La conception de systèmes mécaniques, de par son aspect pluridisciplinaire et technologique, fait intervenir et interagir différentes personnes qui travaillent et prennent des décisions ensemble, et, participent ensemble à l’élaboration du produit. Elles travaillent de manière collaborative cependant elles ne se connaissent pas obligatoirement, ne se situent pas forcément géographiquement sur un site commun, n’ont peut-être pas la même culture et n’appartiennent pas systématiquement à la même entreprise. La conception préliminaire représente les premières phases du cycle de conception ou le produit est en cours de définition. Le nombre d’incertitudes sur les paramètres et les informations produit sont très importantes. Il y a un manque de connaissances important à cette étape du processus de conception qui doit être considéré afin d’améliorer et d’aider les prises de décisions dans les phases amonts. C’est ce manque de connaissances que je me propose de qualifier et caractériser en apportant une réponse à la question résultante: comment prendre en compte le manque de connaissances pour prendre des décisions durant la conception préliminaire collaborative ? Pour se faire, nous proposons un méta-modèle de connaissances permettant de structurer les informations du produit et les connaissances en intégrant la maturité du produit. Cette maturité est définie par une métrique et permet d’identifier le niveau de connaissances des concepteurs sur le produit et d’orienter la prise de décision grâce à l’utilisation d’une approche mixte, à la fois qualitative et quantitative. Enfin, nous évaluerons la capacité de ce méta-modèle à générer différent modèles produit, puis sa pertinence avec l’implémentation sur un cas industriel. / The design of mechanical systems, due to their multi-disciplinary and technological aspects, involves different people who, together, work and make decisions and jointly participate in the development of the product. They work in a collaborative manner; however, they may have different strategies, geographical positions, cultures and do not know the other members of the team. Preliminary design represents the early stages of the design cycle or product definition. A number of uncertainties regarding the parameters and product information are very important. There is an important lack of knowledge at this stage of the design process that must be managed or filled in order to improve and support the decision making in the early phases. It is this lack of knowledge that I propose to qualify and characterise, providing an answer to the question: how does one to take into account the lack of knowledge in decision making during the preliminary design collaboration? To do so, we propose a meta-model for structuring product information and knowledge by integrating product maturity. A metric allows this maturity to be defined, to identify the level of knowledge of the product designers and to guide the decision making, thanks to the use of a qualitative and quantitative approach. Finally, we evaluate the ability of the meta-model to generate the different models produced and its relevance to the implementation in an industrial case.

O open source design ainda é um fenômeno nascente, no entanto representa um movimento que caminha em direção a mudanças radicais na maneira como nós adquirimos uma grande variedade de produtos. Baseado no conceito Do-It-Yourself, os usuários, ou seja, os indivíduos ou organizações que esperam se beneficiar do uso de um design, produto ou serviço, possuem um papel ativo e central no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Por meio de comunidades auto-organizadas, os colaboradores compartilham esforços para geração de produtos, e os tornam disponíveis para que qualquer pessoa possa utilizá-los livremente. Embora as comunidades open source sejam mais conhecidas para o desenvolvimento de software, elas não estão restritas ao software. No entanto, são poucas as iniciativas que aplicam esse conceito para produtos físicos. A literatura apresenta um grande número de estudos relacionados ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, porém, o open source design apresenta um ambiente diferente do tradicional. O envolvimento de um grande número de pessoas auto-organizadas pode provocar efeitos negativos no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, quando soluções ruins influenciarem significativamente na convergência para uma solução final. Pesquisas indicam a necessidade de um melhor entendimento do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos nesse ambiente, assim como das ferramentas utilizadas para apoiar às organizações na gestão de seus processos de forma eficiente. Alguns autores apontam a falta de estudos de caso como uma das grandes barreiras para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas neste campo. Com base nessas lacunas, o objetivo deste estudo é contribuir com a caracterização do desenvolvimento de produtos no open source design. Para atingir esse objetivo, são realizados uma revisão de literatura no tema e um estudo de caso de caráter etnográfico, apoiado em mais de 800 horas de observação participante, e na análise de documentos da comunidade Open Source Ecology, nos Estados Unidos. Como resultado, é apresentado um relato das experiências vivenciadas junto à comunidade, que permitiram o levantamento de características do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos no open source design, assim como algumas reflexões sobre os demais elementos deste fenômeno: a plataforma de colaboração, a comunidade, os fatores que motivam os colaboradores a se envolverem no open source design, e o modelo de negócio dessas organizações. Estes resultados nos levam a crer que, embora muito trabalho tenha sido feito nas comunidades de open source design, este movimento ainda possui um baixo nível de maturidade com relação à gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, e está longe de mostrar seu todo o seu potencial. / The open source design is still a nascent phenomenon, but is it represents a movement that goes toward radical changes in how we acquire a wide variety of products. Based on the Do-It-Yourself concept, the users, i.e. individuals or organizations who expect to benefit from the use of a design, product or service, have an active and central role in the development of new products. Through self-organized communities, contributors share efforts to generate product designs, and make them available so that anyone can make free use of them. Although the open source communities are best known for software development, they are not restricted to software. However, there are few initiatives that apply this concept to physical products. The literature shows a large number of studies related to the design process, however, the open source design has a different environment than traditional one. The involvement of a large number of selforganized people can result in negative effects on the design process, when bad solutions dominate and greatly influence the convergence to a solution. Some researches indicate the necessity of better understand the design process in this environment, as well as the tools that aid organizations and individuals to manage this process effectively. Some authors point out the lack of case studies as one of the major barriers to the development of research in this field. Based on these gaps, the objective of this study is to contribute to the characterization of the design process in the open source design. To achieve this goal, there are conducted a literature review on this topic and an ethnographic case study, supported by more than 800 hours of participant observation, and document analysis the Open Source Ecology community, in the United States. As a result, an account of experiences with this community is presented, which support the characterization of the design process in open source design, as well as some reflections on other elements of this phenomenon: the collaboration platform, the community, the drive that motivates participation, and the business models of these organizations. Our findings indicate that, even though many accomplishments have been achieved, the open source design movement still has a low level of maturity, and is far from showing its full potential.

A adoção de estratégias de cooperação tem se tornado uma prática comum das empresas a fim de distribuir esforços de seus processos de negócios. Dentre eles está o processo de desenvolvimento de produto que é um dos principais focos de vários tipos de cooperação, pois a realização de seu sucesso garante a permanência mais segura da empresa e de seus potenciais parceiros no atual ambiente de elevada competição. Existem características multidimensionais desses tipos de cooperação que provocam efeitos sobre o desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de produto, podendo alterar de modo significativo a chance de sucesso do empreendimento. Deste aspecto observado, surgiu o objetivo de pesquisa deste trabalho, que consiste de analisar os efeitos da flexibilidade organizacional e do risco sobre métricas de desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo em empresa estendida. Para isso, foi estudado um caso prático de empresa estendida, onde o foco principal é o desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo, cujo efeito da flexibilidade e do risco foi analisado. A pesquisa também foi auxiliada por uma revisão bibliográfica pertinente aos temas principais. / In order to share businesses processes efforts severaI types of strategic co-operation has been adopted by many enterprises. Among all the businesses processes product development process has increased in importance for strategic co-operation field study because nowadays the maintenance of a steady competitive business scenario is needed. As strategic co-operation formation\'s components some multidimensional characteristics might reduce odds of a succeeded new product if a side effect is not correctly monitored and causes some kind of loss in process performance. So based on such correlation this research analyses potential deviations caused by risk and organizational flexibility in the product development process\' performance within an extended enterprise. To fulfill the main objective a field study was developed together with a thorough literature review.

