Este documento presenta el plan estratégico para el sector cacaotero en Colombia con base en el Modelo Secuencial del Proceso Estratégico formulado por el profesor D´Alessio (2013) para el diseño de estrategias, políticas y objetivos que le permitirán generar mayor valor al sector con un enfoque de sostenibilidad y competitividad de largo plazo. El sector cacao colombiano cuenta con un gran potencial para el desarrollo económico a escala global, los objetivos y metas trazadas requiere una serie de acciones y estrategias coordinadas entre diferentes actores de la cadena productiva. La eficacia productiva, el aumento de cultivos y la calidad de vida de los productores son pilares fundamentales para los objetivos a largo plazo del sector cacaotero. Consolidar un encaje estratégico dinámico permitirá que Colombia sea mucho más competitiva que otros países productores de cacao, aprovechando las ventajas comparativas que como nación se tienen y a su vez la especialidad en la calidad del cacao fino de sabor y aroma. Sin embargo, la actitud estratégica debe estar presente durante todo el proceso de implementación del plan, ya que no se puede caer en inercias en materia de innovación o aislarse del mercado mundial y las dinámicas de la competencia. Como estrategias de impulso al sector, es necesario que la Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros - Fedecacao logre avanzar en la transferencia tecnológica al agricultor, con el fin de alcanzar mejores procesos de secado y calidad del grano, apalancado en un proceso de investigación científica y tecnológica sobre el cultivo, el procesamiento y la gestión logística y administrativa de la cadena, que aunada con la mejora de infraestructura vial y de servicios, permita cumplir con los estándares internacionales de calidad con el cacao colombiano. / This document presents the strategic plan for the cocoa sector in Colombia based on the model The strategic design for Professor D'Alessio (2013) for the design of strategies, policies and objectives to allow the creation of more value focusing on sustainability and long-term competitiveness. The Colombian cocoa sector has great potential for global economic development, objectives and goals require a series of actions and strategies coordinated between different actors in the productive chain. Productive efficiency, crop growth and producers' quality of life are fundamental to the long-term objectives of the cocoa sector. To consolidate a dynamic strategic fit Colombia will be more competitive than other cocoa producing countries, taking advantage of the comparative advantages that as a nation have a specialty in cocoa quality and aroma flavor. However, the strategic attitude must be present throughout the implementation process of the plan, since it can-not be lost in innovation inertia or isolated from the global market and the dynamics of competition. As strategies to boost the sector, it is necessary for the National Federation of Cocoa - Federation to advance the technological transfer to the farmer, in order to achieve better drying and grain quality processes, leveraged in a process of scientific and technological research. Cultivation, processing and management of the logistics of the chain, which together with the improvement of road infrastructure and services, allows to comply Colombian cacao with international quality standards. / Tesis

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The purpose of this thesis is to understand the way in which religion and politics played a role in the formulation of a cyclical ethos of conflict, focusing in the last and most important civil war of nineteenth-century Colombia: The War of the Thousand Days (1899-1902). A historiographical review was used to understand the interactions between these two structures, and it pointed at a main problem centered in the political use of religion, as well as the transformation of political debate into a matter of political faith. In conclusion, the War of the Thousand days strengthened narratives of vengeance, worsened the situation of the country, and solidified an ethos of conflict in which the State used the Church to legitimize itself against the threats to the status quo of systemic inequality.

acase@tulane.edu / The Socioeconomic Stratification System (SES) in Colombia is an official classification mechanism used by the government to determine eligibility for subsidies on a sliding scale based on conditions of the dwelling and access to infrastructure. This system classifies housing in up to six categories depending on the household’s features, surrounding area, and urban context. In this thesis, I analyze the social and epistemological implications of the SES in Colombia by looking at how the SES facilitates society to reimagine class identity affecting self-worth and social mobility. The two-main arguments are: 1) the SES categorization system has been transformed from a housing label to the identity of the individual, and 2) social dynamics in Colombia have been altered by the SES. Finally, this thesis should demonstrate the importance for research that not only focuses on the effectiveness of social programs, but also, on their social impact. / 1 / Ana María López

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This thesis is about the situation and possibilities in a refugee situation. The aim is to deepen the understanding of the situation for Colombian refugee children and how they are able to handle the adjustments related to a refugee situation, both in a neighbouring country like Venezuela and in a foreign country like Sweden. First, quantitative data were collected and analyzed in order to obtain a general picture of the situation for the refugee children. Further, grounded theory was used to analyze some of the interviews, which resulted in a generated theory. During the process of developing the theory, a case study was carried out with a Colombian refugee family in Sweden. The interviewed persons are fifty Colombian refugee children (boys, girls, and teenagers) who lived in the border states of Venezuela, and a Colombian refugee family (the parents and their two children) who now live in Sweden. The generated theory deals with how the refugee children are able to relate to and manage the new refugee situation. The core concept is possibility-finding: the developed ability to find possibilities in the refugee situation. It is a way of thinking as well as practical action. The latter is evident in the way the refugee children see the possibilities and deal with the challenges and problems they are facing. By the solutions they find and the results that are developing into growth. All of this influences and helps to build up their personal stability. The foundations that emerge, and which support or strain possibility-finding, are peace, culture, language, and networks like familyship and friendship. There is an emphasis on the importance of peace and dreams in order to handle times of huge challenges.

