Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LiliaSL_DISSERT.pdf: 1205746 bytes, checksum: 2d6f54937aea54d66af1807b0fdb64df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1994 as a result of the Uruguay Round, and has as its principal aim advocate for the maintenance of free trade between nations. The preamble of its Constitutive Agreement specifically cites as an institution the goal of achieving sustainable development and the pursuit of protecting and preserving the environment, bringing into the sphere of world trade the idea that concern for the environmental cause is not restricted only the group of environmentalists, but rather has entered the economic landscape in a way not only ideological, but also pragmatic. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947, part of the GATT 1994, contains a device that allows the adoption of trade restrictive measures, provided that such measures aimed at protecting the environment - Article XX. The Settlement Body (DSB) is part of the WTO and acts in dissolving disputes between the countries motivated by trade. It examines two cases where countries have imposed restrictive trade measures with environmental justification. The first case was closed in 1996, with award of damages given to Brazil, on the breakdown of U.S. environmental legislation imposed on imported gasoline from Brazil - and the second, begun in 2005 and closed in 2007, coming out victorious again Brazil is on the import ban on retreaded tires to Brazil. The objective is to answer the question: how the environment is treated in the midst of trade discussions - which is aimed at its protection or its use with economic objectives in disguise? For the preparation of this work, extensive documentary research was undertaken with the virtual site of the WTO to review the entire production of legal cases and subsequent analysis of the key issue for the work, and literature of authors who have studied the tense relationship between trade international environment. The first case, it could be seen that the political movement performed by the U.S. with the aim of achieving acceptable standards of air quality was an institutional effort to ensure the quality of air, and thus would be inappropriate to say that the regulation of gasoline was merely a disguised trade barrier.However, a careful analysis of the implementation and operation of gasoline regulation may reveal intentions disguised trade and U.S. environmental argument did not hold. The weight of this environment was relegated, since there were clearly outside interests to the environmental cause. The second case, it was realized that, despite clear attempts by the EC to promote ecological dumping, send when brought to Brazil, supposedly a country with weaker environmental structure on surveillance, a residue that, pursuant to internal policies, as could not be sent to their own landfills, the Brazilian discourse remained focused on the environmental cause, and this sort there was the existence of disguised trade barriers, but of importance, at least a priori, the discussion of foreign forces on the environment environment because there is no way to legally justify the reversal of the total understanding of the first judging body, the sight of all the arguments presented by Brazil and the nonsubmission of new facts upon appeal. Still, quite heartening to reflect on the role of trade liberalization on the environment in general, because, while they do not reach a definitive conclusion will reveal positions in both directions, both for and against, the that only adds to the discussions and makes this a very fertile topic for future research / A Organiza??o Mundial do Com?rcio (OMC) foi criada em 1994, como resultado da Rodada Uruguai, e tem como escopo principal propugnar pela manuten??o do livre-com?rcio entre as na??es. O pre?mbulo do seu Acordo Constitutivo cita especificamente como sendo um objetivo da institui??o o alcance de um desenvolvimento sustent?vel e a busca pela prote??o e preserva??o do meio ambiente, trazendo para a esfera do com?rcio mundial a ideia de que a preocupa??o com a causa ambiental n?o est? restrita apenas ao grupo dos ambientalistas, mas, pelo contr?rio j? adentrou o cen?rio econ?mico de uma forma n?o s? ideol?gica, por?m tamb?m pragm?tica. O Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Com?rcio (GATT) de 1947, que integra o GATT de 1994, cont?m um dispositivo que permite a ado??o de medidas restritivas ao com?rcio, desde que tais medidas visem a prote??o do meio ambiente Artigo XX. O ?rg?o de Solu??o de Controv?rsias (OSC) integra a OMC e atua na dissolu??o de controv?rsias entre os pa?ses motivadas por quest?es comerciais. Analisam-se dois casos em que pa?ses impuseram medidas comerciais restritivas com justificativa ambiental. O primeiro caso foi encerrado em 1996, com ganho de causa dado ao Brasil, relativo ? discrimina??o da legisla??o ambiental estadunidense imposta ? gasolina importada do Brasil e o segundo, iniciado em 2005 e encerrado em 2007, saindo novamente o Brasil vitorioso, ? referente ? proibi??o da importa??o de pneus reformados para o Brasil. Objetiva-se responder ? pergunta: como o meio ambiente ? tratado em meio a discuss?es comerciais o que se visa ? a sua prote??o ou a sua utiliza??o com objetivos econ?micos disfar?ados? Para a confec??o deste trabalho, foi empreendida ampla pesquisa documental junto ao s?tio virtual da OMC para avalia??o de toda a produ??o jur?dica dos casos e posterior an?lise da quest?o-chave para o trabalho, al?m de pesquisa bibliogr?fica de autores que estudam a tensa rela??o entre com?rcio internacional e meio ambiente. Quanto ao primeiro caso, p?de-se perceber que a movimenta??o pol?tica realizada pelos EUA com o fito de alcan?ar padr?es aceit?veis de qualidade do ar foi um esfor?o institucional para assegurar a qualidade do ar atmosf?rico, e, assim, seria inapropriado afirmar que o regulamento da gasolina constituiu meramente um entrave comercial disfar?ado. Por?m, uma an?lise cuidadosa da implementa??o e do funcionamento do regulamento da gasolina pode evidenciar inten??es comerciais disfar?adas e o argumento ambiental dos EUA n?o se sustentou. O peso do meio ambiente neste foi relegado, posto que visivelmente existiam interesses estranhos ? causa ambiental. Quanto ao segundo caso, percebeu-se que, apesar das claras tentativas das CE de promover o dumping ecol?gico, quando intentaram enviar para o Brasil, supostamente um pa?s com estrutura fiscalizat?ria ambiental mais d?bil, um res?duo que, por for?a de diretivas internas, j? n?o podia ser enviado para seus pr?prios aterros, o discurso brasileiro permaneceu centrado na causa ambiental, e desta sorte n?o se verificou a exist?ncia de barreiras comerciais disfar?adas, e sim, de preponder?ncia, pelo menos a priori, de for?as estranhas ? discuss?o sobre o meio ambiente, pois que n?o h? como se justificar juridicamente a revers?o total do entendimento do primeiro ?rg?o julgador, ? vista de todos os argumentos apresentados pelo Brasil e da n?o apresenta??o de fatos novos quando da apela??o. Ainda, bastante alvissareira a reflex?o sobre o papel da liberaliza??o comercial sobre o meio ambiente de forma geral, pois que, ao passo em que n?o se chega a uma conclus?o definitiva, evidenciamse posi??es nos dois sentidos, tanto a favor quanto contra, o que s? enriquece as discuss?es e torna este um tema bastante f?rtil para futuras pesquisas

Submitted by PPG Economia do desenvolvimento (economia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-05T22:20:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO_HENRIQUE_DE_OLIVEIRA_HOECKEL_TES.pdf: 1743443 bytes, checksum: 53a162bdfe6ee1a8a1c5bb980fe0186f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-13T12:59:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO_HENRIQUE_DE_OLIVEIRA_HOECKEL_TES.pdf: 1743443 bytes, checksum: 53a162bdfe6ee1a8a1c5bb980fe0186f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T13:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO_HENRIQUE_DE_OLIVEIRA_HOECKEL_TES.pdf: 1743443 bytes, checksum: 53a162bdfe6ee1a8a1c5bb980fe0186f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This doctoral dissertation presents three essays to analyze the ethanol market. At first, the aim is to specify and estimate simultaneously supply and demand equations for the Brazilian ethanol market from January 2012 to December 2016, using two-stage least squares (2SLS). The main results show that the response to variations in supply and demand is elastic for Brazil, and the response in the ethanol market to price changes is in favor of the supply. At the regional level it was found that in regions with higher production and consumption the response to changes in the price of ethanol is less elastic. The second essay aims to develop a synthesis of the world ethanol market, considering the United States and Brazil, using caloric equivalence, to empirically identify supply and demand elasticities, as well as evaluate the relation of world production to prices of agricultural commodities (wheat, rice, maize, soy and sugar) for the period from 1981 to 2016, using as instrumental variables yield shocks induced by the climate. The main results for the world market indicate an elastic response of ethanol production and demand to changes in prices. The world production of ethanol had no significant relation with food prices, but when assessing the ethanol market and its interaction with the agricultural commodities market, the hypothesis that Brazilian ethanol has a lower magnitude relation with the price of food is verified. Finally, the third essay assesses the impacts of the international trade of ethanol, simulating new scenarios based on the discussions proposed in the literature and projections for the sector, performing the calibration of a partial equilibrium model formulated as a Mixed Complementarity Problem. The main results show that in a scenario of increased production or consumption in the Brazilian market it has a greater impact on international trade favorable to Brazilian producers and consumers when they occur together with a change in the commercial policy of removal of the import tariff to Brazilian ethanol by part of the US and the imposition of import tariff by Brazil. After the tariff change, production in Brazil has a significant increase, with a decrease in the share of domestic demand supplied by the foreign market. / Esta tese apresenta tr?s ensaios para analisar o mercado de etanol. O primeiro ensaio busca especificar e estimar simultaneamente equa??es de oferta e de demanda para o mercado de etanol brasileiro de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2016, utilizando M?nimos Quadrados em dois est?gios (MQ2E). Os principais resultados mostram que a resposta a varia??es na oferta e na demanda s?o el?sticas para o Brasil, sendo que a resposta no mercado de etanol a varia??es nos pre?os se d? no lado da oferta. A n?vel regional verificou-se que em regi?es com maior produ??o e consumo a resposta a varia??es no pre?o do etanol ? menos el?stica. O segundo ensaio procura desenvolver uma sintetiza??o do mercado mundial de etanol, considerando os Estados Unidos (EUA) e o Brasil, utilizando a equival?ncia cal?rica, para identificar empiricamente as elasticidades de oferta e de demanda, assim como avaliar a rela??o da produ??o mundial com os pre?os das commodities agr?colas (trigo, arroz, milho, soja e a??car), para o per?odo de 1981 a 2016, usando como vari?veis instrumentais choques de rendimentos induzidos pelo clima. Os principais resultados para o mercado mundial indicam uma resposta el?stica da produ??o e da demanda de etanol a varia??es nos pre?os. A produ??o mundial de etanol n?o teve rela??o significativa com os pre?os dos alimentos, por?m ao avaliar o mercado de etanol e sua intera??o com o mercado de commodities agr?colas a hip?tese de que o etanol brasileiro possui uma rela??o de menor magnitude com o pre?o dos alimentos ? verificada. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio avalia quais s?o os impactos no com?rcio internacional de etanol, simulando novos cen?rios com base nas discuss?es propostas na literatura e em proje??es para o setor, realizando a calibra??o de um modelo de equil?brio parcial, formulado como um Problema de Complementaridade Mista (PCM). Os principais resultados mostram que em um cen?rio de aumento da produ??o ou de consumo no mercado brasileiro tem um impacto maior no com?rcio internacional, favor?veis aos produtores e consumidores do Brasil, quando ocorrem conjuntamente com mudan?a na pol?tica comercial de remo??o da tarifa de importa??o ao etanol brasileiro por parte dos EUA e a imposi??o de tarifa de importa??o pelo Brasil. Ap?s a mudan?a tarif?ria, a produ??o no Brasil tem aumento significo, com diminui??o da parcela da demanda interna suprida pelo mercado externo.