A adoção de estratégias de cooperação tem se tornado uma prática comum das empresas a fim de distribuir esforços de seus processos de negócios. Dentre eles está o processo de desenvolvimento de produto que é um dos principais focos de vários tipos de cooperação, pois a realização de seu sucesso garante a permanência mais segura da empresa e de seus potenciais parceiros no atual ambiente de elevada competição. Existem características multidimensionais desses tipos de cooperação que provocam efeitos sobre o desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de produto, podendo alterar de modo significativo a chance de sucesso do empreendimento. Deste aspecto observado, surgiu o objetivo de pesquisa deste trabalho, que consiste de analisar os efeitos da flexibilidade organizacional e do risco sobre métricas de desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo em empresa estendida. Para isso, foi estudado um caso prático de empresa estendida, onde o foco principal é o desenvolvimento de produto colaborativo, cujo efeito da flexibilidade e do risco foi analisado. A pesquisa também foi auxiliada por uma revisão bibliográfica pertinente aos temas principais. / In order to share businesses processes efforts severaI types of strategic co-operation has been adopted by many enterprises. Among all the businesses processes product development process has increased in importance for strategic co-operation field study because nowadays the maintenance of a steady competitive business scenario is needed. As strategic co-operation formation\'s components some multidimensional characteristics might reduce odds of a succeeded new product if a side effect is not correctly monitored and causes some kind of loss in process performance. So based on such correlation this research analyses potential deviations caused by risk and organizational flexibility in the product development process\' performance within an extended enterprise. To fulfill the main objective a field study was developed together with a thorough literature review.

O open source design ainda é um fenômeno nascente, no entanto representa um movimento que caminha em direção a mudanças radicais na maneira como nós adquirimos uma grande variedade de produtos. Baseado no conceito Do-It-Yourself, os usuários, ou seja, os indivíduos ou organizações que esperam se beneficiar do uso de um design, produto ou serviço, possuem um papel ativo e central no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Por meio de comunidades auto-organizadas, os colaboradores compartilham esforços para geração de produtos, e os tornam disponíveis para que qualquer pessoa possa utilizá-los livremente. Embora as comunidades open source sejam mais conhecidas para o desenvolvimento de software, elas não estão restritas ao software. No entanto, são poucas as iniciativas que aplicam esse conceito para produtos físicos. A literatura apresenta um grande número de estudos relacionados ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, porém, o open source design apresenta um ambiente diferente do tradicional. O envolvimento de um grande número de pessoas auto-organizadas pode provocar efeitos negativos no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, quando soluções ruins influenciarem significativamente na convergência para uma solução final. Pesquisas indicam a necessidade de um melhor entendimento do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos nesse ambiente, assim como das ferramentas utilizadas para apoiar às organizações na gestão de seus processos de forma eficiente. Alguns autores apontam a falta de estudos de caso como uma das grandes barreiras para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas neste campo. Com base nessas lacunas, o objetivo deste estudo é contribuir com a caracterização do desenvolvimento de produtos no open source design. Para atingir esse objetivo, são realizados uma revisão de literatura no tema e um estudo de caso de caráter etnográfico, apoiado em mais de 800 horas de observação participante, e na análise de documentos da comunidade Open Source Ecology, nos Estados Unidos. Como resultado, é apresentado um relato das experiências vivenciadas junto à comunidade, que permitiram o levantamento de características do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos no open source design, assim como algumas reflexões sobre os demais elementos deste fenômeno: a plataforma de colaboração, a comunidade, os fatores que motivam os colaboradores a se envolverem no open source design, e o modelo de negócio dessas organizações. Estes resultados nos levam a crer que, embora muito trabalho tenha sido feito nas comunidades de open source design, este movimento ainda possui um baixo nível de maturidade com relação à gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, e está longe de mostrar seu todo o seu potencial. / The open source design is still a nascent phenomenon, but is it represents a movement that goes toward radical changes in how we acquire a wide variety of products. Based on the Do-It-Yourself concept, the users, i.e. individuals or organizations who expect to benefit from the use of a design, product or service, have an active and central role in the development of new products. Through self-organized communities, contributors share efforts to generate product designs, and make them available so that anyone can make free use of them. Although the open source communities are best known for