AntecedentesUna de las reformas de los sistemas de salud que se han promovido en Latinoamérica con el objetivo de mejorar el acceso a la atención es el modelo de competencia gestionada. Se caracteriza por la introducción de un mercado regulado en el que aseguradoras compiten por la afiliación de la población. La reforma sanitaria colombiana, introducida con la Ley 100 de 1993, es considerada una de las primeras experiencias de implementación del modelo en países en desarrollo. La reforma estableció el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, compuesto por dos regímenes de aseguramiento: el contributivo para los empleados del sector formal y el subsidiado para la población sin capacidad de pago; y gestionado por aseguradoras que debían garantizar paquetes de beneficios diferentes en cada régimen, a cambio de un pago per cápita.ObjetivoAnalizar los factores y actores que influyen en el acceso al continuo de servicios de salud en cuatro redes de servicios de salud de Colombia y propuestas de mejora del acceso, desde la perspectiva de los actores sociales. MetodologíaEstudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo basado en un estudio de caso de cuatro redes de servicios de salud. Las áreas de estudio fueron Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá, D.C.) y La Cumbre (Departamento del Valle). Se diseñó una muestra teórica en tres etapas: I) Casos de estudio: redes de servicios de salud de ambos regímenes de aseguramiento, en zona rural y urbana; II) Proveedores públicos y privados dentro de la red de distintos niveles asistenciales, y de integración en la propiedad; III) Informantes buscando la variedad en el discurso - usuarios asegurados y sin asegurar (35), profesionales de salud (51), profesionales administrativos (20) y gestores de prestadores y aseguradoras (28). El tamaño final de la muestra se alcanzó por saturación del discurso. Para la recogida de información se utilizó la entrevista individual semiestructurada con guía. Se realizó un análisis de contenido con segmentación por caso de estudio, grupos de informantes y temas. Para asegurar la calidad de los datos se trianguló la información entre grupos de informantes e investigadoras y se contrastaron los resultados con los informantes.ResultadosEl acceso, en particular a la atención especializada, es percibido como complejo debido a cuatro grupo de obstáculos que se retroalimentan: el diseño segmentado del seguro y la insuficiencia de servicios cubiertos; los mecanismos de control de la atención que emplean las aseguradoras; las deficiencias en la infraestructura y organización de la red de prestadores, y el bajo nivel de ingresos económicos de la población. La búsqueda de la rentabilidad económica por parte de aseguradoras y proveedores influye en los obstáculos anteriores. Se aprecian diferencias entre regímenes y áreas. En la red urbana, emergen con fuerza barreras relacionadas con el funcionamiento del mercado -cambios frecuentes de prestadores, conflicto entre entidades pagadoras y rechazo de pacientes y fragmentación de la atención en múltiples proveedores. En la zona rural aparecen con más intensidad las dificultades estructurales vinculadas a una financiación pública insuficiente. En el régimen subsidiado destacan los obstáculos financieros, mientras que en el contributivo emergen los obstáculos relacionados con una oferta de servicios poco accesible geográficamente, relacionada con una inversión privada insuficiente. ConclusionesNo se puede atribuir al modelo de competencia gestionada el origen de todos los problemas de acceso en salud en Colombia, pero los resultados muestran su contribución al empeoramiento de las barreras ligadas a las insuficiencias estructurales y organizativas de los servicios, así como la generación de otras que no se encuentran en modelos públicos sin competencia. Por tanto, los resultados cuestionan la introducción de este tipo de modelos en países de baja renta, ya que indican lo extraordinariamente difícil que resulta que el esquema de regulación sea efectivo para corregir los fallos del mercado. / Background. The managed competition model is one of the reforms promoted in the last few decades in Latin America, in response to the objective to improve equity and efficiency of health systems. It has been characterized by the introduction of a regulated market for health insurance to correct market failure. The health sector reform in Colombia, initiated by Law 100 (1993) is considered to be one of the firsts with the implementation of managed competition in a low-income country. It was created the General Social Security System in Health, made up of two insurance schemes: the Contributory Regime for formal sector employees and the Subsidized Regime for people without ability to pay, managed by Healthcare Insurers (EPS and ARS). They were to compete for the enrolment of population and received a capitation payment to cover different benefit packages in each regime.Objective. To analyse factors and actor that influence on access to continuum of care in four integrated healthcare networks in Colombia, and proposals to improve the access, from social actors' perspective. Methods. An exploratory, descriptive-interpretative qualitative study was carried out, based on case studies of four healthcare networks. There were two areas of study: one urban -Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá, D.C., and one rural -La Cumbre, Department of Valle del Cauca. A criterion sample was selected in three stages.: I) Cases studies: healthcare networks of both regimes, in both the rural and urban areas, II) Public and private provider networks from different levels of care, and with different ownership levels of the insurance company, and III)informants -insured and uninsured users (35), health professionals (51), administrative personnel (20), and providers' and insurers' managers (28). The final sample size was reached by saturation of the information. Individual semi-structured interviews with a topic guide were conducted. Narrative content analysis was conducted; segmented by cases, informant's groups and themes. To ensure the quality of data, the information was triangulated between groups of informants and researchers, and the results were contrasted with the informants.Findings. Access, particularly to secondary care, is perceived as complex due to four groups of obstacles with synergetic effects: segmented insurance design with insufficient services covered; insurers' managed care mechanisms - authorization of services, control of clinical practice and capitation payment-; providers' networks structural and organizational limitations; and, poor living conditions. Insurers' and providers' values based on economic profit permeate all factors. Variations became apparent between the two geographical areas and insurance schemes. In the urban areas barriers related to market functioning - frequently change of contracted healthcare providers, conflict between payers and patient rejection, segmented purchasing -, whereas in the rural areas structural deficiencies in health services - shortage in the supply and limited geographic accessibility - are linked to insufficient public funding. While financial obstacles are dominant in the subsidized regime, in the contributory scheme supply shortage prevails, related to insufficient private investment.Conclusions. The origin of all of the problems of healthcare access in Colombia can not be attributed to the managed competition model, but the results show how it has contributed to worsening structural and organizational barriers of access to care, as well as to the creation of new ones that do not appear in public models without competition. They question the promotion of this model in low and middle-income countries -where market regulation is known to be particularly difficult.

