This thesis explores a new competence of the investment policy Union conferred upon the European Union by the Lisbon treaty. The reform of the primary legislation in 2009 incorporated foreign direct investment among the components of the Common Commercial Policy. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse this new component, to describe the means of its execution and to discuss the European investment policy in the context of European law. This research aims to be an introduction to this topic in the Czech academia as it is a very topical issue due to the ongoing negotiations with the United States on a free trade agreement including an investment chapter. The thesis is composed of three chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the European investment policy. The first two parts are more of a theoretical nature, whereas the last part is a practical demonstration of the policy results in the form of negotiated agreements. Chapter One is introductory and acquaints the reader with the systematics of the Common Commercial Policy in the section of External action in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, its aims and principles and the scope of the newly conferred exclusive competence. It also defines basic terminology used in the thesis - the term foreign direct investment. Finally the last...

This study aims to examine the EU’s normative power through the Common Commercial Policy (CCP) before and after the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force. The study is a comparative study and was carried out through a document study of official documents and treaties. To pursue the aim the following questions were asked: What are the differences and similarities within the EU's common trade policy before and after the introduction of the Treaty of Lisbon and does the Treaty of Lisbon increased the normative ambition of the EU?   In this study Ian Manners theory Normative Power Europe has been categorized into direct normative actions and indirect normative actions. The empirical material is based on literature, primary document, Official Journal of the European Union and EU: s webpage.   The conclusions of this study show that the Treaty of Lisbon has changed the constitutional basis for the common commercial policy in several ways. The CCP has more room after the Treaty of Lisbon to develop and take on direct normative actions. The major difference is that the CCP now endorse all the Union’s objectives, principles and values which give the CCP more opportunities to set normative requirements and gain normative power.

The goal of my diploma thesis is to describe the influence of ECJ decision making on the common commercial policy ("CCP") of EU. Specifically my thesis examines what factors influence ECJ decision making about direct effect of trade agreements implementing CCP. These factors are applied on several treaties, where the court has not yet decided on their potential direct effect and on a present case at ECJ on direct effect of WTO treaties. With regard to the goal of my thesis an important part of my thesis deals with the development of ECJ decision making. Methods applied in my thesis are analysis and comparison of selected judgements that influence the CCP of EU. After proper analysis I found out that the main motiv behind ECJ decision making is that, if the negotiating position of EU is to be deteriorated, the ECJ is likely to find that the treaty does not have direct effect. Other factors are of secondary character. Examining the influence of decision making of ECJ on direct effect of trade agreements is important, because the role of ECJ influences the legal certainty of subjects about direct applicability of international trade treaties.

Diploma thesis "Decision-making process in the Council of the European Union after the enlargement 2004 - common commercial policy" deals with decision- making in the Council of the European Union and focuses in particular on the negotiations at a lower level. The common commercial policy is the target area mainly because of exclusive competences of the European Community. The aim of this thesis is the view of negotiations on the commercial agenda in the Council of the European Union and the coalition groups among Member States. A prerequisite for the analysis is the hypothesis, whether it is possible to derive from coalition groups at a lower level of decision-making the later coalitions in the Council of the European union. The analysis is based on reports of the Committee 133, the key body for the Council of the European Union in the common commercial policy in the period from January 2005 to December 2006. The data set was examined by the cluster analysis method.

Die Arbeit geht der Frage nach, wie die meisten EU-Mitgliedstaaten eigenständige Regelungen für die Kontrolle ausländischer Direktinvestitionen haben können, obgleich ausländische Direktinvestitionen seit 2009 der gemeinsamen Handelspolitik der EU zuzuordnen sind. Die gemeinsame Handelspolitik ist eine ausschließliche Kompetenz der EU und schließt damit die Mitgliedstaaten von der Rechtsset-zung aus. Mit der Verordnung (EU) 2019/452 (Screening-Verordnung) werden den Mitgliedstaaten kaum Vorgaben gemacht, weshalb die Screening-Verordnung nicht als Ermächtigung der Mitgliedstaa-ten qualifiziert werden kann. Zunächst bestimmt die Arbeit die Weite der Kompetenzübertragung in Art. 207 AEUV im Bereich der autonomen Maßnahmen in Bezug auf ausländische Direktinvestitionen. Nachdem die Zuordnungskrite-rien der Rechtsprechung zur gemeinsamen Handelspolitik auf die neue Sachmaterie der ausländischen Direktinvestitionen übertragen wurde, werden verbreitete autonome Maßnahmen in Bezug auf auslän-dische Direktinvestitionen der gemeinsamen Handelspolitik zugeordnet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Art. 207 Abs. 2 AEUV stellt die Arbeit fest, dass die ausschließliche Kompetenz der EU im Bereich der autonomen Handelspolitik auf eine Rahmenrechtssetzungskompe-tenz beschränkt ist. Im Anschluss daran werden Kriterien für die Abgrenzung von Rahmenrechtsakten entwickelt. Sodann wird festgestellt, dass Art. 64 Abs. 2 AEUV eine geteilte Kompetenz für Vollrege-lungen für autonome Maßnahmen in Bezug auf ausländische Direktinvestitionen enthält und die aus-schließliche Rahmenrechtssetzungskompetenz der EU ergänzt. In Randbereichen kann sich ein Kompetenzvorbehalt zu Gunsten der Mitgliedstaaten ergeben. Die Arbeit untersucht daher die Regelungen zur nationalen Sicherheit in Art. 4 Abs. 2 EUV und Art. 346 Abs. 1 AEUV sowie den Eigentumsvorbehalt in Art. 345 AEUV. Abschließend stellt die Arbeit die Screening-Verordnung als Rahmenrechtsakt im Sinne des Art. 207 Abs. 2 AEUV dar. / The thesis examines the question of how most EU Member States can have independent regulations for the control of foreign direct investments, although foreign direct investments have become part of the EU's common commercial policy in 2009. The common commercial policy is an exclusive compe-tence of the EU and therefore excludes the member states from legislation in this field. Regulation (EU) 2019/452 (Screening Regulation) hardly sets any requirements for the member states, which is why the Screening Regulation cannot be qualified as an empowerment of the member states. First, the thesis determines the scope of the delegation of powers in Article 207 (1) TFEU in the area of autonomous measures in relation to foreign direct investments. After the classification criteria of the case law on the common commercial policy have been transferred to the new subject matter of foreign direct investments, widespread autonomous measures in relation to foreign direct investment are classified to the common commercial policy. Taking into account Article 207 (2) TFEU, the thesis establishes that the exclusive competence of the EU in the area of autonomous common commercial policy is limited to the competence to adopt framework regulations. Subsequently, criteria for framework regulations are developed. It is then es-tablished that Article 64 (2) TFEU contains a shared competence for regulations that goes beyond the scope of framework regulations for the autonomous regulation of foreign direct investment and supp-lements the EU's exclusive competence for framework regulations. In marginal areas, there may be a reservation of competence in favor of the member states. Therefo-re, the thesis examines the regulations on national security in Article 4 (2) TEU and Article 346 (1) TFEU as well as the reservation of ownership in Article 345 TFEU. Finally, the work presents the Screening Regulation as a framework regulation within the meaning of Article 207 (2) TFEU.

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En tant qu’entité politique dotée d’un pouvoir normatif, l’Union européenne participe à la tentative d’appréhension de la réalité économique que sont les investissements internationaux. Mais l’Union n’est pas un État ; or, l’appréhension juridique de cette matière résulte essentiellement de la coexistence d’États. Comment, dès lors, l’ordre juridique européen se saisit-il des investissements internationaux ? Il le fait de longue date dans le cadre de l’élaboration du marché intérieur puisque les traités UE et FUE sont, entre autres, des instruments de libéralisation des investissements transfrontaliers. Depuis l’entrée en vigueur du traité de Lisbonne, une étape supplémentaire a été franchie dans le processus de consolidation de la compétence européenne dans le domaine des investissements : l’Union est désormais dotée d’une compétence externe exclusive en matière d’investissements étrangers directs dans le cadre de la politique commerciale commune. La mise en œuvre de cette compétence européenne montre deux choses. Malgré l’entrée en vigueur du traité de Lisbonne, l’Union ne dispose encore que d’une compétence limitée dans ce domaine qui lui permet certes d’agir mais qui ne suffit pas à créer les conditions de sa pleine substitution aux États membres. La coexistence entre l’Union et les États membres qui en résulte n’empêche cependant pas la recherche autonome d’affirmation de l’Union sur la scène internationale. Celle-ci révèle alors la spécificité de son action économique extérieure : plus qu’elle ne protège l’investissement, l’Union recherche, au moyen de la règle de droit, la libre circulation des flux d’investissements et des courants d’échanges internationaux. / As a political entity endowed with a normative power, the European Union contributes to the attempt to apprehend the economic reality of international investments. But the Union is not a State ; yet, the juridical prehension of this matter essentially results from the coexistence of sovereign States. Consequently, how does the EU legal order comprehend international investments? Long-standing, it does so as part of the organisation of the internal market, since the TEU and TFEU are, among other things, juridical instruments of cross-border investments liberalisation. Since the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, the strengthening of the EU’scompetence over international investments went one step further. Henceforth, the EU has an exclusive external competence over foreign direct investments within the framework of the common commercial policy. The implementation of this competence shows two things. Despite the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, the Union still does not possess the whole competence on investment matters. Certainly, the Union can now act more easily in this field. However, that competence does not suffice to create the legal conditions allowing for its full substitution to the Member States. Though, the resulting coexistence between the Union and the Member States does not prevent the Union from researching an autonomous way to assertits own existence and identity on the world stage. By doing so, the Union reveals the specific features of its external economic action regarding international investments : more than the protection of particular investments, the Union seeks, by using the rule of law, the free movement of investment and trade international flows.

Il presente lavoro esamina le politiche e gli strumenti giuridici di promozione e di tutela degli investimenti internazionali nel settore agricolo di uno dei principali attori coinvolti nella nuova corsa alla terra: l’Unione europea. Il primo capitolo analizza la competenza dell’Unione a concludere accordi internazionali, al fine di comprendere la portata innovativa dei trattati di libero scambio di nuova generazione dell’Unione. Il secondo e il terzo capitolo individuano delle possibili soluzioni alle due principali esigenze legate agli investimenti in terre agricole, quali la stabilità e la protezione dell’investimento, da una parte, e la tutela delle popolazioni locali, dall’altra, attraverso un’analisi critica della politica commerciale comune e della politica di cooperazione allo sviluppo dell’UE. La tesi intende dimostrare che i trattati di libero scambio negoziati dall’Unione europea e la politica di cooperazione allo sviluppo dell’Unione possono contribuire a promuovere una maggiore certezza giuridica dell’ordinamento dei Paesi in via di sviluppo, punto fondamentale per qualsiasi riforma del settore agricolo, e conseguentemente garantire una maggior protezione non solo per chi investe, ma anche per le popolazioni locali. / The dissertation investigates the policies and the legal instruments for the international investments' promotion and protection in agriculture of one of the main actors involved in the new land rush: the European Union. The first chapter analyses the EU’s competence over the conclusion of international treaties in order to understand the main innovations of the new generation of EU trade agreements. The second and third chapters focus on possible solutions of the two main agricultural lands investments’ requirements: investment protection and certainty, on the one hand, and protection of local populations, on the other, through a critical analysis of the EU common commercial policy and of the EU development cooperation policy. The thesis aims to provide that the EU free trade agreements and the EU development policy may promote a major legal certainty for developing countries, a key point for any agrarian reform, and consequently guarantee more protection not only for investors but also for local populations.

At first the thesis focuses on describing historical context of Czech Republic{\crq}s entry to the European Union. It also specifies evolution of the relations of the Czech Republic and European Union, common commercial policy of Union, its Inner market and after-effects of the entry of Czech Republic to EU. It is foremost aimed at characterization of historical evolution of European Structural Funds that serves as the financial instruments of the regional policy of the European Union. I paid attention to every individual structural fund and also to the principles of programming periods. It mainly concerns about the European Social Fund. This thesis also describes the possibilities of Czech companies to apply for financial support from the EU. The practical part recounts the process from the beginning (which means decision to apply for financial support) through the completion of application form, evaluation of projects till the signature of agreement and the realization. This work should be able to serve as a guide for Czech companies, which would like to apply for the finance support from EU.

1 The Influence of EU Common Investment Policy on the System of International Investment Law Abstract Extending exclusive European Union (EU) competence to foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Lisbon Treaty has had profound implications. The EU began to develop its own investment policy, including negotiating either international investment agreements or comprehensive trade and investment agreements with third parties. Taking into account the magnitude of the EU economy and the fact that EU Member States have concluded almost 1 400 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) out of roughly 3 300 in force worldwide, the potential of European influence over the system of international investment, based principally on BITs, is enormous. The aim of this dissertation is to assess how and in which way the new EU competence changes the system. The EU investment policy has developed a specific approach towards investment protection and investment dispute mechanism which does not envision content declared at its beginning. According to initial documents such as the European Commission's Communication Towards a comprehensive European international investment policy, the Union should have followed the available best practices of the Member States. Nevertheless, during the first bilateral negotiations with Canada and...