importance of the droplet diameter on the accumulation rate. This observation is confirmed by two-phase flow PIV experiments as well. Accordingly, the droplet entrapment process is described by two mechanisms. The smaller droplets (representing a short characteristic time) appear to follow closely the air-phase. Thus, they may mix with the air-phase of the recirculation region downstream the inhibitor and can be carried into the cavity. On the other hand, the large droplets (representing a long characteristic time) are not able to follow the air-phase motion. Consequently, a large mean velocity difference is found between the droplets and the air-phase using the two-phase flow measurement data. Therefore, due to the inertia of the large droplets, they may fall into the cavity in function of the OT2NT and their velocity vector at the level of the inhibitor tip.<p><p>Finally, a third mechanism, dripping is identified as a contributor to the accumulation process. In the current quasi axial 2D-like set-up large drops are dripping from the inhibitor. In this configuration they are the main source of the accumulation process. Therefore, additional numerical simulations are performed to estimate the importance of dripping in more realistic configurations. The preliminary results suggest that dripping is not the main mechanism in the real slag accumulation process. However, it may still lead to a considerable contribution to the final amount of slag.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished