<b>Background</b>: Oil is the most dominating source of energy of today, it constitutes for more than 40 per cent of the worlds total energy consumption. This together with the fact that stock in oil companies has soared on the stock exchanges around the world makes oil a very interesting topic to write within. In order to gain knowledge in how to value oil companies, the authors will collect information from theory and through a questionnaire. By applying the information gathered to three companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange the authors will reach an objective picture of valuation of oil companies. <b>Purpose</b>: To investigate how shares of stock are valuated in the oil exploring and producing industry, and what specific measures and metrics that are used in the valuation of stocks in Exploring and Producing (E&amp;P) companies. <b>Method</b>: By using a qualitative approach for this thesis, the authors will investigate how the valuation of oil companies works and what measures that should be applied. The authors will use a part descriptive and part explorative study. This will fit the thesis as the authors will describe how the measures and metrics work and start from previous research on the topic and go from there to show if that theory and the empirical findings really works. <b>Conclusion</b>: The most recommended valuation method is net present value analysis. Hotelling Valuation Principle is a form of present value analysis for oil companies and is less complicated than a regular net present value analysis. Other than present value analysis, relative measures and ratios are used. Specific for the oil industry and exploring and producing companies are EV/DACF, ROACE, R/P, production cost, unit cost, tax rate and reserve replacement rate. / <b>Bakgrund</b>: Olja är den dominerande källan till energi idag och oljan står för mer än 40 procent av den totala energikonsumtionen i världen. Detta tillsammans med det faktum att aktier i oljeföretag har stigit kraftigt på börser runt om i världen gör olja till ett väldigt intressant ämne att skriva om. För att skaffa kunskap i hur man värderar oljeföretag kommer författarna av denna uppsats samla information från teori på ämnet och genom ett frågeformulär. Genom att applicera insamlad information på tre företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen hoppas författarna att kunna nå en objektiv bild av hur man värderar oljeföretag. <b>Syfte</b>: Att undersöka hur aktier värderas i oljeindustrin och vilka specifika nyckeltal och metoder som används vid värderingen av aktier i prospekterings- och produktionsbolag. <b>Metod</b>: Genom att använda en kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt för uppsatsen hoppas författarna kunna undersöka hur värdering av oljeföretag fungerar och vilka nyckeltal och metoder som ska användas. Författarna kommer att att i huvudsak använda sig av en deskriptiv studie. Detta anses lägligt för uppsatsen eftersom författarna kommer att beskriva hur nyckeltal och formler fungerar samtidigt som de kommer att utgå från tidigare forskning inom ämnet och därifrån visa på om teorin och de inkomna svaren verkligen fungerar. <b>Slutsats</b>: Den mest rekommenderade värderingsmetoden är nuvärdesanalys. Hotelling Valuation Principle är form av nuvärdesanalys som riktar sig till oljeföretag och är lite mindre komplicerad än vanlig nuvärdesanalys. Förutom nuvärdesanalys används även relativa mått och nyckeltal. De specifika mått som används inom oljeindustrin och prospekterings- och produktionsbolag är EV/DACF, ROACE, R/P, produktionskostnad, kostnad per styck, skattesats, och återfyllnad av reserver.

This thesis questions the connection between knowledge and finance and advances an account that links both in a two-folded way. The first level departs from what separates the two opposite views or alternative explanations about the value of knowledge. The source and essence of the extra profits in information goods or commodities, such as digital media contents and software, featuring increasing returns to scale owing to their peculiar cost structure manifested by a high fixed cost and very low constant marginal cost, is what separates the two views about the value of knowledge. In light of the near-decomposability/modularity hypothesis, the extra profits in information commodities should arise from &#039 / information hiding,&#039 / which is intrinsic to nearly-decomposable systems or modular architecture because they are built on an ignorance on the parts in regard to the other parts and the whole of system. Such (hidden) design information that gives rise to parts or modules creates, at the same time, the future paths of action or (real) options, according to real-options perspective. When the two perspectives are combined, knowledge production, as distinct from subsequent knowledge commodity production, basically becomes an option creation process. Then, it becomes possible to argue that the concurrence of knowledge and finance is not a coincidence at all because the logics of accumulation is no different but almost identical, which is the second level of the two-folded account attempted in this study. The main contribution of this thesis is to build an account that links financialization to knowledge via the notion of modularity. Such an account sees financialization as a reflection and consequence of a value-driven permanent innovation economy developed under the &#039 / IT paradigm&#039 / in order to exploit a surplus peculiar and intrinsic to the modular structure that makes &#039 / information hiding&#039 / an integral part of such architectures since they are by definition built on an ignorance on the parts in regard to the other parts and the whole of system.

This thesis questions the connection between knowledge and finance and advances an account that links both in a two-folded way. The first level departs from what separates the two opposite views or alternative explanations about the value of knowledge. The source and essence of the extra profits in information goods or commodities, such as digital media contents and software, featuring increasing returns to scale owing to their peculiar cost structure manifested by a high fixed cost and very low constant marginal cost, is what separates the two views about the value of knowledge. In light of the near-decomposability/modularity hypothesis, the extra profits in information commodities should arise from &#039 / information hiding,&#039 / which is intrinsic to nearly-decomposable systems or modular architecture because they are built on an ignorance on the parts in regard to the other parts and the whole of system. Such (hidden) design information that gives rise to parts or modules creates, at the same time, the future paths of action or (real) options, according to real-options perspective. When the two perspectives are combined, knowledge production, as distinct from subsequent knowledge commodity production, basically becomes an option creation process. Then, it becomes possible to argue that the concurrence of knowledge and finance is not a coincidence at all because the logics of accumulation is no different but almost identical, which is the second level of the two-folded account attempted in this study. The main contribution of this thesis is to build an account that links financialization to knowledge via the notion of modularity. Such an account sees financialization as a reflection and consequence of a value-driven permanent innovation economy developed under the &#039 / IT paradigm&#039 / in order to exploit a surplus peculiar and intrinsic to the modular structure that makes &#039 / information hiding&#039 / an integral part of such architectures since they are by definition built on an ignorance on the parts in regard to the other parts and the whole of system.

With rapid change in social and economic surroundings in Taiwan, consumption behavior of Taiwanese changes gradually. College students maybe are the group that changes their behaviors significantly in this environment. They start to emphasize their ¡§personal style.¡¨ For most young people, purchasing is not only related to their needs, but also related to brands, design, and package. Therefore, how to combine ¡§arts¡¨ and ¡§brand¡¨ in order to attract young people¡¦s attention and satisfy their tastes is a key factor for enterprises in the future. After all, what interesting results will be generated if a product is included both ¡§art work¡¨ and ¡§a terrific brand¡¨? Will young people become the major consumers for those commodities? Are their consumer behaviors different from other groups? And what factors motive them to buy those products? These questions are discussed in this study. The purposes of this research are as follows: to understand young people¡¦s consumer behavior on commodities which are combination of art work and a brand; to understand what factors encourage young people to buy the product; and to make sure the acceptance of these communities in the market. Survey research was chosen as methodology in this research. The target population was college and graduate students in Taipei. Drop-off survey was major method for collecting data. Three hundred ninety-seven samples were sent out, 302 samples were returned, and 291 were valid. The valid response rate was 96.36%. According to the result, the acceptable degree in the market for these commodities was high. Clothing/Accessory, 3C, and sport products were the primary choices of young people. When college students purchased these commodities, they thought uniqueness and artistry were most important, and prices as well as quality were second important. Regarding to sales promotion, young people preferred discount and limit edition. Reasons for buying these commodities were to please themselves and enjoy the design. Most young people would buy these commodities because of their brands; however they also cared about the impression and style of artists.Generally speaking, young people showed positive attitudes and sound impressions for the corporation between artists and brands.

<p><b>Background</b>: Oil is the most dominating source of energy of today, it constitutes for more than 40 per cent of the worlds total energy consumption. This together with the fact that stock in oil companies has soared on the stock exchanges around the world makes oil a very interesting topic to write within. In order to gain knowledge in how to value oil companies, the authors will collect information from theory and through a questionnaire. By applying the information gathered to three companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange the authors will reach an objective picture of valuation of oil companies.</p><p><b>Purpose</b>: To investigate how shares of stock are valuated in the oil exploring and producing industry, and what specific measures and metrics that are used in the valuation of stocks in Exploring and Producing (E&P) companies.</p><p><b>Method</b>: By using a qualitative approach for this thesis, the authors will investigate how the valuation of oil companies works and what measures that should be applied. The authors will use a part descriptive and part explorative study. This will fit the thesis as the authors will describe how the measures and metrics work and start from previous research on the topic and go from there to show if that theory and the empirical findings really works.</p><p><b>Conclusion</b>: The most recommended valuation method is net present value analysis. Hotelling Valuation Principle is a form of present value analysis for oil companies and is less complicated than a regular net present value analysis. Other than present value analysis, relative measures and ratios are used. Specific for the oil industry and exploring and producing companies are EV/DACF, ROACE, R/P, production cost, unit cost, tax rate and reserve replacement rate.</p> / <p><b>Bakgrund</b>: Olja är den dominerande källan till energi idag och oljan står för mer än 40 procent av den totala energikonsumtionen i världen. Detta tillsammans med det faktum att aktier i oljeföretag har stigit kraftigt på börser runt om i världen gör olja till ett väldigt intressant ämne att skriva om. För att skaffa kunskap i hur man värderar oljeföretag kommer författarna av denna uppsats samla information från teori på ämnet och genom ett frågeformulär. Genom att applicera insamlad information på tre företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen hoppas författarna att kunna nå en objektiv bild av hur man värderar oljeföretag.</p><p><b>Syfte</b>: Att undersöka hur aktier värderas i oljeindustrin och vilka specifika nyckeltal och metoder som används vid värderingen av aktier i prospekterings- och produktionsbolag.</p><p><b>Metod</b>: Genom att använda en kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt för uppsatsen hoppas författarna kunna undersöka hur värdering av oljeföretag fungerar och vilka nyckeltal och metoder som ska användas. Författarna kommer att att i huvudsak använda sig av en deskriptiv studie. Detta anses lägligt för uppsatsen eftersom författarna kommer att beskriva hur nyckeltal och formler fungerar samtidigt som de kommer att utgå från tidigare forskning inom ämnet och därifrån visa på om teorin och de inkomna svaren verkligen fungerar.</p><p><b>Slutsats</b>: Den mest rekommenderade värderingsmetoden är nuvärdesanalys. Hotelling Valuation Principle är form av nuvärdesanalys som riktar sig till oljeföretag och är lite mindre komplicerad än vanlig nuvärdesanalys. Förutom nuvärdesanalys används även relativa mått och nyckeltal. De specifika mått som används inom oljeindustrin och prospekterings- och produktionsbolag är EV/DACF, ROACE, R/P, produktionskostnad, kostnad per styck, skattesats, och återfyllnad av reserver.</p>

Die Ausgabe der Schriftenreihe veröffentlicht Ergebnisse von Anbauversuchen mit Mais- und Sorghumhirsesorten. In einem bundesländerübergreifenden Projekt wurden unter repräsentativen Standortbedingungen die Ertragsleistungen verschiedener Sorten untersucht. Die ertragsreichen Sorghumhirsesorten Goliath, Sucrosorgo 506 und Lussi erreichten auf Lössboden etwa 85 Prozent des Maisertrages, der mit 180 dt TM/ha die höchsten Erträge erzielte. Auf diluvialen Böden und auf Kippenböden waren die Sorghumsorten teilweise bis zu 10 Prozent im Ertrag überlegen. Die Optimierung von Saatstärke und Reihenweite erbrachte standortbezogene Ertragssteigerungen bis 10 Prozent.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 117 pages. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The modern economy includes a variety of markets, and the Internet has opened opportunities for efficient on-line trading. Researchers have developed algorithms for various auctions, which have become a popular means for on-line sales. They have also designed algorithms for exchange-based markets, similar to the traditional stock exchange, which support fast-paced trading of rigidly standardized securities. In contrast, there has been little work on exchanges for complex nonstandard commodities, such as used cars or collectible stamps. We propose a formal model for trading of complex goods, and present an automated exchange for a limited version of this model. The exchange allows the traders to describe commodities by multiple attributes; for example, a car buyer may specify a model, options, color, and other desirable properties. / ABSTRACT: Furthermore, a trader may enter constraints on the acceptable items rather than a specific item; for example, a buyer may look for any car that satisfies certain constraints, rather than for one particular vehicle. We present an extensive empirical evaluation of the implemented exchange, using artificial data, and then give results for two real-world markets, used cars and commercial paper. The experiments show that the system supports markets with up to 260,000 orders, and generates one hundred to one thousand trades per second. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--Baylor University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 54).

Thesis--Technische Universität Berlin, 1972.