Submitted by Kelson Anthony de Menezes (kelson@ucb.br) on 2016-08-10T19:11:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaCunhadeMenezesDissertacao2015.pdf: 702081 bytes, checksum: 0b4325cdfd92b8bda6907363a19ce2ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T19:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaCunhadeMenezesDissertacao2015.pdf: 702081 bytes, checksum: 0b4325cdfd92b8bda6907363a19ce2ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-25 / The World Trade Organization (WTO) some major problems brought to the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) come from conflicts involving biolaw themes. There are, it seems, conflicting interests between developed and developing States. One of the main causes of these disputes is the raising of technical and ecological barriers that limit the multilateral trade. Thus, this work has the scope to analyze the historical bases, conceptual and legal of Biolaw and Bioethics, setting up as a technical barrier to relations of International Trade and verify the use of Biolaw as barriers to multilateral trade, WTO and finally verify the application of the principles of Biolaw and international environmental law and the courts of the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization. / Na Organiza????o Mundial do Com??rcio (OMC) alguns dos principais problemas levados ao ??rg??o de Solu????es de Controv??rsias (OSC) s??o oriundos de conflitos envolvendo temas de biodireito. H??, ao que parece, interesses em conflito entre Estados desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Uma das causas mais relevantes destas controv??rsias ?? a eleva????o de barreiras t??cnico-ecol??gicas que limitam o com??rcio multilateral. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por escopo analisar as bases hist??ricas, conceituais e legais do Biodireito e Bio??tica, configurando-se como barreiras t??cnicas ??s rela????es de Com??rcio Internacional, bem como verificar a utiliza????o do Biodireito como barreiras ao com??rcio multilateral, no ??mbito da OMC e, por fim verificar a aplica????o dos princ??pios do Biodireito e de direito internacional do meio ambiente e os julgados do ??rg??o de Solu????o de controv??rsias da Organiza????o Mundial do Com??rcio.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-29T13:32:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_EDUARDO_SANTOS_BOURSCHEIDT_COMPLETO.pdf: 1586367 bytes, checksum: b461397814faa8b8070b4d29ddc1d44e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T13:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_EDUARDO_SANTOS_BOURSCHEIDT_COMPLETO.pdf: 1586367 bytes, checksum: b461397814faa8b8070b4d29ddc1d44e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present work has the objective of analyzing the impacts on the Brazilian economy arising from Brazilian exports to some of the most important destinations of Brazilian exports: the United States, China, the European Union, the African continent and Argentina. The choice of the countries and regions destined for Brazilian exports followed not only a degree of importance of the countries, both for the world economy and for the Brazilian economy, but also followed theoretical reasons, which will become clearer later. Of the most important and developed countries in the current scenario, such as the United States and China, and a large economic bloc like the European Union passing through the less developed continent, the African continent and Brazil's great neighbor, Argentina. In addition to the impact in the country, this study is concerned with regional and sectorial effects, with the purpose of making a radiography on the impacts of exports in the Brazilian regions and highlighting the main sectors responsible for the effects, for each of the destinations mentioned above. With the detailed impacts for each region it is possible to make a more in-depth analysis on which sectors are most responsible for the impact on production and not the regional labor force given each destination of Brazilian exports. Using as a data base the Brazilian exports to the aforementioned destinations, divided by State and, within the states, in sectors for the year 2015 and using as a methodology an interstate matrix of input-output, elaborated by Guilhoto (2010), the In addition to calculating the effects of exports on domestic production, this paper aims to show the effects of exports also on the regional labor force. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a an?lise dos impactos na economia brasileira advindos das exporta??es do Brasil os principais destinos das exporta??es brasileiras: Estados Unidos, China, Uni?o Europeia, o continente africano e a Argentina. A escolha dos pa?ses e regi?es destino das exporta??es brasileiras seguiu n?o apenas um grau de import?ncia dos pa?ses, tanto para a economia mundial como para a economia brasileira, mas tamb?m seguiu raz?es te?ricas, que ficar?o mais claras posteriormente. Dos pa?ses mais importantes e desenvolvidos do cen?rio atual, como Estados Unidos e China e de um grande bloco econ?mico como a Uni?o Europeia passando pelo continente menos desenvolvido, o continente africano e pelo grande parceiro comercial vizinho do Brasil, a Argentina. Al?m do impacto no pa?s, esse estudo tem uma preocupa??o com os efeitos regionais e setoriais, com o intuito de fazer uma radiografia nos impactos das exporta??es nas regi?es brasileiras e destacar os principais setores respons?veis pelos efeitos, para cada um dos destinos acima citados. Com os impactos detalhados para cada regi?o ? poss?vel fazer uma an?lise mais aprofundada sobre quais setores s?o os maiores respons?veis pelo impacto na produ??o e n?o m?o-de-obra regional dado cada destino das exporta??es brasileiras. Utilizando como base de dados ?s exporta??es brasileiras para os destinos acima ditos, divididas por Estado e, dentro dos Estados, em setores para o ano de 2015 e utilizando como metodologia uma matriz interestadual de insumo-produto, elaborada por Guilhoto (2010), o presente trabalho al?m de calcular os efeitos das exporta??es na produ??o nacional, tem como objetivo mostrar os efeitos das exporta??es tamb?m na m?o-de-obra regional.

Submitted by PPG Economia do desenvolvimento (economia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-20T13:16:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IGOR_GRANITOFF.pdf: 1386355 bytes, checksum: 46b58bbe3f13486d370894dfacfeed53 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-26T12:24:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IGOR_GRANITOFF.pdf: 1386355 bytes, checksum: 46b58bbe3f13486d370894dfacfeed53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T12:44:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IGOR_GRANITOFF.pdf: 1386355 bytes, checksum: 46b58bbe3f13486d370894dfacfeed53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present dissertation contains two essays about implications of international trade on labor market. In the first essay the aim is to find correlations between medium wage of firms and the fact of these firms export or not. It was intend to answer if medium wage of exporting firms differentiate from the not exporter ones, if the level of education of the human capital of the firms play a hole on the premiums for export and if the level of development of the destiny of the exportations imply in any way the magnitude of these premiums. Results showed that there is a wage premium for export in firms that send its production to high developed countries. To the other categories of development, there is a correlation between major levels of education of the human capital of the firms and exporting to high competition markets analyzes the impact of international trade on the differential of wages between genders in Brazil. The second essay objectives to seek evidence of contribution of the fact that a firm is in the international market (through the export of its products) to soften the existing gender wage-gap in Brazil. Purposed to answer if the gender wage differential in the exporting firms is smaller than the one presented in the firms focused on the domestic market and if there are differences with respect to the level of development of the destination country of export, samples from all the twenty-six states of Brazil, in addition to the sample of the Federal District, were analyzed. The evidence pointed out that the exporting firms shows a larger gender wage-gap than the firms that sell only to the domestic market. Not even firms that export only to developed countries presented a decreased gender wage-gap. / Esta disserta??o apresenta dois ensaios acerca de rela??es do com?rcio internacional com o mercado de trabalho. No primeiro ensaio, o objetivo ? encontrar correla??es entre sal?rios m?dios de firmas, no Rio Grande do Sul, e o fato destas exportarem ou n?o os seus produtos. Buscou-se responder se os sal?rios m?dios das firmas exportadoras se diferenciam das que n?o participam do mercado internacional, se o n?vel de capital humano da firma tem influ?ncia sobre os poss?veis ganhos e se