This study highlights the role of humanitarian diplomacy to obtain humanitarian access to civilian victims of forced confinement in the municipality of Samaniego, Colombia. Humanitarian diplomacy is made of humanitarian negotiations, coordination and advocacy to provide suffering-alleviation to victims of armed conflicts, and these components will be discussed thoroughly. To inquire in the use of humanitarian diplomacy by international relief organizations, interviews with thirteen humanitarian workers, two public officers and a human rights worker were conducted. The findings, which are complemented with humanitarian and human rights reports and framed in the theoretical discussion, will be the base to discuss whether humanitarian diplomacy contributed to gain humanitarian access in villages of Samaniego facing restrictions in the mobility of civilians and limitations in the supply of basic means of livelihood and humanitarian assistance.

Målet med det här projektet är att bygga ett tillförlitligt pumpsystem som inte är beroende av elektricitet eller icke förnyelsebara bränslen. Pumpen ska klara att pumpa 50-100 liter per dygn till en höjd av 10 meter. Konstruktionen ska placeras i indianbyn El Vergel i Amazonas, Colombia. Pumpen ska pumpa orent vatten till vattenreningstunnor de månader som invånarna i byn inte har tillgång till regnvatten. Olika koncept arbetades fram och utvärderades. Det som valdes var en cykeldriven vattenpump, vilken uppfyllde alla krav. Pumpens axel är kopplad till bakhjulets fälg med en kilrem. När tramporna snurrar så överförs kraften från det främre kugghjulet till det bakre med cykelkedjan och sen med kilremmen från fälgen till pumpaxeln. Konstruktionen är enkel och den är lätt att laga om den går sönder. Resultaten är en tillförlitlig pump som pumpar med ett jämt flöde.

<p>Målet med det här projektet är att bygga ett tillförlitligt pumpsystem som inte är beroende av elektricitet eller icke förnyelsebara bränslen. Pumpen ska klara att pumpa 50-100 liter per dygn till en höjd av 10 meter. Konstruktionen ska placeras i indianbyn El Vergel i Amazonas, Colombia. Pumpen ska pumpa orent vatten till vattenreningstunnor de månader som invånarna i byn inte har tillgång till regnvatten.</p><p>Olika koncept arbetades fram och utvärderades. Det som valdes var en cykeldriven vattenpump, vilken uppfyllde alla krav.</p><p>Pumpens axel är kopplad till bakhjulets fälg med en kilrem. När tramporna snurrar så överförs kraften från det främre kugghjulet till det bakre med cykelkedjan och sen med kilremmen från fälgen till pumpaxeln. Konstruktionen är enkel och den är lätt att laga om den går sönder. Resultaten är en tillförlitlig pump som pumpar med ett jämt flöde.</p>