software development, they are not restricted to software. However, there are few initiatives that apply this concept to physical products. The literature shows a large number of studies related to the design process, however, the open source design has a different environment than traditional one. The involvement of a large number of selforganized people can result in negative effects on the design process, when bad solutions dominate and greatly influence the convergence to a solution. Some researches indicate the necessity of better understand the design process in this environment, as well as the tools that aid organizations and individuals to manage this process effectively. Some authors point out the lack of case studies as one of the major barriers to the development of research in this field. Based on these gaps, the objective of this study is to contribute to the characterization of the design process in the open source design. To achieve this goal, there are conducted a literature review on this topic and an ethnographic case study, supported by more than 800 hours of participant observation, and document analysis the Open Source Ecology community, in the United States. As a result, an account of experiences with this community is presented, which support the characterization of the design process in open source design, as well as some reflections on other elements of this phenomenon: the collaboration platform, the community, the drive that motivates participation, and the business models of these organizations. Our findings indicate that, even though many accomplishments have been achieved, the open source design movement still has a low level of maturity, and is far from showing its full potential.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carlos_drisostes.pdf: 10264577 bytes, checksum: 46781bfd7d6a5c0a169ee7c89649fe13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-12 / nenhum / This study aims to explore processes associated with the design of educational activities for learning of mathematics involving computer software. In particular, it consides the processes involved in the design of microworlds, both in respect to the incorporation of mathematical objects in the environment and the interactions of the mathematics teachers who participated in the research. Within a constructionist perspective, it investigated the conjecture that the iterative design of a microworld can involve designers in constructing new relationships with the computer, with mathematics and with its teaching. A design-based research methodology was chosen for the study, with two phases of experimentation developed: The individual design phase involved the construction of a microworld for geometrical transformations; in the collaborative design phase, a group of six mathematics teachers from a public sector school in the interior of the state of São Paulo participated in the iterative design and e design of two microworlds during a set of twelve research sessions. Analysis of the cycle description-execution-reflection-debugging, that characterized the interaction during both research phases, indicated that participating in the process of computational transposition, by which a mathematical object becomes incorporated in a microworld, enabled both the researcher and the teachers to construct new meanings situated abstractions as well as to adopt new perspectives on the design of learning activities. The opportunity to act simultaneously as designers and as learners also permitted a change in the attitudes of the teachers, increasing their sense of security in relation to the computer. / O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar os processos associados ao design de atividades educacionais utilizando software para a aprendizagem de conteúdos matemáticos. Em particular, considera-se os processos envolvidos no design de micromundos, tanto em respeito da incorporação de objeto matemático no ambiente quanto nas interações dos professores de matemática participantes na pesquisa. Dentro de uma perspectiva construcionista, partiu-se da hipótese de que o design iterativo de um micromundo possa envolver os designers na construção de novas relações com o computador, com a matemática e seu ensino. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho baseou-se no design-based research methodologies. Foram elaboradas duas fases de experimentação. A fase do design individual de um micromundo envolveu o desenvolvimento do micromundo sobre Transformações Geométricas. A fase de design colaborativo contou com um grupo de seis professores de matemática do ensino fundamental (5º a 8º séries), de uma escola pública localizada no interior de São Paulo. Estes professores participaram do desenvolvimento de dois micromundos, através de um processo iterativo de design e redesign, durante um conjunto de doze sessões. Análise do ciclo descrição-execução-reflexão-depuração que caracterizou as interações em ambas as fases indicou que a participação no processo de transposição informática, pelo qual um objetivo matemático é incorporado num micromundo, favoreceu a construção de novos significados, abstrações situadas, e um novo olhar sobre o design de atividades de aprendizagem, tanto para o pesquisador quanto para os professores. A oportunidade de agir simultaneamente no papel de designer e aprendiz também permitiu uma mudança de postura dos professores aumentando sua segurança frente ao uso do computador.