h? diferen?as com respeito ao pa?s de destino da exporta??o. Os resultados mostraram haver um pr?mio salarial para firmas que exportam para pa?ses desenvolvidos. Para os demais tipos de destino h? correla??o entre maiores n?veis de capital humano e o fato de a firma exportar para mercados com maior grau de competi??o. No segundo ensaio, analisa-se o impacto do com?rcio internacional no diferencial de sal?rios entre g?neros no Brasil. O objetivo ? buscar evid?ncias de contribui??o do fato de uma firma estar no mercado internacional (atrav?s da exporta??o) em amenizar a diferen?a salarial relacionada ao g?nero do trabalhador. Foram analisadas amostras separadas nos vinte e seis Estados do Brasil, al?m da amostra do Distrito Federal, e buscou-se responder se o diferencial de sal?rios nas firmas exportadoras ? menor do que o apresentado nas firmas voltadas ao mercado dom?stico. Ainda, verificou-se a possibilidade de haver diferen?as com respeito ao pa?s de destino da exporta??o. As evid?ncias apontaram que as firmas exportadoras apresentam diferencial de sal?rios ainda mais significativo do que as companhias voltadas para o mercado interno. Nem mesmo as firmas que exportam somente para pa?ses desenvolvidos apresentaram diferencial menos desfavor?vel ?s mulheres.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Rafael Leite Pinto de Andrade.pdf: 2052684 bytes, checksum: 572c21efa815c459377bf79668a2251e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-14 / The proposal of the thesis was to identify and analyze the most important positive consequences, stemming from the efforts of brazilian export companies of products related to agribusiness, to overcome the non-tariff barriers imposed by the companies and / or importing countries. These consequences are little explored in discussions and can be considered as external to the process of implementation of non-tariff barriers. In order to make the proposed work would be feasible, the chain's beef was elected as a target of further studies, the fact that an item be expressive of the Tariff Brazilian export, and because the wide variety of norms, standards and regulations of these products, widespread in all the links of its production chain. The results point to the need to create instruments of Brazil institutional and technical competence in order to administer and live in the best way possible with the inexorable increase in the presence of technical barriers to trade in agricultural products. Finally, although not always be possible to establish a direct relationship of cause and effect, the study developed to say that there is a close correlation between the movements in the interests of overcoming the technical barriers in world trade in products of agribusiness, and the benefits to Brazilian society as a whole. Benefits have been identified related to: technological development, the environment, improvement of legislation, aggregation of trade blocs, managerial innovation, reduce competition, maintain competitive advantage and labor relations. In this context, the chain of meat proved a good example for the hypothesis raised, because all segments studied showed, albeit in different degrees, the conversion of the requirements of international buyers in benefits for the internal market and for the Brazilians in general. / A proposta da tese consiste em identificar e analisar as conseq??ncias positivas mais relevantes, advindas do esfor?o das empresas brasileiras, e exportadoras de produtos relacionados ao agroneg?cio, para superarem as barreiras n?o-tarif?rias impostas pelas empresas e/ou pa?ses importadores. Estas conseq??ncias s?o pouco exploradas nos debates e podem ser consideradas como sendo externalidades ao processo de implementa??o das barreiras n?o-tarif?rias. De modo a fazer com que o trabalho proposto fosse exeq??vel, a cadeia da carne bovina foi eleita como alvo mais aprofundado dos estudos, pelo fato desta ser um item expressivo da pauta de exporta??o brasileira, e devido a grande variedade de normas, padr?es e regulamentos, disseminados por todos os elos de sua cadeia produtiva. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade do Brasil criar instrumentos institucionais e compet?ncia t?cnica de forma a administrar e conviver da melhor forma poss?vel com o inexor?vel aumento da presen?a das barreiras t?cnicas ao com?rcio de produtos agropecu?rios. Finalmente, embora nem sempre seja poss?vel estabelecer uma rela??o direta de causa e efeito, o estudo desenvolvido permite afirmar que h? uma correla??o estreita entre os movimentos em prol da supera??o das barreiras t?cnicas do com?rcio mundial de produtos do agroneg?cio, e benef?cios para a sociedade brasileira como um todo. Foram identificados benef?cios relacionados: ao desenvolvimento tecnol?gico, meio-ambiente, legisla??o nacional, agrega??o de blocos comercias, inova??es gerenciais, redu??o de concorr?ncia, manuten??o de vantagem competitiva e rela??es trabalhistas. Neste contexto, a cadeia da carne mostrou ser um bom exemplo para a hip?tese levantada, pois todos os segmentos estudados apresentaram, ainda que em graus distintos, a convers?o das exig?ncias dos compradores internacionais em benef?cios para o mercado interno e para os brasileiros de modo geral.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HellenPMC_DISSERT_Parcial.pdf: 508882 bytes, checksum: 9d41b9b3313de000e2f192fcb4662c09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / The gradual inclusion of biofuels is a necessary change that countries must include in their energy mixes. Energy sources still widely used in the world, such as oil and coal, are endowed with a high pollution load to the environment, bringing damages to the water, to the air and to humans as well. In addition, although there are conflicting studies, they are also identified as major causes of the greenhouse effect and the global warming phenomenon. They are, moreover, finite sources of energy, given that its reserves will surely run out. However, even if the introduction of biofuels, such as ethanol, in the energy mix is crucial for the survival of the present and future populations, this insertion cannot settle so disorderly and, thus, one must ensure the quality of these resources and promote transparency in international trade. In this manner, a certification process for ethanol is essential to attest that this biofuel meets the sustainable requirements defined for its production. Hence, this study sought to address the importance of the adoption of certification in the ethanol industry, according to the principle of sustainable development, by analyzing the evolution of its concept, its combination with the fundamental objectives sculptured in the Constitution of 1988, its regulation under Brazilian laws and the need for a balance between economic activities and the mentioned principle. The work also encompassed the criteria used to establish certification standards and their participating actors, combined with a study of ongoing initiatives. Finally, the consequences of the adoption of a certification process for ethanol in Brazil were presented, both in terms of sustainable development and in international trade / A gradual inser??o dos biocombust?veis nas matrizes energ?ticas dos pa?ses ? uma mudan?a necess?ria a ser contemplada. As fontes de energia ainda largamente utilizadas no mundo, tais como o petr?leo e o carv?o, s?o dotadas de uma alta carga de poluentes, configurando desde malef?cios ? ?gua, ao ar quanto aos seres humanos. Em adi??o, ainda que existam estudos divergentes, s?o elas tamb?m apontadas como grandes causadoras do efeito estufa e do fen?meno do aquecimento global. Constituem-se, ademais, o petr?leo e o carv?o em fontes finitas de energia, sendo certo que suas reservas chegar?o ao fim. Entretanto, mesmo que a introdu??o dos biocombust?veis nas matrizes energ?ticas, a exemplo do etanol, seja indispens?vel para a sobreviv?ncia das popula??es presentes e futuras, essa inser??o n?o pode se estabelecer de forma desregrada, devendo-se garantir a qualidade de tais recursos e promover a transpar?ncia no com?rcio internacional. Para isso, um processo de certifica??o do etanol ? essencial para atestar que o dito biocombust?vel cumpre com os requisitos de sustentabilidade definidos para a sua produ??o. Assim, o presente trabalho procurou abordar a import?ncia da ado??o da certifica??o na ind?stria do etanol, de acordo com o princ?pio do desenvolvimento sustent?vel, analisando a evolu??o do seu conceito, a sua conjuga??o com os objetivos fundamentais insculpidos na Constitui??o Federal de 1988, a sua regula??o nas leis brasileiras e a necessidade de um equil?brio entre as atividades econ?micas e o princ?pio em quest?o. O trabalho tamb?m analisou os crit?rios utilizados para estabelecer os padr?es de certifica??o e seus atores participantes, em conjunto com um estudo das iniciativas j? existentes. Por fim, foram apresentadas as consequ?ncias da ado??o de um processo de certifica??o para o etanol no Brasil, tanto no plano do desenvolvimento sustent?vel quanto no ?mbito do com?rcio internacional / 2020-01-01