Cette thèse vise à la conception d'un environnement pour le calcul haute performance dans un cadre d'optimisation numérique. Les outils de conception et d’optimisation sont répartis dans plusieurs équipes distantes, académiques et industrielles, qui collaborent au sein des mêmes projets. Les outils doivent être fédérés au sein d’un environnement commun afin d'en faciliter l'accès aux chercheurs et ingénieurs. L'environnement que nous proposons, pour répondre aux conditions précédentes, se compose d’un système de workflow et d’un système de calcul distribué. Le premier a pour objectif de faciliter la tâche de conception de l'application tandis que le second se charge de l’exécution sur des ressources de calcul distribuées. Bien sûr, des services de communication entre les deux systèmes doivent être développés. Les calculs doivent être réalisés de manière efficace, en prenant en compte le parallélisme interne de certains codes, l’exécution synchrone ou asynchrone des tâches, le transfert des données et les ressources matérielles et logicielles disponibles (répartition de charge par exemple). De plus, l’environnement doit assurer un bon niveau de tolérance aux pannes et aux défaillances logicielles, afin de minimiser leur influence sur le résultat final ou sur le temps de calcul. Une condition importante en particulier est de pouvoir implanter des dispositifs de reprise sur erreur, de telle sorte que le temps supplémentaire de traitement des erreurs reste très inférieur au temps de re-exécution total. Dans le cadre de ce travail, notre choix s'est porté sur le moteur de workflow Yawl, qui présente de bonnes caractéristiques en termes i) d'indépendance vis à vis du matériel et du logiciel (système client-serveur pouvant fonctionner sur du matériel hétérogène) et ii) de mécanisme de reprise sur erreur. Pour la partie calcul distribué, nos expériences ont été réalisées sur la plateforme Grid5000, en utilisant jusqu'à 64 machines différentes réparties sur cinq sites géographiques. Ce document détaille les choix de conception de cet environnement ainsi que les ajouts et modifications que nous avons été amenés à apporter à Yawl pour lui permettre de fonctionner sur une plateforme distribuée. / This thesis aims conceiving an environment for high performance computing in a numerical optimization context. The tools for conception and optimization are distributed across several teams, both academics and industrial, which collaborate inside a unique project. The tools should be federated within a common environment to facilitate access to researchers and engineers. The environment that we offer, in order to meet the above conditions, consists of a workflow system and a distributed computing system. The first system aims to facilitate the application design task while the latter is responsible for executing on distributed computing resources. Of course, communication services between the two systems must be developed. The computation must be performed effectively, taking into account the internal parallelism of some software code, synchronous or asynchronous task execution, the transfer of data and hardware and software resources available (e.g. load balancing). In addition, the environment should provide a good level of fault tolerance and software failures, to minimize their influence on the final result or the computation time. An important condition in particular is to implement recovery devices on error occurence, so that the extra time for error handling remains well below the total time of re-execution. As part of this work, our choice fell on the Yawl workflow engine, which has good characteristics in terms of i) hardware and software independence (client-server system that can run on heterogeneous hardware) and ii) error recovery mechanism. For distributed computing part, our experiments were performed on the Grid5000 platform, using up to 64 different machines on five geographical sites. This document details the design of this environment and the extensions and changes we have had to perform on Yawl to enable it to run on a distributed platform.

Often, design problems are strongly coupled and their concurrent resolution by interacting (though decentralized) stakeholders is required. The ensuing interactions are characterized predominantly by degree of interdependence and level of cooperation. Since tradeoffs, made within and among sub-systems, inherently contribute to system level performance, bridging the associated gaps is crucial. With this in mind, effective collaboration, centered on continued communication, concise coordination, and non-biased achievement of system level objectives, is becoming increasingly important. Thus far, research in distributed and decentralized decision-making has focused primarily on conflict resolution. Game theoretic protocols and negotiation tactics have been used extensively as a means of making the required tradeoffs, often in a manner that emphasizes the maximization of stakeholder payoff over system level performance. More importantly, virtually all of the currently instantiated mechanisms are based upon the a priori assumption of the existence of solutions that are acceptable to all interacting parties. No explicit consideration has been given thus far to ensuring the convergence of stakeholder design activities leading up to the coupled decision and the associated determination of values for uncoupled and coupled design parameters. Consequently, unnecessary and costly iteration is almost certain to result from mismatched and potentially irreconcilable objectives. In this dissertation, an alternative coordination mechanism, centered on sharing key pieces of information throughout the process of determining a solution to a coupled system is presented. Specifically, the focus is on (1) establishing and assessing collaborative design spaces, (2) identifying and exploring regions of acceptable performance, and (3) preserving stakeholder dominion over design sub-system resolution throughout the duration of a given design process. The fundamental goal is to establish a consistent framework for agile collaboration that more accurately represents the mechanics underlying product development and supports interacting stakeholders in achieving their respective objectives in light of system level priorities. This aim is accomplished via improved resource management and design space exploration, augmented awareness of system level implications emanating from sub-system decisions, and increased modularity of decentralized design processes. Stakeholder synergy in design processes is enhanced via stakeholder focalization, based on the systematic communication of decision-critical information content.

The design of mechanical systems, due to their multi-disciplinary and technological aspects, involves different people who, together, work and make decisions and jointly participate in the development of the product. They work in a collaborative manner; however, they may have different strategies, geographical positions, cultures and do not know the other members of the team. Preliminary design represents the early stages of the design cycle or product definition. A number of uncertainties regarding the parameters and product information are very important. There is an important lack of knowledge at this stage of the design process that must be managed or filled in order to improve and support the decision making in the early phases. It is this lack of knowledge that I propose to qualify and characterise, providing an answer to the question: how does one to take into account the lack of knowledge in decision making during the preliminary design collaboration? To do so, we propose a meta-model for structuring product information and knowledge by integrating product maturity. A metric allows this maturity to be defined, to identify the level of knowledge of the product designers and to guide the decision making, thanks to the use of a qualitative and quantitative approach. Finally, we evaluate the ability of the meta-model to generate the different models produced and its relevance to the implementation in an industrial case.

L’organisation fonctionnelle des entreprises impose un fonctionnement en mode projet. Ces projets sont menés par des experts de différentes spécialités et d’origine diverses. Ces équipes ont besoin d’outils pour être performant et proposer des solutions adaptées aux multiples besoins des marchés de plus en plus exigeants. Au cours de leurs réunions et activités, ils se créé une conscience de groupe qui s’enrichit à travers les interactions et s’appuie sur divers représentations externes. Cette thèse aborde l’étude des mécanismes permettant la performance des équipes de conception collaborative en réunion synchrone. Elle a essayé de démontrer les liens entre leur Système de Mémoire Transactive (TMS), leurs Activités de Conception Collaboratives (CDA) et leurs Objets désignés Ressources (RSC), et d’identifier les éléments favorisant ces liens. Nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé une enquête auprès des équipes de conception collaborative en environnement universitaire. Puis dans un second temps nous avons réalisé une expérimentation sur deux équipes en situation de conception collaborative synchrone autour du Serious Game Delta Design déployé sur une table interactive. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que si la performance est favorisée par la TMS ou la CDA, leur lien statistique est établit, de même que le lien entre les activités de conception et les ressources mobilisées. Cependant, l’absence de lien statistique fort TMS CDA montre que les équipes ne semblent conscientes de l’utilisation des objets dans la construction de leur TMS, alors que les artefacts de la table interactive sont les plus sollicités et les activités de prise de décision semblent les plus importantes dans ces séances.Cette thèse contribue au corpus de connaissance sur l’étude des équipes de conception collaborative et mets à disposition des outils d’évaluation de la performance des équipes de conception collaboratives synchrone. / Today functional structure of enterprises requires teamwork and project mode organization. These projects are carried out by experts from different domains of expertise. Besides the teams need supporting tools in order to improve the efficiency of their design process and to propose adapted solutions to complex design problems. In the course of their meetings and collaborative activities they create group awareness through their interactions and creation of various artifacts. This thesis studies mechanisms that underlie performance of collaborative design team in synchronous meeting. In this thesis we demonstrate the links between Transactive Memory System (TMS), Collaborative Design Activities (CDA) and Objects called Resources (RSC), and identify the elements that drive these links. A survey has been used to study collaborative design teams in academic environment. Then, we performed direct observation of two teams during synchronous collaborative design meetings with a serious game Delta Design on interactive table. Results show that if performance is enhanced statistically by good TMS or CDA, and the link is demonstrate, so is the links between CDA RSC. However, the lack of statistical strong correlation between TMS and RSC seems to show that team members are not conscious of using artifacts during TMS building. While artifacts on interactive table are more solicited and decision making activities seems to be more important during their session. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of collaborative design teams and offers tools to evaluate collaborative design activities.